the police are undergoing a severe test of strength and maturity during the anti terrorist operation in the North Caucasus, in the fight against extremism and terrorism, which have brought many troubles.
It is enough to name the terrorist attacks in Makhachkala, Kaspiysk, Buinaksk, in a number of Russian cities and, finally, the October tragedy in Moscow.
The situation in the Chechen Republic has become so complicated that its territory has become a springboard for the escalation of international terrorism into Russia.
Only the counter terrorist operation was able to avert the threat of the collapse of Russia, to preserve the dignity and integrity of the state, which is a considerable merit of Dagestan and the Dagestan police, as President Vladimir Putin stressed, while in Dagestan: - "Dagestan saved Russia from collapse."
It was the Dagestanis who, with their courage and perseverance, once again demonstrated their loyalty to the Constitution, duty and the Fatherland in the harsh hour of trials in 1999, when an armed attack was committed on our republic.
More than 5 thousand employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Dagestan participated in the fighting against international gangs, four of whom became Heroes of Russia, two of them posthumously, 1,168 people were awarded state awards, 55 laid down their heads in battles with bandits.
The history of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is inextricably linked with Dagestan.
Information has been preserved about the military governors of the Dagestan region, who also solved law enforcement tasks.
These are Lieutenant Generals Princes Chavchavadze, Baryatinsky, Volsky, Tikhonov, Major Generals Alftan, Ermolov, Colonel Dingizov Dzhansakh and others, who in different years were responsible to the tsar for law and order in Dagestan.
With the establishment of Soviet power in the republic, a new stage of law enforcement agencies, including the police, begins.
At the origins of its formation were prominent figures of the republic D. Korkmasov, N. Samursky, M. Ataev, S. Dudarov and others.
The first police officers saved human lives, national property, without having special knowledge and work experience.
They opposed the well armed criminals with faith in justice, strict compliance with the laws, hope for a bright future and everyday mastery of the subtleties of a difficult profession.
The protection of the rights, freedoms, and health of citizens has been and remains one of its main tasks at all stages of the formation and development of the police (militia).
Today, in the context of the reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs system, a course has been taken for a consistent reorientation of the internal affairs bodies from a predominantly punitive to a socially servicing function in order to form a qualitatively new relationship between the population and the police in terms of character and content, to restore the trust of citizens in law enforcement agencies lost in recent years.
It was this approach that determined the ideology of the reforms of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia itself.
We will be able to gain true authority and trust of the population only by increasing the efficiency of our work.
First, it is the prevention of crimes.
Secondly, the disclosure of as many crimes as possible.
We try to be as open to society as possible: this applies not only to our successes,but also to our shortcomings and miscalculations, which, unfortunately, are still many.
We have good relations with the local media.
We have close cooperation and cooperation with other law enforcement agencies: the FSB, the prosecutor's office, the courts, etc.
The leadership of the republic supports and helps us in everything.
We can rely on the people.
But the authority of the police in the eyes of the population is directly related to how the personnel issue is resolved in the internal affairs bodies.
Therefore, the main thing today is to purposefully form internal affairs bodies from professionals.
It is the professionalism and excellent moral qualities of police officers that will determine the police of the future.
Because without this, it is impossible to reverse the current criminal situation, to really protect the rights and laws, the interests of citizens.
Today, among the priority tasks facing the internal affairs bodies are ensuring the security of individuals and society, actively countering drug trafficking, strengthening the fight against terrorism and extremism, and monitoring migration processes.
Unfortunately, as long as there is humanity, there is also crime.
And there is no nobler cause than to fight this evil, protecting the innocent victims.
And a round date is needed in order to turn to the past, to see that your grandfathers and great grandfathers worked the same way as you, to feel the connection of generations, to feel proud of the choice made once.
Over its 200 year history, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has repeatedly undergone reorganizations, transformations, and renaming.
Its structures and individual functions changed, traditions and tasks were honed, embodying all the best that was in the past and in the present.
A lot has changed in two hundred years.
One thing remained unchanged - the Ministry of Internal Affairs has always been the guardian of state power in Russia.
This was the case in 1802, when our ministry was established, and it was so at the time of the Peasant and Zemstvo Reform of the 60-70s of the XIX century.
This was the case in the early 1920s, when, on the ashes of the Civil War, the Commissariat of Internal Affairs was engaged in the creation of local Councils and the fight against homelessness.
This was the case during the Great Patriotic War, and it was so in the future.
The history of the country is the history of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which together with Russia passed the years of victories and defeats, periods of prosperity and reform of public relations, survived all the cataclysms and shocks of the twentieth century, together with our Country entered the twenty first century.
Recent history has put forward its priorities.
After the events in Russia, Yugoslavia, America, in the last days of October in Moscow, which shocked the world, everyone realized that the security of the population has become the main task to be solved in the twenty first century.
Today, the role of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in ensuring social, economic and political stability, in building a responsible and effective state cannot be overestimated.
2. The place of municipalities in the system of public administration
One of the goals of the introduction of the City Regulation in 1870 was to free the city administration from the oppressive guardianship of the administrative authorities.
One of the ideologists of urban reform, A. D. Schumacher, who was well aware of the affairs of urban economy in Russia and Europe, realized the need for the independence of municipalities.
From the note he compiled, it follows: "The establishment of the correct relations of the city public administration to the administrative authorities is a very important condition for the transformation of the entire administration to have proper success.
It cannot be denied that, regardless of the strict guardianship on the part of the government, to which it is now subordinate, especially in economic matters, the uncertainty of these relations, which gives rise to all sorts of misunderstandings and quarrels, is partly the reason for the indifference to public affairs that urban societies are usually reproached with."
It was necessary to find a balance between independence and guardianship.
A. D. Schumacher wrote about this in 1858: "Since the administrative provincial government is essentially the guardian of state benefits and the universal accurate execution of laws, it must ensure that this administration does not go out of the circle of actions provided to it and does not allow violations of the law.
But in order to protect public institutions from the wrong actions of the administration, it is necessary to more accurately determine the very order of observation. "
The well known figure of the municipal economy M. P. Shchepkin considered the introduction of the provincial presence for city affairs one of the best innovations of the Regulations of 1870: "The establishment of such a presence on a purely collegial basis can not only serve as a bulwark against the individual decisions of the governors, but also teach even them to be more subordinate to the voice of the collegium; that is why in this new institution it is impossible not to see guarantees for public independence."
The City Regulation of 1870 provided for the following order of relations between municipalities and state administration bodies: "Government institutions, zemstvo and estate institutions are obliged to assist in the fulfillment of the legal requirements of the city public administration, which has the same duty with respect to the said institutions and institutions.
In the event of non compliance with one or the other legal requirements that the complaining party is drawn to the Governor" (article 6).
For the consideration of controversial issues, complaints about the illegality of the definitions of city councils in each province was created by the Provincial municipal Affairs presence, which included the Vice Governor, managing the exchequer, the Prosecutor of the district court, the Chairman of the world Congress or appointed by Congress, his cock, the head of the provincial Council and the mayor of a provincial town.
In addition, when considering specific issues were invited relevant officials (article 11).
If urban public control is not performed mandatory for city duties, the Governor is first reminded of this, then passed the issue to the Provincial urban Affairs presence, and then he assumed the disposal of urban Affairs and promptly reported the issue to the Minister of internal Affairs (article 12).
The composition and activities of the Provincial presences for city affairs in Siberia had some peculiarities in comparison with similar institutions in European Russia.
In the Siberian provinces, where the P was not introduced the decree on zemstvo institutions, instead of the chairman of the zemstvo council, the composition of the provincial presence for urban affairs included a selected member of the provincial presence for peasant affairs.
Thus, these bodies of Siberia included more representatives of state institutions .
An important "shift" of the reform of 1870 was the granting of relatively broad independence to the city public administration in the conduct of urban economy and the solution of local affairs.
Only the most important decisions of the Duma (as a rule, financial ones) were subject to the approval of the provincial administration or, in some cases, the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Most of the cases, including the annual estimates, were finally decided by the Duma and did not need anyone's approval.
The governor was entrusted with supervision only over the legality of the actions of the city self government bodies.
Judicial protection of municipal government were to provide the provincial urban Affairs presence.
A. A. Golovachev has commented: "we Have considered all the necessary issues in administrative practice, to allow the administrative procedure...
There is no need to establish a special presence, as all the issues in the case noted the illegality of the actions of the City Administration or complaints and wrangling, could be considered by the court in General terms, laws prescribed" .
And yet it was the presence that accepted complaints and exercised control over all the economic activities of the city self government bodies.
At the meetings of the presences, the reports of the city councils on parishes and expenditures, the resolutions of the city duma, the legality of the construction permit in the cities, as well as the conduct of business on economic activities were considered.
Among other problems, under the control of the presences were cases of the opening of drinking establishments, in connection with which many abuses were found.
In May 1890, the Ministry of Internal Affairs confidentially notified the Ministry of Finance that in Western Siberia, city administrations, under the guise of donations to the city, take a fee for a permit to open drinking establishments .
In Tyukalinsk in 1878, the Duma introduced a special fee from wine merchants.
To cover up the illegality of the collection, it was taken in the form of payment for the city lakes leased by wine merchants .
The provincial presence on city affairs, knowing about these not quite legal facts, often helplessly admitted that" it is very difficult to expose the illegal actions of the Duma by legal means."
By such" illegal " actions, encouraging wealthy citizens to help the city, the duma tried to find means to solve problems in the social sphere.
As already mentioned, the central figure of the new city public self government was the mayor, who, having been elected by the Duma, was confirmed in office by the governor and the Minister of Internal Affairs.
This largely made the city's public administration dependent on the provincial government.
On this basis, conflicts have repeatedly arisen.
In 1879, for example, there was a conflict between the Omsk city government and the governor of Akmola.
The City Duma elected the court councilor N. F. Sokolov to the post of mayor.
However, the governor did not approve him in office and proposed the candidacy of state councilor A. S. Alfimov.
In response to such actions, the Duma voted against the gubernatorial candidate.
In the end, retired Major General V. V. Maslov was elected mayor.
24 members of the City Duma voted for him, 14 against him .
Despite the guardianship, the Duma enjoyed a certain independence in solving economic issues.
Conflicts arising between the governor and the Duma were not always resolved in favor of the former.
D. A. Alisov gives the following example.
On the basis of the circular of the Governor General of Western Siberia dated October 21, 1875, No. 1866, prohibiting the removal of garbage to the banks of rivers and lakes, the Tobolsk police department allocated a place for this purpose in the Tyrkovsky suburb.
However, this " aroused grumbling and discontent in the townsfolk, which has the basis for their fears in the development of the infection.
Taking into account this circumstance, as well as on the basis of Article 2 of the "City Regulations", the Tobolsk city council asked the local medical council to inspect the area designated for a garbage dump and give an appropriate conclusion about the threat of possible spread of diseases.
The medical board, in turn, in conclusion recognized that " the area called the Tyrkovsky suburb cannot be recognized as convenient for dumping urban sewage in the sewage disposal system and even over time can serve as a constant source of epidemics and epizootics."
As a result of the actions of the city council, the previous decision was canceled and the governor suggested that the city Duma choose a more convenient place for the dump, which was executed .
There were cases of disagreement of the Duma with the decision of the provincial presence on city affairs.
The Tobolsk provincial presence for City Affairs canceled the resolution of the Tyumen Duma on the appointment of a salary to the mayor and members of the council.
The reason for this was the lack of an explanation about who exactly presided over the decision of this issue at the Duma meeting.
Having re examined the legality of this decision, the Tyumen Duma decided: "the maintenance appointed by the decree of October 21 (1874) to the mayor and other persons, on the exact basis of 55 art.
The city Situation, to leave in force and to inform about it to the gentleman acting as the governor of Tobolsk...".
K. V. Len notes that in most cases, the intervention of central and local state institutions was justified against the background of the amorphous state of city representative offices and was determined by paternalism towards municipalities .
Indeed, the activities of some government officials objectively contributed to improving the life of Siberian cities.
According to art. 16 City regulations 1892 in Siberia at the provincial municipal Affairs presence was prepared under the chairmanship of the Governor at Tobolsk, Tomsk, Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces - from the Chairman of the provincial government, control of the exchequer and the provincial Prosecutor; in the Yakut, Semipalatinsk, Semirechensk and the coastal areas of the Deputy of the Governor and the local Prosecutor's supervision; in the fields of Akmola and the Baikal - of the Vice Governor, the control of the exchequer and local Prosecutor's supervision; in the Amur region - Chairman of the military Board of the Amur Cossack troops, and the local Prosecutor's supervision (article 16).
After the adoption of the" City Regulation " of 1892, state bodies strengthened control over elections to public administration bodies.
A.V. Lityagina believes that such facts occurred due to the attention of the administration to the denunciations of the district police officer, the prosecutor and other interested persons about the behavior of candidates, their moral appearance, etc.
If in the 1890s, as a rule, there was no political background when not being approved for the post of city self government, then since 1905, one of the decisive characteristics of a city figure is his political reliability.
In general, the administration actively used the right granted by law to control the process of forming a new composition of the self government.
The non confirmation of those elected to the Duma and the city council, to the post of mayor, chairmen of commissions, etc., was a constant phenomenon.
Here is another example from the history of the Barnaul public administration: "The Tomsk governor, by telegram dated June 2, notified the acting Mayor that from among the elected City Duma for the 4th anniversary since 1907, the Mayor, Members of the Council and the City Secretary were approved by him by the Mayor I. I. Polyakov and a member of the Council S. I. Zudilov, the second member of the Council A. P. Peshkov and the City Secretary Ornatsky by him, Mr. Governor, were not approved."
In some cases, officials used the right to appoint city leaders based on their own preference .
Despite such decisive steps to ensure the relative political reliability of the city's public administration, the City Regulation of 1892 established strict supervision over their activities.
All any important decisions of the City Duma had to be approved by the governor or the Minister of Internal Affairs.
This category included, in particular, resolutions on the issues of the city budget and excessive expenses, on the transfer of natural duties into monetary ones, on the municipalization of enterprises, on the alienation of city property, on loans and guarantees, on the amount of fees for the use of city enterprises, on the layout of the city.
In addition, the governor had the right to suspend the execution of the Duma resolution if he sees "that it does not correspond to the general state benefits and needs, or clearly violates the interests of the local population."
The resolution suspended by the governor was passed from the provincial presence for city affairs to the Minister of Internal Affairs, the Senate (in case of a complaint from the city administration), and in some cases - to the Committee of Ministers and the State Council.
The strengthening of the centralization of city administration and the weakening of control functions on the part of the elected authorities of city self government has led to frequent abuses by the state One of the examples is the criminal prosecution of the Omsk mayor N. P. Ostapenko and members of the commission for the construction of the city theater Vetokhin and Krekov for financial abuse .
Unsolved social problems prompted the city self government bodies to find ways to interact with class organizations: merchant and petty bourgeois societies.
The most numerous among them were petty bourgeois societies, but they were not ahead of the merchant councils in terms of the size of capital.
The meager budgets of the city duma did not allow solving the entire complex of urban economy issues.
And class organizations did not have enough legislative powers to solve the social problems of their class.
The funds of the city dumas, petty bourgeois and merchant councils of Western Siberia contain correspondence of the elders with the city councils, from which it follows that the city self government bodies often turned to estate societies for help.
The Tobolsk City Duma in January 1898 appealed to the petty bourgeois headman with a request to provide financial assistance for the maintenance of a temporary typhoid hospital.
In the same year, the Tobolsk Duma asked the petty bourgeois and merchant elders to help organize a dinner in honor of the arrival of the Minister of Railways in the city.
In Biysk in 1911, the mayor turned to the petty bourgeois headman with a proposal to consider at a meeting the issue of accepting a lower craft school for the society .
Merchant councils, unlike petty bourgeois ones, took an active material part in the economic projects of the Duma.
In particular, significant funds were spent by them in response to petitions for the construction of railways in the region .
Independently solving the social problems of their class, the societies complemented the work of the developing city self government.
In general, the Siberian city public administration was characterized by active communication with various state and non state organizations to increase the efficiency of its activities .
Representatives of the city's public self government were dissatisfied with the excessive guardianship on the part of the governors and the central government and tried to achieve greater independence in their actions.
In the "Report of the permanent audit commission on the review of urban economy and on the audit of the financial report of the city council for 1912" (Tomsk, 1914), it was noted: "by joint efforts, it is necessary to ensure that the hands of elected representatives of city administrations in the circle of their powers and competence are untied, it is necessary that they are freed from the burdensome supervision of their activities from the point of view of expediency."
According to the City Regulation of 1892, city public administrations carried out "mandatory expenses", which included the maintenance of government institutions, the police and fire brigade, the organization of city administration, etc.
Participation in the maintenance costs of government institutions required the allocation of allocations for the maintenance of the central institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the provincial presence, allowances to the treasury for the maintenance of police institutions and pensions to employees of the state administration.
Urban settlements with simplified public administration did not participate in the costs of maintaining government institutions, in exceptional cases, the share of the expense was one hundredth of the total budget.
Despite the fact that the absolute amount of expenditures under this item in the cities of Western Siberia increased during the first decade, its percentage ratio to the entire budget is insignificant - from 0.5 to 2 % .
Summing up everything that has been said, we can conclude that the electoral law for elections to city public administration bodies was far from perfect.
The central government, aware of the small number of voters, made plans to introduce representatives of the educated part of the urban population into their circle by introducing an apartment tax.
And at the same time, she tried to exclude the least propertied part of the urban population from the elections and weaken the influence of bourgeois elements in the city administration.
There was no question of any universal suffrage.
The Duma was dominated by representatives of the merchant class and the bourgeoisie, there were only some representatives of other estates.
Thus, it is possible to speak about the omniscience of the city administration only with a big stretch.
This state of affairs reflected the real picture of the socio economic development of cities.
The poor development of the electoral legislation gave rise to various kinds of abuses, especially with regard to the voting mechanism itself and electoral powers of attorney.
3. The history of the volunteer movement from the middle of the XIX to the present day
Until the 60s of the XIX century, public and private charity developed slowly.
Only since 1862, permission to open institutions was granted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which significantly reduced the formalities.
In the second half of the XIX century, 95% of all charitable societies and 82% of charitable institutions of the Russian Empire were founded.
Active positions begin to occupy since 1867.
The Red Cross Society and since 1895 the Guardianship of the Houses of Diligence and Workhouses, later renamed the Guardianship of Labor Assistance.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs (6895 institutions) and the Department of the Orthodox Confession (3358 institutions) should be considered the most widespread organizations that were subordinate to charitable institutions.
After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, a rapid growth of volunteer philanthropic organizations and institutions began in Russia.
There are many institutions that are focused on solving a specific social problem, for example, "Society for the Salvation of Fallen Girls", "Society for the Protection of Children from Abuse", "Society for the Care of Young Criminals", etc.
In the second half of the XIX century, members of charitable public organizations, societies and trusteeships appeared.
Representatives of various professional groups, volunteers, volunteers, employees of social institutions performed the functions of social workers.
So, in 1844, in St. Petersburg, for the first time in Europe, Princess Teresa, the daughter of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, created the St. Nicholas women's community, which began training ward nurses.
The direct management and organizational activity in the formation of a new social institute was carried out by a well known doctor, the founder of field surgery Nikolai Pirogov.
Ten years later, when there was a need to provide assistance to the wounded and crippled soldiers of the Crimean War, the Holy Cross Community was formed, which began to train sisters of mercy to provide assistance to the wounded on the battlefields.
120 sisters of the Holy Cross Monastery worked in the besieged Sevastopol, 17 died in the line of duty, and Baroness Yulia Vrevskaya died of typhus in the field infirmary.
68 of the women who arrived at the front were awarded the medal "For the Defense of Sevastopol".
During the Russo Turkish War of 1877-1878, the Committee "Christian Aid"was formed under the Russian Red Cross Society.
In 1882, the Committee created the first community of sisters of mercy in the World Red Cross System.
The activities of the communities were not limited to helping the wounded during military campaigns.
Within their walls, the communities opened specialized hospitals, where a quarter of the places were always intended for the poor.
They maintained child loving orphanages for orphans and children from low income families, constantly visited those in need in night shelters and workhouses.
The activities of the communities of sisters of Mercy of the Russian Red Cross Society directly solved the tasks of social support and assistance to the population, becoming a kind of testing ground for the development, implementation and analysis of educational and practical technologies of medical, social, socio - psychological and pedagogical orientation.
The members of the public charity organization themselves not only assumed the functions of social workers, but also sought to study and be among the first to professionally perform this difficult work.
After the Zemstvo reform of 1864 in Russia, the zemstvo commissioners for the care of blind, poor, street children, rootless and homeless elderly people, as well as zemstvo doctors and teachers, began to act in a similar way.
It should be noted that the work of the zemstvos and city dumas related mainly to the sphere of social improvement of the poor and the disabled and was proclaimed a public cause in this direction.
In addition to traditional types of institutions, zemstvos have deployed innovative forms of individual assistance of an adaptive nature.
These include the organization of legal consultations, the appearance of zemstvo agronomists.
There was a desire to introduce open forms of charity in the village, using any opportunity to leave the person being cared for in the family circle.
Especially creative in this direction was the activity of zemstvo psychiatrists, who managed to create several settlements for families with mentally ill relatives at the beginning of the XX century.
Thus, the Buratovskaya colony in the Tver province under the leadership of Dr. Litvinov, settlements in Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow headed by the zemstvo doctor P. Kashchenko showed the effectiveness of such a humane approach based on methods of attracting patients to work, art therapy, social security in combination with treatment.
Zemstvos opened shelters for the blind, deaf mute, and paralyzed people, looked for foster parents for orphans, and organized shelters for the elderly.
The participation of doctors in various charitable societies was very active and left a bright mark, thus proving the correctness of the statement that the scope of the doctor's activities far goes beyond his direct appointment and the doctor is not only a prominent public figure, but also an indispensable participant in charity affairs.
Charitable assistance mainly covered the following groups of people in need: children and adolescents, adults who are able to work, adults who are unable to work and disabled, the sick, the elderly.
The history of Russian society preserves evidence of charitable deeds of representatives of such noble aristocratic families as the Sheremetyevs, such merchants and breeders as Tretyakov, Bakhrushin, Soldatenkov.
To this day, the hospital buildings of the clinics of the Moscow Medical Academy, built at the end of the XIX century with the money of the Moscow merchants, which were the best hospitals in Europe at the time of their construction, serve people.
Charity as a whole belonged to a few areas of legal civic activity: before 1905, there were no representative authorities and electoral law in the Russian Empire, trade unions and parties were banned, and various societies and associations aroused suspicion.
Charity served charity and at the same time expressed the civic position of the democratic intelligentsia, and therefore often had a complex character.
For example, at the beginning of the century, the structure of the Russian Women's Mutual Charity Society included courses on education and professional training of women, a bureau for finding places and classes for women, a council for the establishment of a hostel, a legal commission.
In the 70s of the XIX century, Higher women's courses began to work on a voluntary basis in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
For its charitable activities, the Russian Women's Mutual Charity Society received a gold medal in 1900 at the World Exhibition in Paris.
In one of the largest Moscow charitable organizations, the Society for the Care of the Needy, volunteers were fundraisers and visited the poor.
The unstable socio economic situation in the late XIX early XX centuries and the aggravated social situation with the outbreak of the First World War required both the Russian Empire and other states to more clearly raise the issue of conducting social work at a professional level.
This was required by public charity and charity, which underwent qualitative changes and moved to new principles of organization and activity of societies and institutions, the number of which was actively growing due to the decentralization of management and the development of local self government.
In the cities that were most visibly exposed to the onslaught of new economic relations, the authorities tried to reduce social tension by distributing various forms of "labor assistance" among both adults and children.
At the beginning of 1913, bureaus for job search, labor exchanges were created, houses of diligence were opened, public works were organized.
The construction of flophouses and cheap apartments began, for which, as a rule, benefactors and charitable societies gave money.
In order to coordinate the work of the social charity system, "to streamline and unite the charitable movement in the country", which was growing more and more actively, and also to raise the question of supporting social work professionals for the first time, in 1909 the regional branches of charitable societies merged into a professional society – the All Russian Union of Institutions, Societies and Figures for Public and Private charity.
The purpose of this union was focused on the streamlining and unification of charitable activities throughout Russia.
The "open charity" came to the fore, special attention was paid to labor assistance, patronage, vocational training and retraining when looking for a job, upbringing and education, medical care, housing supply.
The process of formation of the profession in Russia at the beginning of the XX century was rather socially charitable than state in nature and could not be formed into a system of training social workers on the basis of higher or secondary educational institutions, as it already happened in England, Germany and Sweden.
It is possible to talk about the participation of young people in the volunteer movement only since the XX century, when the Scout movement came to Russia (the first scout was Tsarevich Alexey, the "Society for Promoting the Organization of Young Scouts (Scouts)" was created under the patronage of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna).
The All Russian Congress of Instructors and Persons Interested in Scouting (1915) defined the goal of the Russian Scout movement as the preparation of a new generation of Russian citizens, physically and mentally strong, strong willed, inspired by the nobility of the upcoming service to the Motherland.
The Scouts share a respectful attitude to God with another first youth organization in Russia – the Russian Christian Society of Young People "Mayak", officially registered in 1905 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire.
The society of Young Christians enjoyed popular support, but did not have state subsidies.
Its trustees were N. Berdyaev, S. Frank, V. Rozanov, G. Fedotov, etc.
The society was out of politics and was engaged in charitable cultural and historical evenings, educational lectures, socially informative and social events, performed the role of a labor exchange, organizing "bureaus for finding work"in its branches for young people.
All the events of the society were free of charge.
The company's employees worked on a voluntary basis.
The formation of the Provisional Government and other political events did not disrupt the activities of Russian youth organizations in the field of charity.
With the establishment of Soviet power in 1917, charitable activity as a form of social assistance ceased to exist.
The public organizations created in the state are either part of the structure of the CPSU, or were semi state, semi public entities.
The most striking example of youth and adolescent organizations of that time carrying out volunteer activities is the Timurov detachments.
During the Great Patriotic War, there was a revival of the custom of voluntary donations for defense needs.
In the Soviet period, the concept of "volunteer" had a pronounced ideological and patriotic coloring: this was the name of a person who voluntarily volunteered to serve the interests of not individual citizens, but the party, the communist idea, the socialist state.
An example of this is the development of virgin land, the construction of BAM.
During the years of perestroika, the state leadership of Russia recognized the need to provide citizens with the opportunity to participate proactively in social mutual assistance, seeing this not only as a way to partially exempt the state budget from spending on social needs, but also as one of the mechanisms for the formation of civil society.
The creation of several funds covering the entire territory of the state was proclaimed: the Culture Fund, the Children's Fund, the Charity and Health Fund.
According to their charters, these funds were considered charitable organizations.
The Children's Fund, established in 1987 by the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, became one of the first public organizations that focused their activities on collecting donations and implementing free aid programs at the expense of this.
By the end of the 90s, the situation changed: there were youth and adolescent associations of various directions, non profit and public organizations that aimed their activities at attracting young volunteers to solve social problems.
According to most researchers, the period of the late XX early XXI centuries is characterized as "the era of the revival of charitable activities and the beginning of the formation of the volunteer movement as a factor contributing to the development of civil society."
Currently, the Union of Charitable Organizations of Russia has been created, which unites about 3 thousand charitable organizations and foundations.
There are about 70 large foreign charitable foundations operating in Russia.
The first legislative acts of the post Soviet period regulating the creation and activity of public organizations appeared in 1990.
The Law of the USSR "On Public Organizations" legislated the emergence of a voluntary non profit sector in the country.
Today, the Russian voluntary sector is represented by a large number of public associations and non profit organizations: about 600 thousand public organizations are registered in the country, one of the forms of which are volunteer associations.
List of literature
1.
City self government (City regulation of 1870) G. A. Dzhanshiev.
/ / The epoch of great reforms.
According to the 1900 edition;
2. Len K. V. Preparation and implementation of the city reform of 1870 in Western Siberia;
3. Golovachev A. A. Ten years of reforms.
St. Petersburg, 1872 ;
4. Len K. V.
The role of urban self governments of Western Siberia in the development of the social sphere (70-90 ies of the XIX century) / / Actual issues of the history of Siberia.
The third scientific readings in memory of Professor A. P. Borodavkin.
Barnaul, 2002;
5. Alisov D. A. Provincial power and urban public self government in Western Siberia (XIX early XX centuries) / / Katanaev readings 98.
Materials of the reports of the second All Russian scientific and practical conference.
Omsk, 1998;
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