viktor Pavlovich Kochubey - the largest statesman of Russia in the first half of the XIX century, one of the initiators and authors of the project to create ministries.
According to A. S. Pushkin, no one like V. P. Kochubey "solved difficult issues so perfectly, did not bring opinions to an agreement...".
Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky was appointed Head of the Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
As head of the office, M. M. Speransky " showed the strength of his creative mind, brought life, animation, and initiative to the actions of the ministry."
One of the first issues that the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs had to solve was the material support of police officers who "could not live within their means due to the meager salaries they received, which often led to the realization of the opportunities that the police had to receive "not infallible income".
At the initiative of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, special items for the maintenance of the police were included in the estimates of city expenses: "on the salary of the state, the Interior Ministry officials have provisions and uniforms, forage, the maintenance of fire equipment, firewood, candles."
Jacket, winter coat and police coat (in two versions)
A notable phenomenon of the socio political and cultural life of Russia at the beginning of the XIX century was the publication by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1804-1809 of the first official periodical in the history of the country.
It was called "St. Petersburg Magazine".
The Minister of Internal Affairs V. P. Kochubey, M. M. Speransky and even Alexander I himself took part in its publication .
From 1809 to 1819, the Ministry of Internal Affairs published the official newspaper "Northern Mail".
It was published twice a week and was the most important source of information for most citizens about events taking place in Russia and abroad.
Difficult tests fell on the newly created Ministry of Internal Affairs during the Patriotic War of 1812.
Its employees ensured order in the rear of the active army, were engaged in escorting and detaining prisoners of war, as well as fighting desertion.
After the Decembrist uprising, in June 1826, the 3rd Department was created as part of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, which soon became known as the body of the political police.
Count Alexander Khristoforovich Benckendorf was appointed the head of the 3rd Department, who also became the chief of the gendarmes.
The 3rd Department was declared an organ of the "supreme police".
This meant that his tasks included issues of ensuring State security: collecting information about religious sects and schisms, about anti government organizations, spying on foreigners, combating counterfeiting.
The functions of the 3rd Department included: drawing up reports for the Emperor on "all incidents without exception", as well as statistical information "related to the police".
For more than half a century (from 1826 to 1880), the parallel existence of the leadership bodies of the political and general police was accompanied by constant rivalry between the 3rd Department and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
In 1832, officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs had a new uniform – a dark green uniform with a black velvet collar.
But the change in the appearance of the police did not make their work any easier, which has always remained difficult and dangerous.
In this regard, it makes sense to recall not only the history of the formation of the Russian police, but also the history of what they had to fight – crime.
The Central Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs actively participated in the preparation and implementation of the peasant reform - the abolition of serfdom in Russia.
As part of the central statistical committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, a zemstvo department was formed, in which many important materials for peasant reform were prepared.
A significant role in its preparation was played by some senior officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, especially Deputy Minister Nikolai Alekseevich Milyutin, Minister of Internal Affairs Count Sergei Stepanovich Lansky.
The high level of crime in Russia of the XVIII century was due to a number of factors.
The difficult situation of the serf peasantry led to the fact that, on average, about 200 thousand serfs fled from the landlords every year.
They became vagabonds and often got together in gangs, earning their daily bread by robberies and robberies.
The brutality of punitive measures also had a negative impact on the situation.
Those who once violated the line of the law, were waiting for a heavy physical punishment, the fear of which did not allow many to voluntarily surrender to the authorities.
The worst Russian disaster – drunkenness also significantly influenced the state of crime.
The peasants of the Ustyuzhsky district complained in Moscow about their fellow villagers, who, having drunk in the circle yards, then gathered about 20 people and engaged in robberies, imposing a huge ransom on the villages.
The creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the regular police has significantly improved the state of the criminal situation in Russia.
The middle of the XIX century, perhaps, was the quietest period for the population in the entire history of the state.
The dashing raids of bandit gangs are a thing of the past.
The structure of crime has significantly shifted from the forcible seizure of someone else's property to its secret abduction.
In 1853, there were only five murders, 6 robberies and 1,260 thefts for half a million people of St. Petersburg.
In Yekaterinburg and other Ural cities in the middle of the XIX century, murders were generally a rare phenomenon.
In general, the crimes at that time were mostly simple, and the punishment for them was also simple and quick.
The policemen dragged the brawlers and hooligans to the quarter, where the quartermaster or his assistant immediately listened to the accused and the victim, after which they passed their verdict.
The punishment was mainly expressed in strict oral suggestion or in" education " with rods.
Usually 10-20 blows with rods were appointed, which were immediately carried out by the firemen of the police station.
With small thieves, it was even easier to deal with.
The policeman didnot even have to lead them to the block.
It was enough to draw a circle on his back with chalk, give him a broom in his hands and make him take revenge on the sidewalk near the place of the theft.
A crowd of onlookers usually gathered around such sweepers, who tried to "tease" them with sarcastic remarks.
And such a shame often became the most effective preventive measure.
With the abolition of serfdom, vagrancy has almost halved, but the number of property crimes has sharply increased.
Emancipation gave the peasants personal freedom, but at the same time worsened their financial situation.
A large ransom for a land plot made it impossible to feed the family, which often led to the ruin of peasant farms.
The reports of the St. Petersburg Police for 1688 show that the number of all types of crimes has increased dramatically over the previous 15 years.
And in the future, until the First World War, the crime rate continued to steadily rise, outpacing the population growth rate.
And yet, in general, in the XIX century, the state of crime did not cause much concern either among the population or the authorities.
Therefore, the government did not spend much on protecting public order.
In principle, the entire law enforcement system was largely based on the fact that the state saved on a professional police apparatus, shifting part of its functions to the population.
In the XVIII XIX centuries, watchmen, guards, desyatsky and sotsky actually performed the roles of the lower ranks of the police.
We can say that they were on patrol duty, but they did it completely free of charge.
Among the other "natural duties" that citizens had to bear, one can also include the duty of keeping, lying in wait and escorting the arrested.
This situation was especially pronounced in rural areas, where there was no regular police at all and it was replaced by elected desyatskiye (for 10-20 yards) and sotskiye (for 100-200 yards).
By the instruction of December 19, 1771.
the sotskis were instructed to " take charge of the local deanery, arrest violators of the law and present them to the office.
When a corpse was found, Sotsky had to "describe the battle and the wounds", put a guard and use all means to search for criminals.
Such work, and even without a salary, was quite burdensome for the peasants, so they took it in turns, first for a month, then for a year, later for three.
The situation of the desyatskys and sotskys was not greatly facilitated by the introduction of full time police officers in rural areas in 1878.
The free law enforcement service did not particularly attract the peasants, so they did not bother with it particularly.
In addition, the situation of police assistants became more complicated when they were assigned the duties of knocking out debts from fellow villagers and confiscating property to pay off arrears.
Therefore, wealthy peasants tried by hook or by crook to evade service for the benefit of the state.
The current situation caused constant complaints from the guards, who reported to the authorities:
"The sotskys and desyatskys are elected for the most part from poor peasants who do not enjoy influence and the right to vote in societies.
As a result, the requirements imposed by them are almost never fulfilled, which complicates the activities of the police officers."
"The police officers try to lead the hundreds and tens, but very few of these free police officers are welcome performers of the law."
"The local population in the hundreds and desyatskys, who faithfully perform their work, sees enemies for themselves, and after the service tries to take revenge."
The imperfection of the structure of the police bodies in the middle of the XIX century did not allow the guards to organize a high quality fight against crime.
In the absence of detective units, the ranks of the outdoor police – private bailiffs, local police supervisors and their assistants were engaged in the detection of crimes and the search for people.
This often led to the fact that the victims often had to rely on God more than on the professionalism of the police to search for stolen goods and intruders.
However, it should be noted that the authority of the police among the population was at a fairly high level, which can be illustrated by one example.
Once the Minister of Internal Affairs Alexander Timashev himself became a victim of criminals.
He came from St. Petersburg to Moscow to see his old mother, and decided to attend mass in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.
Returning home, the minister discovered the loss of a purse and a gold cigarette case with a diamond monogram.
The bailiff Khotinsky helped to return the stolen goods.
Knowing the criminal world of Moscow well, he found out that pickpockets Nikolai Tsygan and Yegor Istopnik were working in the Assumption Cathedral that day.
Having found Nikolai, Khotinsky warned him: "You know me well.
It wonot be lost on me.
Return the stolen goods in two hours.
If you do not return it, you will repent."
Soon Khotinsky was already handing a purse and a cigarette case to Timashev.
The minister praised the bailiff: "You work better than the London police, which is considered exemplary."
However, the need to create a detective police to combat the growing crime became increasingly clear for the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
And in 1866, on the initiative of the St. Petersburg Chief of Police, F.
The first detective department appeared in the capital of Trepov.
Its number was 22 employees, despite the fact that 517 thousand people lived in St. Petersburg at that time.
And the first head of this division was Ivan Dmitrievich Putilin.
The second half of the XIX century was marked by a significant deterioration of the situation in the country, including the criminal situation, due to new political trends.
Several organizations appeared, whose members, believing in the ideas of a socialist utopia, did not want to be satisfied with the smooth flow of liberal reforms and sought to solve all the social problems of the state at once overnight.
Alas, they chose a destructive path for this.
Extremist anarchists and populists have raised a wave of terror in the country.
The authorities tried to suppress it through repression, but this only increased the confrontation in society.
The trial of Vera Zasulich played a negative role at that time.
To the applause of the audience, she was acquitted by a jury after the attempt on the St. Petersburg mayor F. Trepova.
Extremist revolutionaries decided that the people sympathized with terror.
After the shooting of Zasulich, a wave of terrorist actions swept through the country.
The executions of the revolutionaries involved in them only added fuel to the fire.
Very indicative in this regard is the real hunt unleashed by the People's Will on the tsar liberator Alexander II.
The first attempt on the sacred person of the monarch was made by a member of the organization "Earth and Will" Solovyov.
April 2, 1879.
during the tsar's walk on the Palace Square, he rushed at him with a revolver.
At that time, Alexander II was not injured, but a policeman who came to the rescue was injured.
Then the Narodovoltsy twice laid mines under the railway rails, waiting for the tsar's train.
One time the explosive mechanism did not work, another time the wrong train was derailed.
On February 5, 1880, the Narodovolets Khalturin laid a huge charge of dynamite under the royal dining room in the Winter Palace.
The explosion killed 8 soldiers.
The new Interior Minister Mikhail Loris Melikov tried to put an end to the bloody war between the government and the revolutionaries.
Moreover, a week after his appointment in February 1880, an attempt was made on him.
On the initiative of Lores Melikov, several unpopular ministers were removed from the people, censorship was restricted and the Third Department was disbanded, which was especially zealous in carrying out repressions against revolutionaries.
Under the leadership of the Minister of Internal Affairs, a program of liberal reforms for the coming years began to be developed.
However, these reforms were not destined to be implemented.
The People's Volunteers did not want to stop and still achieved their goal.
On March 1, 1881, at three o'clock in the afternoon, Alexander II was returning to the palace.
When he and his entourage left for the Catherine Canal, an explosion was heard.
The tsar's carriage was shaken and shrouded in smoke.
The coachman accelerated, but Alexander ordered him to stop.
When he got out, he saw two bloodied Cossacks and a boy who happened to be nearby, writhing in pain.
A bomber, detained by passers by, was standing at a distance.
Alexander bent over the silent boy, made the sign of the cross over him and went to the carriage that had left.
Suddenly again like a shot from a cannon, a thick cloud of smoke.
The smoke cleared, and those who remained alive saw about twenty bloody bodies, the tsar leaning against the grating of the canal, in a torn overcoat and without legs, and opposite him in the same condition, his murderer Grinevitsky.
"To the palace.....There to die.....", - Alexander II said in a barely audible voice.
A little over an hour later, he died in his office in the Winter Palace.
The new XX century was marked by the intensification of the political struggle in Russia, which spilled out into the criminal sphere.
A wave of terrorist attacks against officials and expropriations carried out by militants of various parties has rolled through the country.
Often, ordinary bandits robbed houses and banks under revolutionary slogans.
The first reports of raids on trains appeared.
In these circumstances, the police faced the task of responding more quickly to such crimes.
In 1903, the head of the criminal investigation department from St. Petersburg, Vladimir Filippov, created the first "flying squad" in the country, which rushed to the scene at the first signal.
Later, such detachments appeared in other cities, and in fact became the prototypes of the current OMON.
The actions of the terrorists were often directed specifically at police officers.
In 1902, the Minister of Internal Affairs Sipyagin was killed, a year later – his successor in this post Plehve.
But at a time when the fire of the so called "revolutionary terror" was burning in the country, there were continuous strikes and strikes of workers, the authorities actually abandoned their law enforcement officers to the mercy of fate.
As a result, dissatisfaction with their position was growing more and more in the ranks of the police.
In some cities, the district warders and other police officers themselves gathered for secret meetings and prepared for strikes.
In Kiev, proclamations were printed on a hectograph, signed "Kiev City Police".
They poured out all the bitterness and pain that the guards had accumulated.
The proclamation read:
"Hard times have come – there are strikes everywhere, troubles everywhere, riots.
Students, employees in the Railway Administration, pharmacists, typesetters, clerks, artisans, workers are on strike, even an unheard of thing: academicians and seminarians have gone on strike, even the servants are on strike.
Everyone is dissatisfied with something, wants something, achieves something.
Any strike, demonstration, etc. requires the intervention of police officers, whose life and health are not always safe.
The present police replaced the former oprichniks.
The oprichniks, serving the sovereign, were, it is true, despised by the people, but their personality was inviolable, and they used everything necessary in material terms for their service and did not need anything.
The current oprichniks, serving the government by faith and truth, not only almost need a piece – they are exposed to dangers from politically unreliable persons...
A simple railway worker or foreman who has been injured at work is awarded 3-4 thousand rubles, while a district supervisor who has been injured, depriving him not only of working capacity, but even of reason (for example, Shrubovich) receives 400 rubles.
Is this fair?
Until now, the ranks of the Kiev city police have been faithful to their duty and carried their cross with patience and hope for a better future, but the hopes of honest workers have not come true.
To the poverty was added the arbitrariness of the authorities, poverty and fear for life."
Alas, the authorities did not listen to the voice of the "support and reliability of the state" and actually abandoned their law enforcement officers to their fate.
Such power is doomed.
It eventually collapsed in 1917.
But this happened a little later.
In 1905, the police protected her.
It is possible to evaluate the actions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs employees in different ways during the first Russian revolution, but it is in no way unacceptable to expose them as such "stranglers of freedom".
Yes, it was the gendarmes and the police who were mainly engaged in the brutal suppression of workers ' demonstrations.
But on the other hand, they remained faithful to the oath and honestly fulfilled their duty.
Although they themselves suffered considerable sacrifices at the same time.
Moreover, the first wounded among the police officers appeared during the events of January 9, 1905, on the so called "bloody Sunday".
Volleys of soldiers wounded the assistant of the bailiff, Lieutenant Zholtkevich, who accompanied the column of demonstrators, and one of the district guards.
However, that was only the beginning.
From the records of the police Department of the revolutionary movement in Moscow in December 1905.: "Special bitterness of the rebels was directed at the governors of the persons and police officers, which they decided to exterminate all ways...
On the night of 10 December, an unknown attacker, passing in the car, was thrown two bombs in a room occupied in the house of the mayor of the security Department.
Their explosion damaged the entire front facade of the building and killed the police officer on duty and two attendants.
Revolutionaries attacked and on separate departments of police stations, and in the 1st Presnensky district they even managed to arrest a bailiff and, breaking into the premises of the district office, destroy business correspondence, in other places they were repulsed."
The manifesto of October 17, 1905, announcing political rights and freedoms, the establishment of the legislative State Duma, could not but cause changes in the state apparatus, in particular in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
In the autumn of 1905, a Special office for elections was created in it.
In 1906, at the initiative of P. A. Stolypin, the police reform began to be prepared in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Stolypin understood that the adoption of the "Basic State Laws" in 1906, which became a kind of Russian constitution, the formation of an essentially bicameral parliament in the form of the State Duma and the State Council, changed the conditions for the organization and activity of the police.
Therefore, it was planned to release the police from performing functions not related to the fight against crime and the protection of public order, and to protect them from interference in their activities by various institutions and departments.
The Police Charter was being prepared for publication, which should have clearly defined all the rights and duties of the police, the order and conditions of service of its employees.
The government planned to " improve the material life of police officers in connection with the need to increase the staff and raise the educational qualification of police officers."
The salary of police officers was to be increased by an average of three times.
For every five years of service in one position, it was envisaged to introduce a 10 percent supplement to the salary.
Measures were sought to increase the "level of public confidence in the police", to raise the prestige of the police service.
It was planned to create a network of special educational institutions for the training of police officers, the completion of which was to become one of the important conditions for promotion.
It was planned to introduce a relatively high educational qualification for those who want to join the police.
The question was raised about police ethics, about the establishment of honor courts in the police, the creation of police clubs.
According to P. A. Stolypin, the improvement of the level of education, the formation of new moral and ethical principles of police activity were especially important in the conditions of the country's transition to a constitutional monarchy, when the corresponding political culture had not yet developed, " certain legal norms had not been developed, and therefore the center of gravity, the center of power lies not in institutions, but in people."
The commission of A. A. Makarov, which developed the reforms of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, worked for 10 years - from 1906 to 1916, but its activities were almost fruitless.
The reason for this was the weakening of the" reformist impulse "of the government after the death of P. A. Stolypin, the "braking" of the police reform project in the State Duma, the disinterest of representatives of the local administration in it, as well as the position of certain circles of the public who believed that the adoption of laws "guaranteeing the rights and freedoms of the individual"should precede the police reform.
The question of tripling the cost of the police turned out to be insurmountable, since it was assumed that an increase in the salary of police officers would lead to the need to increase the salary of other civil servants.
Arguments that " police activity... the most burdensome of all public services, and the danger associated with it for police officers is not much inferior to military service, " were not taken into account.
Despite the accumulated lump of problems in the police department, at the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX century, the work of criminal investigation continued to progress rapidly.
A whole galaxy of brilliant detectives has grown up in Russia, whose names were very well known in society before the revolution.
Books and legends were written about I. Putilin, A. F. Koshko, V. V. Lange (who led the detective police at different times, respectively: St. Petersburg, Moscow and Odessa) and other remarkable masters of Russian detective work.
Some operations to detain criminals by detectives of those years and now seem amazing.
For example, one Odessa swindler who escaped with the stolen money to Italy, Russian detectives got there too.
Having established his whereabouts in one of the villas, they neutralized the guards, seized the swindler and took him home in the hold of a merchant ship.
A real celebrity was Ivan Dmitrievich Putilin, the head of the detective police of St. Petersburg for 23 years, from 1866 to 1889 with small interruptions.
And Ivan Dmitrievich began his career as a detective as an assistant to the quarterly supervisor at the Tolkuchy Market.
Working in this troubled place gave him a huge professional and life experience.
In addition, Putilin often disguised himself as a laborer in his spare time and went to study the mores of the social bottom, mastering jargon, memorizing faces and nicknames.
Soon he successfully learned to pass himself off as one of his own among tramps, priests, and merchants.
The ability to reincarnate repeatedly helped him in his further work.
For example, once in the role of a sexton sent to Moscow for obedience, he managed to expose the counterfeiters of the Pugovkin brothers.
A well known judicial figure of that time, A. F.Kony said: "In St. Petersburg in the first half of the seventies, there was not a single large and complex criminal case in which Putilin would not have invested his labor."
After retiring after 40 years of service in the police, Putilin decided to tell about some of the crimes he solved in his memoirs.
The writer M. A. Shevlyakov helped him in working on them.
Alas, the memoirs were published only after the death of Ivan Dmitrievich.
But his name quickly gained great fame throughout Russia.
Shevlyakov wrote a series of documentary stories about him.
And many authors wrote tabloid detectives, the main character of which was Putilin.
One of the most talented was the "Putiliniad", written by A. Dobry.
In general, before the revolution in Russia, the common name of the detective was not "Sherlock Holmes", but"Ivan Putilin".
Arkady Frantsevich Koshko became a worthy successor of the traditions laid down by Putin, and even surpassed his famous predecessor in many ways.
Having started his work in the police as a criminal inspector in Riga, he also often disguised himself as a tramp and wandered through dens to better understand the bottom of society and the criminal world.
And the crown of his career was his service in Moscow as the chief of the detective police.
However, this period was not easy for him at first.
Quote from the memoirs of A. Koshko: "I remember in the first year of my stay in Moscow, I almost went crazy with frustration at Christmas.
On December 27, up to sixty major thefts were registered with digging, hacking, fishing out fireproof cabinets, etc., and there is nothing to say about minor thefts: there were more than a thousand of them that day.
From these figures, it followed that the city is flooded with Mazurya, and I must sweep these parasites out of it."
Then Arkady Frantsevich tells in detail how he managed to achieve this.
His main trump card was the grandiose raids, in which more than a thousand policemen and other police officers were involved.
Entire districts of the city were cordoned off in the strictest secrecy mode.
Koshko wrote: "When the areas to be examined were already surrounded by the police, a car was brought to me at the appointed hour, and I, accompanied by three or four chroniclers, went to the scene of action, and the very next morning detailed melodramatic reports appeared in the newspapers, not devoid of horror, imagery and fantasy, according to the individual characteristics of their authors.
I remember several such trips to the Khitrov market, to the so called Kulakov houses.
These nativity scenes, these cloaks, these foci of physical and moral infection, are worthy of description.....If we made a chemical analysis of the air of these rooms, we must think that, contrary to the laws of nature, there would be no oxygen in it at all.
What were the inhabitants of this lair like?
It seems to me that summing up the heroes of Gorky's "Bottom" with the heroes of Kuprin's "Pit" and building this company into a cube, one could get only an approximate idea of the inhabitants of Kulakov's flophouse apartments."
A. Koshko's words about how the police treated the detained "scum of society" in such nativity scenes and cloaks look very interesting: "Those brought to the police stations were given hot tea at 6 o'clock in the morning, everyone was given a pound of bread and a piece of sugar.
The very next day, prison underwear, shoes and clothes were distributed to them, and, warmed, clothed and fed, people were taken to the detective police, where we began to find out the identity of everyone."
Arkady Frantsevich achieved his goal: "The pre holiday raids gave excellent results, and I remember that in the fourth year of my stay in Moscow it was Easter, which was not marked by a single major theft.
The record was broken, and I was happy!...".
Under Koshko, the Russian detective police, led by him, became one of the best in the world in terms of organization of work and results.
Arkady Frantsevich developed the use of forensic achievements by the detective police: fingerprinting and the Bertillon method.
Under him, operational work has significantly improved, and sometimes detectives themselves have successfully been introduced into the criminal environment.
A full time make up artist and a hairdresser appeared at the Moscow detective police.
Koshko managed to improve the work of the police apparatus by creating a "personal security service".
20 "super agents", whose names and addresses were known only to him, controlled the inspectors.
Some of the innovations introduced by Arkady Frantsevich were adopted by Scotland Yard.
And the real triumph of Koshko was in 1913, when in Switzerland, at the International Congress of Criminologists, the Russian detective police was recognized as the best in the world for solving crimes.
After the October Revolution, Arkady Koshko was forced to emigrate.
Torn away from his homeland, having lost many loved ones, having lost his means, after long ordeals and wanderings, he found himself in Paris, where he led a modest and gray life.
But there, in exile, he wrote a book of essays about his work in the police.
Recently, it was published under the title "The King of Investigation" in Russia, which he faithfully served for many years.
During the First World War, the most important task of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in addition to protecting public order and fighting crime, was to participate in solving the so called "food issue".
The lack of food was largely caused by organizational confusion, transport problems, and speculation.
In 1916, the Minister of Internal Affairs A. N. Khvostov created a Society to combat High Prices, which acted with the support of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
But the main problem for the Ministry of Internal Affairs since 1916 was the problem of staffing the police.
The war, rising prices, falling living standards led to the fact that the leadership of the ministry came to the conclusion that if urgent measures were not taken, "the police would simply run away".
At the end of October 1916, thanks to the efforts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
The Council of Ministers adopts a resolution "On strengthening the police in 50 provinces of Russia and on improving the official and financial situation of police officials".
But the government and the Ministry of Internal Affairs have not had time to implement this resolution.
The February revolution broke out.
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