The Ancient Pharaohs of Egypt
Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
Main Etymology Coast Climate Geography
History Prehistoric Egypt Pre Dynastic period Early Kingdom Ancient Kingdom First transitional period Middle Kingdom Second Transitional period New Kingdom Third transitional period Late period or Later Kingdom Ptolemaic period
Pharaohs Narmer Menes Khor Aha Jer Den Hasekhemui Djoser Snofru Khufu, Khuops Khafra Mikerin, Menkaura Sahura Piopi II Nitokris Mentuhotep II Amenemhat I Senusert I Senusert III Amenemhat III Nefrusobek Yahmose I Thutmose I Hatshepsut Thutmose III Amenhotep II Amenhotep III Akhenaten Tutankhamun Horemheb Aye Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Setnakht Ramesses III Sheshonk I Piankhi Taharka Psammetikh I Necho II Amasis II Ptolemy I Soter Cleopatra
Gods Aker Amat Amaunet Amentet Amon Amset Anedjti Nemti Anubis Anuket Apis Apop Aton Atum Ash Ah Ba Banebjedet Bast Bata Bennu Bes Buhis Geb Gor Duamutef Imhotep Input Isdes Isis Iunit Ayhi Kaihos Kvebehsenuf Kuk Maat Mafdet Merimutef Meskhenet Meritseger Mnevis Min Montu Mut Naunet Nebedj Neftida Nekhbet Nehebkau Nun Nut Onuris Osiris Ptah Ra Rat Tawi Renenutet Satis Sobek Sebektet Sekhmet Selket Set Seshat Sia Sokar Sopdu Tatenen Taurt Tefnut Tot Ouajet Ouajit Unut Upuaut Hapi Hapi (son of Horus) Hathor Hauhet Heh Heka Hekat Hentiamenti Herishef Khnum Khonsu Hu Shai Shezmetet Shezmu Shu Yah
Religion Creation of the world The murder of Osiris The War of the gods The Eye of Horus The unification of the country The Destruction of humanity The cult of Aton The funeral cult of Duat Ka Temples of Ancient Egypt
Cosmogony of Heliopolis Cosmogony of Memphis cosmogony of Hermopolis cosmogony of Thebes cosmogony
Mythology Divine entities The earthly reign of Ra The journey of the Solar boat Isis and Osiris The birth and childhood of Hora The litigation of Set and Hora The Era of the reign of the Pharaohs Gods and Egyptians Sacred animals Death, travel along the Duat and the judgment of Osiris Customs of the ancient Egyptians Ancient texts
Archaeology Richard Pocock, who discovered Egypt Johann Burkhardt in Abu Simbel Giovanni Belzone in the Valley of the Kings Jean Francois Champollion and the mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphs Richard Wiese and the pyramids of the Seventy pyramids by Carl Lepsius The discoveries of Auguste Marietta "The texts of the pyramids" and "The lost Pharaohs" William Petrie, "sifted Egypt" The city of the heretic Pharaoh Howard Carter finds the tomb of Tutankhomon Necropolis in Saqqara and the pyramid Djosera Mohammed Zakaria Ghoneim and the mystery of the Pyramid of Sekhemkhet
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Osiris
Osiris (Osiris) (Egypt.
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- Greek .σσιρις, Lat.
Osiris is the god of rebirth, the king of the afterlife in ancient Egyptian mythology.
According to references in ancient Egyptian texts and the story of Plutarch, Osiris was the eldest son of the earth god Heb and the sky goddess Nut, the brother and husband of Isis, the brother of Nephthys, Set, the father of Horus and Anubis.
He was the fourth of the gods who reigned on earth in the original times, inheriting the power of great grandfather Ra, grandfather Shu and father Geb.
The tomb of Osiris was located in Abydos.
While reigning over Egypt, Osiris taught people agriculture, gardening and winemaking, but was killed by his brother, the god Set, who wanted to rule in his place.
The wife of Osiris, his sister Isis, found his corpse and began to mourn him together with her sister Nephthys.
Ra, taking pity, sends the jackal headed god Anubis, who collected the scattered (or, according to another version, cut by Set) parts of Osiris, embalmed the body and swaddled it.
Isis fashioned a phallus out of clay (the only part of the body of Osiris that Isis could not find was the penis: it was eaten by fish), consecrated it and attached it to the assembled body of Osiris.
Turning into a female vulture — the bird of Khat, Isis spread her wings over the mummy of Osiris, uttered magic words and became pregnant.
Thus was Horus conceived.
After a long trial, Horus is recognized as the rightful heir of Osiris and receives the kingdom.
He resurrects Osiris by letting him swallow his eye.
However, Osiris does not return to earth and remains the king of the dead, leaving Horus to rule the kingdom of the living.
Combining in itself at various times, for various reasons, the cults of the king, the dying and resurrecting god of the producing forces of nature, the Nile, the bull, the moon, the afterlife judge at the last judgment, the myth of Osiris absorbed the reflection of religious ideas of a number of successive stages of the development of Egyptian society.
The myth of Osiris has its roots deep in the era of tribal society, from the ideas and rituals of which the most characteristic features of the cult of Osiris are developed later, in connection with the change in the social relations of Egypt: the cult of the king and the cult of the god of the productive forces of nature.
The features of the cult of the god of the productive forces of nature appear very clearly in the myth of Osiris.
The crown worn by Osiris is made of papyrus stalks, his sacred boat is also made of this plant, and his symbol jed consists of several bundles of reeds inserted into each other.
Further, Osiris is always depicted with one or another plant: either a lotus or a row of trees and a vine grow out of the pond in front of his throne; sometimes the entire canopy under which Osiris sits is covered with grapes; sometimes he himself is wrapped in vines.
In the same way, the tomb of Osiris is not depicted without greenery: now a tree grows next to it, on which the soul of Osiris sits in the form of a phoenix; then a tree has sprouted through the tomb, wrapping its branches and roots around it; then four trees grow from the tomb itself.
Osiris and Anubis
In the Osiris Cycle, Anubis was the son of Osiris and Nephthys.
Set's wife Nephthys fell in love with Osiris and, taking the form of Isis, seduced him.
As a result of coitus, the god Anubis was born.
Fearing Seth's retribution for treason, Nephthys abandoned the baby in a reed thicket, where the goddess Isis later found him.
After that, the god Anubis began to help Isis in the search for parts of Osiris and took part in the embalming of the recreated body of Osiris.
Before the appearance of the cult of Osiris, Anubis was the main deity of the West.
With the flourishing of the cult of Osiris, the epithet of the ruler of the Duat and some of the functions of Anubis pass directly to the god Osiris (in the Old Kingdom, he personified the deceased pharaoh).
Anubis himself becomes the guide of the dead through Amenti (al. - Egypt. "West") — the region of the Duat, through which the soul got to the Judgment of Osiris.
Anubis was the god of the Duat, its ruler and judge of the souls of the dead until the end of the Old Kingdom.
Later, the functions of the ruler and the main god of the Duat pass to Osiris.
Anubis becomes the god of necropolises and funerary mysteries.
At the Trial of Osiris, described in the Book of the Dead, Anubis helps to judge the souls of the dead.
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