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History of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
The beginning of the organized activity of special services in Russia, apparently, falls on 1565, when Tsar Ivan IV (1533-1584) created a prototype of the future political police.
In a short historical period, a huge, uncontrolled army of oprichniks grew out of a small detachment of bodyguards.
Thanks to the latter, Ivan IV, the first of the grand dukes of Moscow to take the royal title, went down in history as the Terrible.
To combat "treason" within the state, Ivan IV created an oprichnoi army, mainly consisting of nobles.
Ivan the Terrible laid the foundations for using political investigation to form the closest circle of the leader of the state from politically trustworthy compatriots, by providing the latter with the most favorable conditions for existence, sufficiently broad rights and freedoms, as well as exile to remote areas with less favorable living conditions of people whose loyalty the tsar had doubts, and often unjustified.
The principle of dividing Russians into trustworthy and unreliable subjects was characteristic of all subsequent rulers of tsarist Russia.
In 1572, the oprichnina was abolished as unexpectedly as it was introduced.
Under pain of execution, the very use of this word was prohibited.
In 1649, the Zemsky Sobor adopted a Code in which state crimes were separated from criminal ones for the first time, making up the 2nd chapter of the document entitled "On the sovereign's honor, and how to protect his sovereign's health".
This chapter deals with the following types of crimes: high treason; an attempt on the life and health of the sovereign ("intent on the sovereign's health"), a conspiracy to seize power ("To seize the Moscow state and be a sovereign").
The Cathedral Code introduced the principle of individual responsibility, which was a step forward in comparison with the legal practice of Ivan IV.
At the same time, the Code could not get rid of many norms of medieval law.
In particular, the line between intent and deed was never drawn.
There was no central body dealing exclusively with state crimes until the end of the XVII century in Russia.
The most important cases were considered by the Boyar Duma, specially created commissions or Moscow orders, which by the middle of the XVII century were about 80.
The political search was only one of the numerous functions of the orders.
In 1654, an Order of Secret Affairs was created, the leadership of which was assumed by Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich.
The clerks from this Order were seconded to the voivodes during military operations, were introduced into the embassies.
However, the investigation of State crimes was not the main or only task of this body either.
The duties of the Order included the management of the tsar's estates, his factories, etc.
After the death of the tsar, the Order was abolished.
The formation of law enforcement agencies in Russia, which began under Ivan the Terrible, was continued by Peter I, who laid the foundations of centralized criminal police structures, whose functions far go beyond the traditional competence of the department (up to interference in the upbringing of children, household expenses, the cut of clothes, the shape of the hairstyle, etc.) and political police.
Gradually, the political and police function of the state came to the fore.
The suppression of the discontent of the masses of the people and the resistance to the reform policy on the part of the conservative minded boyars became one of the most important tasks of the government of Peter I, on the solution of which the success of its activities largely depended.
The Preobrazhensky order was originally an ordinary judicial and administrative body.
The decree on the transfer of the exclusive right of investigation and trial for political crimes to the Preobrazhensky Order was issued by Peter 1 at the end of 1696, after the Azov campaign.
For the first time in the history of Russia, a state body received powers in terms of political investigation, which extended to the subjects of the entire state, without distinction of classes.
The tsar's decree of September 25, 1702 legally fixed this practice.
Prince Fyodor Yuryevich Romodanovsky, who was called Prince Caesar, headed this institution and led it for many years.
To help the Preobrazhensky order, Peter I formed a judicial board of boyars, whose functions included assisting the chief judge in considering cases and making decisions on their individual categories.
Along with the Preobrazhensky Order, which was in force in Moscow, the Secret Chancellery, established in St. Petersburg in 1718, was engaged in investigating the most important political crimes..
Peter I to conduct an investigation into the case of Tsarevich Alexei, the tsar's eldest son from his first marriage to Evdokia Lopukhina, who was accused of high treason.
The tsar entrusted the leadership of the chancellery to Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy.
After the completion of the investigation into the case of Tsarevich Alexei, the Secret Chancellery was not abolished, but turned into a permanent body.
The Preobrazhensky Order and the Secret Chancellery were endowed with equal rights.
The first took cases from Moscow and distant localities, the second from St. Petersburg and the nearest provinces.
The essential difference between the Secret Chancellery and the Preobrazhensky Order was that the activities of the Secret Chancellery carried a greater element of specialization.
The Office was engaged only in investigative and judicial activities, and mainly in political crimes (about 70% of all cases).
In 1724, Peter by several decrees ordered the Secret Chancellery to transfer all cases to the Preobrazhensky Order in order to exclude the existence of two parallel and independently operating institutions.
The Preobrazhensky order or the Preobrazhenskaya Chancellery, as it began to be called, was subordinated to the Supreme Privy Council in 1726.
From this time on, all activities
The next step towards further restructuring of the political investigation apparatus was taken on May 24, 1727, when the Senate was involved in the investigation of political affairs.
April 4, 1729 The Preobrazhensky order was liquidated.
The investigation of political crimes was transferred to two higher bodies — the Supreme Privy Council and the Senate.
The Privy Council dealt with matters of greater importance, and the rest — the Senate.
On April 6, 1731, Empress Anna Ioannovna, by her Decree, restored the Office of Secret Investigative Affairs.
This time it was headed by Alexander Ivanovich Ushakov.
The Office of Secret Investigative Affairs received the right to investigate political crimes throughout Russia, which was expressed in the order to send to the office of persons who declared "word and deed".
All central and local authorities had to unquestioningly comply with Ushakov's orders, and he could fine any official for a "malfunction".
The police function arose simultaneously with the emergence of the state.
Already in the first state formations of the Eastern Slavs (VI VIII centuries), later in Kievan Rus, the functions of the police were performed by the prince's squad.
As the state developed, police functions were implemented to one extent or another by posadniki, volostels, tysyatskiye, sotskiye, starosty, virniki, etc.
However, this was not their main responsibility and was combined with another kind of activity.
During the formation of the unified Russian state (the second half of the XV — the first half of the XVI century), police functions were carried out by the bodies of the palace patrimonial administration (in the center), as well as governors and volostels (in the field).
Since the end of the XV century, they were joined by temporary commissioners of the Grand Duke, sent to the places with a variety of assignments, including to combat robberies.
In the era of the class representative monarchy (mid XVI mid XVII century), under the influence of exacerbations among the peasants caused by the development of serfdom, the network of bodies performing police functions significantly expanded.
The palace patrimony was replaced by an ordered management system.
Despite the uncertainty of the competence of these bodies, among them we can distinguish a group of orders that performed mainly judicial and police functions.
Thus, the Robber Order was engaged in the investigation and trial of "robber" cases and through the bodies of the provincial and zemstvo administration carried out the leadership of the local police - In Moscow and the Moscow district, the functions of combating crime, fires, etc.were assigned to the Zemsky order.
The zemstvo reform carried out by Ivan IV in 1555-1556 led to the further development of the system of "provincial" self — government the noble estate representative bodies of local government.
Labial organs existed before, but since the middle of the XVI century.
their role has increased dramatically.
The provincial prefects carried out general judicial and administrative and police supervision of the counties: they fought against robbers, dealt with cases of murder, arson, etc., managed prisons.
In the first quarter of the XVII century.in order to strengthen local power in 146 cities with counties, voivodes were appointed.
The scope of police duties of the voivodes was not clearly defined by legislation and instructions.
The main police functions were reduced to the protection of public order.
Where there were no provincial elders, the governor was entrusted with the capture of thieves and robbers.
Among the duties of the voivodes were the control of sanitary safety, compliance with the rules of trade, control of weights and measures, road business, postal communication.
They were also obliged to observe the mores, implementing this function together with the spiritual authorities.
With the final registration of serfdom, the patrimonial police is further developed.
The feudal lord exercised a police function in relation to his serfs, relying on a special apparatus led by him.
There were no investigative police bodies in Russia in the X—HOOP centuries.
Police duties were performed by the majority of state bodies both in the center and on the ground.
Therefore, the term "police" can be used in relation to Russia of the X XVII centuries.
It is only conditionally more correct to speak about the bodies that solved the issues that subsequently formed a special police function, which was deducted from the general protective function of the state.
In the second half of the XVII — beginning of the XVIII century, an absolute monarchy was established in Russia, which is characterized by detailed regulation of the service and life of subjects.
The general police function of the state becomes very important in the era of absolutism, which causes corresponding changes in the mechanism of the state.
For the first time in Russian history, the police is becoming an independent part of the state apparatus.
Peter I, in the Regulations to the Chief Magistrate (1721), outlined the tasks of the police bodies quite broadly: the police promotes the exercise of rights and justice; gives birth to good orders; provides everyone with security from robbers, thieves, etc.
During the XVIII century, there was a search for optimal forms of police organization.
In 1702, the provincial self government bodies were abolished.
Their functions were transferred to the voivodes.
After the formation of the provinces in 1710, police functions (prosecution of fugitives and passport free, inspections of minors, etc.) were assigned, among others, to the governors.
After the establishment of the provinces in 1719, the voivodes placed at their head, subordinate to the governors, were also endowed with police functions.
According to the voivodeship decree of 1719 they had to take care of the protection of the rights and safety of local residents, pursue "walking people", take care of the serviceability of roads, keep the correct weights and measures.
The voivode shared these functions with the zemstvo commissars, whose main occupation was the collection of "all income".
The voivodes also instructed the commissars, among other things, to monitor the serviceability and safety of communication routes and inns, to pursue fugitives and robbers, to promote the administration of justice (investigation, execution of sentences, etc.), as well as to take care of the morality and religiosity of the inhabitants.
In cities, police functions were within the competence of magistrates city self government bodies established by Peter I.
The first special police post in Russia appeared in 1718 — a general police chief was established in St. Petersburg.
By 1722, police officers appeared in many large cities (in Moscow — an oberpolitsmeister).
Under them, the offices of the police chief's affairs were created.
In their activities, the police chiefs relied on the elders elected by the townspeople, who were in charge of the street, and the desyatskys, who supervised ten houses.
The functions of the police bodies included the protection of order, peace and security, catching fugitives, food and fire fighting measures, solving issues of urban improvement, etc.
After the death of Peter I, the Main Magistrate was abolished, and the city self government bodies began to obey the governors and voivodes, who took over the administration of the main police functions.
In 1733, police master's offices were established in 23 provincial, provincial and some smaller cities, headed by a police master from the officers of the local garrison.
Each police chief was assigned small teams (an officer, a corporal and 6-8 privates) and clerical servants.
The competence of the police master's offices was quite narrow, since many police functions (catching fugitive serfs, recruits, fighting robbery, etc.) remained under the jurisdiction of governors and voivodes.
The local police were supposed to monitor the external order and "deanery" in the city.
By the beginning of the 60s, the number of police institutions decreased, and the remaining ones fell into the subordination of governors and voivodes in 1762.
The dependence of the police authorities on the Main Police Chief's Office has become formal.
The general police in the XVIII century worked poorly.
A radical restructuring of the general police was carried out during the reign of Catherine II.
In his famous Order of 1767, Catherine defined the police as "an institution to whose care everything belongs that serves to preserve the deanery in society".
The reorganization of the police bodies was connected with the provincial reform of 1775.
In accordance with the "Institution for the administration of Provinces", the post of a zemstvo police officer(captain) was introduced in the uyezds, who headed the police body — the Nizhny Zemsky court.
The captain of the police department and the assessors of the lower zemsky court (there were 2-3 people) were elected by the nobility of the county for 3 years and were confirmed in office by the governor.
The Nizhny Zemsky Court executed orders of higher authorities, as well as court decisions, conducted preliminary investigations in criminal cases.
He was assigned the main police function — monitoring the order.
At the same time, prosecutor's offices were created and further developed.
Implementing radical state reforms, Peter I attached special importance to the creation of effective control over the activities of state institutions from the Senate to local authorities.
On January 27, 1722, Peter I signed a decree on the establishment of a permanent post of Prosecutor General of the Senate, which the emperor considered as the tsarist controlling body for the activities of state institutions.
From this day on, the Russian Prosecutor's Office conducts its chronology.
After the death of Peter I, the posts of prosecutor general and prosecutors of supervisory courts, as well as prosecutors of most of the colleges, were abolished.
However, already during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna, the revival of the prosecutor's office begins.
By her decree in October 1730, the abolished prosecutor's posts were restored.
With the adoption of the legislative act "Posts of the provincial prosecutor" in 1733, prosecutors were granted the right to bring protests against illegal actions of local authorities and courts with simultaneous notification of the prosecutor general.
On February 21, 1762, Peter III, who replaced Elizabeth Petrovna on the throne, issued a manifesto on the destruction of the Secret Chancellery, justifying his actions by positive changes in the situation that had occurred since the time of Peter the Great, when this institution was created.
But the body of political investigation was not liquidated.
Even before the publication of the manifesto on the abolition of the Secret Chancellery, it was decided to establish a Secret Expedition under the Senate.
Catherine II, who came to power after the violent death of Peter III in October 1762, repeated word for word the manifesto on the destruction of the Secret Chancellery, made significant changes in the organization of the new secret department.
According to her order, the Secret Expedition was subordinate to only one prosecutor general, whose post in the reign of Catherine II was one of the most important in the state.
In the summer of 1763, at the request of the Empress, the Moscow Secret Expedition was subordinated to the Moscow Commander in Chief P. S. Saltykov.
The transfer of the Secret Expedition to the jurisdiction of the Prosecutor General ensured the maximum centralization of the political investigation bodies, independence from other institutions and the preservation of the most complete secrecy of investigations.
All the activities of the Secret Expedition took place under the direct control of the Empress, to whom the Prosecutor General systematically reported on the progress of affairs.
She also approved the most important sentences.
The period of the reign of Paul I is characterized by individual liberal gestures.
At the same time, the tsar kept a Secret expedition, which was led by A. S. Makarov.
Paul I tried to revive the practice of written denunciations by hanging a box on the wall of the Winter Palace, where anyone could drop a message for the emperor.
However, this idea had to be abandoned, since apart from insults and insignificant gossip, no other information was received.
In the historical period under consideration, the Secret Expedition no longer played a serious role.
The emperor himself and his rapidly changing entourage were engaged in the political search.
Insufficient professionalism of the royal guard did not allow to uncover the conspiracy that led to the death of Paul I on the night of March 11-12, 1801 in the Mikhailovsky Castle.
Alexander I, a month after his accession to the throne, ordered the Secret Expedition to be destroyed forever.
He independently came to the conclusion that absolutism cannot exist without the secret police.
In search of the most effective varian numerous committees, offices, and expeditions were created for the political investigation department.
I
Thus, despite the manifesto, the organs of political investigation were preserved, but they were decentralized.
New measures to strengthen the state apparatus and establish a strict military police regime in the country were taken during the reign of Paul I.
The city estate self government was merged with the police.
Instead of the offices of the deanery and city dumas, city boards — rathouses were established.
combining administrative, police, financial, economic and partially judicial functions.
In St. Petersburg, the rathouse was subordinate to the "Commission on the supply of the residence with supplies, the order of apartments and other parts, up to the police," headed by the heir to the throne.
The department of this commission in Moscow was subordinate to the military governor.
But the Government considered these measures to strengthen the police department of cities insufficient and took a step towards the militarization of the city administration.
First of all, in cities with significant garrisons, and since 1799, military police bodies began to open in all provincial and district cities — the ordinance of the gauza, each of which was headed by a police chief, a mayor or a commandant, had a military court and a prison.
At the end of the XVIII century, the government streamlined the management of specific and state peasants.
So, in 1797, a Department of Allotments was created to manage the specific peasants, and an expedition of allotments (one for several provinces) was created on the ground.
In each specific volost, the peasants, under the leadership of officials, elected a village order.
It was a police and financial body that supervised the "order", the execution of orders of government agencies, carried out the distribution of taxes and duties, collected taxes, sorted out misdemeanors and small lawsuits of individual peasants.
The transformations of Paul I did little to improve the activities of the local administrative apparatus.
Most of the new institutions turned out to be unviable and by the end of Paul's reign were not opened everywhere.
Alexander I restored almost all the institutions of the court and local government, as well as the estate bodies created during the reforms of Catherine II.
Along with the reform of the political police in the first quarter of the XIX century, significant changes also took place in the organization of the general police, which was expressed in the transformation of the general police into a centralized system of bodies.
In 1802, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was created, the main task of which was determined to take care of "...the universal welfare of the people, peace, quiet and the improvement of the empire".
The Ministry of Internal Affairs includes various institutions: local administrative and police bodies and estate organizations of the nobility and citizens, charity bodies.
The General Post Office, etc.
In 1810, the Ministry of Police was created in Russia on the French model, which consisted of two offices (general and special) and three departments.
The administrative police apparatus, prisons, recruitment sets were managed by the executive police department, food affairs and orders of public charity were handled by the economic police department, and the medical police department was responsible for personal medical personnel and the supply of medical institutions.
The main methods of the new ministry were espionage and provocation, which were successfully used in France by the famous Fouche.
The Ministry had a Special Office that carried out counterintelligence functions along with police functions.
Due to the common tasks of the Ministries of Police and Internal Affairs, as well as the financial problems of the government, in November 1819, the Ministry of Police was abolished and its apparatus was transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
In the first half of the XIX century, the police in cities maintained the organizational structure defined by the" Charter of the Deanery " of 1782.
City governments were established in large port cities.
There have been some changes in the organization of the county police.
The increase in the population in the counties and the growth of peasant unrest caused the need to divide the counties into smaller territorial police units.
In 1837, the camps were established, at the head of which were the bailiffs appointed by the governor from among the local nobles.
In the administration of police functions, the bailiff relied on the rural elected police of the state specific peasants — sotsky and desyatsky, as well as on the patrimonial police of landowners, whose importance increased due to the general strengthening of serf oppression.
The Code of Laws of 1832 did not precisely establish the boundaries of the police and judicial power of landowners: they were given the right to use "domestic" means of punishment and correction at their discretion, as long as it did not entail injuries and danger to the life of the punished person.
However, in practice, this was equivalent to the death penalty.
In December 1862, the district police was merged into the city police.
A single district police department was created, headed by a police officer and his assistant.
The police officer was appointed by the governor, and not elected by the nobles, as it was before.
A separate city police in the form of city police departments was preserved only in provincial, some county and other important cities.
The city police was headed by a police chief and his assistant.
Each police department had an office under the direction of a secretary and messengers.
The composition of the county and city police consisted of "executive officials" (in the counties they included the bailiffs, in the cities —district and city bailiffs and their assistants, as well as police supervisors) and "other police ranks" (in rural areas — sotsk and desyatsk, in cities — district supervisors and policemen).
The police departments in the cities consisted of fire brigades led by fire masters.
The Minister of Internal Affairs could, at the request of city societies, approve new, supernumerary police posts at the expense of cities.
All the provincial police were subordinate to the governors (or governors general), to whom the law prescribed "by the action of the power given to them to protect public peace everywhere, the safety of everyone and everyone, and compliance with the established rules, order and decency."
The structure of the police apparatus in the capitals has become more complicated.
The St. Petersburg police was headed by a mayor appointed by the emperor.
The department, in addition to the mayor himself and his two assistants, included: an official for special assignments, a secretary, an office, a medical department, a technical part, an address desk, a general police archive and a department for the protection of public safety and order.
For" police surveillance on the waters of the city " in 1867, a river police was created in St. Petersburg, whose leaders were appointed from among the officers of the fleet.
In Moscow, the city police was headed by the chief of police (later the mayor).
The Moscow police was built on the same principles as the St. Petersburg police.
The scope of duties of the city and county police, being very extensive and complex, was set out in a number of legislative acts.
The competence of the police bodies was mainly fixed in the "General Provincial Institution" and in the " Statute on the Prevention and Suppression of Crimes.
By the end of the 70th century, the autocracy was experiencing significant difficulties in managing the empire.
On March 21, 1878, by the decision of the newly created authority - "A special meeting to find measures for better protection of peace and security in the Empire" - the institute of police officers was formed, which was introduced on August 1, 1878.
The explosion in the Winter Palace on February 5, 1880 caused complete confusion in government spheres.
By a decree of February 12, 1880, the Emperor created a new extraordinary body – the Supreme Administrative Commission headed by Count Loris Melikov, whose functions were limited exclusively to the fight against the revolutionary movement.
On November 15, 1880, on the basis of the submission of Loris Melikov, the tsar issued a decree on the merger of the State Police Department (the former Third Department) and the Police Department into the State Police Department (since 1883 –the Police Department), which combined the functions of both political and general police.
It was divided into two major departments the administrative police and the State police.
In the new structure of the political police there were two main divisions, closely related to each other – the police department (the central body of political investigation) and a Separate corps of gendarmes (the body of forceful suppression of the revolutionary movement).
The Minister of the Interior simultaneously became the chief of the gendarmes.
In order to carry out the tasks of detecting and preventing state crimes, as well as investigative activities, a network of law enforcement and public security departments is beginning to be formed.
The central investigative body of the Russian Empire became the St. Petersburg security department.
Since December 1906, on the initiative of the well known jurist M. I. Trusevich, supported by the head of the government P. I. Stolypin, district security departments begin to be created.
This was an attempt to align the boundaries of the activities of the political investigation bodies with the boundaries of the activities of anti government organizations.
Thus, the main changes in the system of police bodies of Russia in the second half of the XIX century should be attributed to the unification in 1880 within the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of both general and political police, which was caused by the need to strengthen the apparatus designed to protect the foundations of autocracy in the conditions of increasing activity of opponents of the existing system.
Another important change in the organization of police bodies was the deepening of the specialization of the department, the liberation from economic and forensic investigative activities and the concentration of all forces exclusively on the implementation of police functions.
At the beginning of the XX century, the Government took additional measures to strengthen the general police apparatus.
In 1903, the police guard was created, which was an armed support for the actions of the bailiffs instead of the elected rural police, which had become unreliable.
During the same period, the development of judicial bodies continued.
It should be noted that until the middle of the XIX century, the national system of courts, created during the reign of Catherine II, was preserved in Russia.
The development of civil turnover required new judicial procedures.
Judicial reform since November 20, 1864 with the formation of the State Council of Judicial charters.
As a result of the reform, two independent judicial systems were created – local courts and courts of general courts.
The local courts were the magistrate and parish courts, the general ones were the district and judicial chambers.
The Senate continued to be at the head of the entire judicial system of Russia.
The Senate was the highest (and only) cassation body for all local and general courts of Russia.
At the same time, the development of the institute of jurors began.
The positive significance of the judicial reform was that the separation of the court from the administration, the creation of an all theological court, the equality of all before the court, the jury court was established, the election of magistrates and jurors, the irremovability of judges and investigators was proclaimed, prosecutor's supervision was introduced, the bar was created.
At the same time, the separation of the court from the administration was inconsistent.
The Senate was not only a judicial, but also an administrative body.
Local courts were controlled by the Government administration.
A large number of official crimes and misdemeanors were seized from the court and dealt with by government officials in an administrative manner.
By reforming the court on bourgeois principles, the government pursued the goal of forming an extensive judicial and investigative apparatus that would ensure the inviolability of the state system and the possibility of reprisals against its opponents.
Thus, in Russia from the end of the XIX century to 1917, there were two prosecutor's systems in parallel: the prosecutor's offices of the courts and the provincial prosecutor's offices.
The same principles were laid down in the basis of the legal activity:
- unity and centralization of the prosecutor's office;
- independence of prosecutors from the influence of the local administration in decision making.
The period of the Japanese war (1904– 1905) is associated with the birth of military counterintelligence a body that counteracts the collection of information from the enemy about armed information.
On the eve of the February Revolution, Russia has developed a fairly well organized system of law enforcement agencies and special services, including judicial and prosecutorial bodies, military intelligence and counterintelligence of the General Staff, general and political police of the Police Department, as well as the gendarmerie corps.
Secret agencies have accumulated solid experience in operational investigative activities, formed a widely branched agent network that permeates almost all layers of society.
Law enforcement agencies received very acute information indicating an increase in social tension, "unreliability of individual ministers" and even the threat of the government's removal.
However, the leadership of the Gendarmerie corps, the Police Department and the Ministry of Internal Affairs smoothed out the sharp points in the conclusions of their analysts, realizing that objective information would inevitably have a negative impact on their personal career.
In the first days of the February Revolution, the Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia, A.D. Protopopov, informed the leadership of the empire about the unrest associated with interruptions in the supply of food to the population, which in themselves e will stop with the delivery of products.
Nicholas II had no doubts about the reliability of the military units of the capital's garrison.
Both the government and the emperor realized their mistake too late.
On February 27, 1917, mass demonstrations began, which could no longer be stopped, since the military units were out of control.
One of the main objects of hatred of the rebels has traditionally been the police.
The Department of which was attacked by an excited crowd one of the first.
The secret police did not offer any serious resistance.
The employees fled, the property was looted, some of the secret materials were burned by unknown persons in the courtyard of the department.
The new government abolished the Police Department, the gendarmerie Corps and their local units.
The People's Militia was created to maintain public order.
The officers of the latter detained and arrested policemen and gendarmes, handing them over to the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry established by the Provisional Government to investigate the criminal acts of tsarist officials.
Having failed to preserve and use the former special services for their own purposes or create new ones.
The Provisional Government has lost control over the development of the situation in the country.
This allowed the Bolsheviks to carry out a coup d'etat without any problems and come to power in October 1917.
The first organ of the new government's struggle against counter revolution and criminal crime was the Military Revolutionary Committee, formed by the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies on the eve of the October events of 1917..
The VRK assigned the investigative, judicial and administrative functions to the investigative commission formed from among workers, soldiers and sailors, which was legalized with the adoption of the first decree on the court by the Soviet government on November 22, 1917.
On December 7 (December 20, new style), on the basis of F. Dzerzhinsky's proposals, the Council of People's Commissars decided to form an All Russian Emergency commission under the SNK to combat counterrevolution and sabotage.
Later, the Cheka was entrusted with the tasks of combating official crimes, banditry, ensuring the security of the Red Army, railway transport, and protecting the state border.
The Cheka was given the rights to conduct an inquiry and preliminary investigation, confiscation, expulsion, deprivation of cards, publication in the press of lists of "enemies of the people" , etc.
On January 7, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars approved the Board of the Cheka with the chairman F.E Dzerzhinskiy.
Thus, the first Soviet secret service was created as a party state body, which had a clear installation for suppressing ideological opponents.
In addition to the functions of tracing, suppressing and preventing counter revolutionary crimes, the special service was given the right to develop measures of struggle, to carry out administrative functions.
In the judicial field, the CHEKA was assigned the role of an inquiry body.
FEBRUARY 21, 1918 The Council of People's Commissars adopts the Decree "The Socialist Fatherland is in danger", prescribing the need to implement the most extreme measures to ensure the security of the state, which was the first legal act that granted the CHEKA bodies the right to extrajudicial execution.
Since the use of extrajudicial repression– execution, the CHEKA has turned from a body of search and inquiry into an organ of direct reprisals against the most dangerous state criminals.
On February 6, 1922, due to the change in the situation in the country, a resolution was adopted.
According to which the Cheka and its local bodies were abolished.
The tasks previously performed by the special service: suppression of open counter revolutionary demonstrations and banditry, the fight against espionage, protection of communication routes and borders, the fight against smuggling and the execution of special orders of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee and the SNK — were assigned to the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD), for which the State Political Directorate (GPU) was created under the chairmanship of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs.
On the ground, instead of emergency commissions, political departments were created: in the autonomous republics and regions under the CEC, in the provinces under the provincial executive committees, as well as their commissioners in the counties.
As part of the GPU, special departments and transport departments were established to combat crimes in the army and on the railway.
By the resolution on strengthening the fight against banditry of October 16, 1922, the VTSIK granted the GPU body the right to extrajudicial execution, up to the execution of persons caught red handed at the scene of a crime.
The functions of the prosecutor's supervision to monitor the investigation and inquiry in political cases and on charges of espionage were limited.
The name of the special service - "GPU" - did not last long.
On November 15, 1923, in connection with the formation of the USSR, an independent department of state security protection, the United State Political Directorate (OGPU) under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, was created for the entire Soviet Union.
The main activities of the OGPU were identified as: a) management of the work of the state political departments of the Union republics and their subordinate special departments of military districts, as well as transport bodies of state political departments on railways and waterways, on the territory of the relevant Union republics; b) direct management and management of special departments of fronts and armies; c) organization of border protection of the USSR; d) direct operational work on a union wide scale.
Let us note the development of the judicial bodies of Soviet Russia.
In the first decree on land, according to which new elected Soviet judicial and investigative institutions were formed, organized on a broad democratic basis.
It also provided for the creation of special judicial investigative institutions to combat the counter revolution – revolutionary tribunals and people's courts.
As a result of the judicial reform of 1922, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation was formed, and after the formation of the USSR, the Supreme Court of the USSR was created.(January 3, 1924)
, republican, regional, and regional courts were also created, and the Presidium was formed to consider cases on protests in the order of supervision of decisions and sentences that entered into legal force, issued by lower judicial instances.
The third session of the ninth convocation of the VIC (May 12-20, 1922) adopted the Criminal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code and the Regulation on Prosecutor's Supervision.
On May 26, 1922, the State Institute of the Prosecutor's Office was restored.
The GPU became a body of inquiry, supervised by the prosecutor.
It should be noted that during this period the Institute of the Bar did not receive proper development Only on August 19, 1939, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a Regulation on the Bar of the USSR, according to which bar associations were created that had the status of voluntary professional associations, which were charged with the duty of providing legal assistance to citizens and legal entities through legal consultations.
In the Soviet Union, on July 10, 1934, another reorganization of special services took place.
The People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) was established by a resolution of the CEC of the USSR in order to combine efforts and centralized management of the activities of bodies engaged in the protection of public order, the protection of state borders, fire protection, cartography, resettlement, correctional labor institutions, passport system, civil registration, etc.
This union Republican People's Commissariat included the OGPU as one of the structural divisions, which after the reorganization became known as the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) of the NKVD of the USSR.
The basis of the GUGB was: the 1st Main Directorate (foreign Intelligence), the 2nd Main Directorate (counterintelligence), the 3rd Directorate (secret political).
The Main Economic Department, the Main Transport Department, the Department of Special Departments, etc.
The NKVD of the USSR also included the Main Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Militia( GUM), the Main Directorate of Border and Internal Security, fire protection, the Main Directorate of Camps (GULAG), the Department of Special Construction.
The Main Department of State Survey and Cartography.
The Main Department of Weights and Measures.
The Main Directorate for the Construction of Highways and Railways (GUUSHOSDOR and GULZHDS), the main Directorate for the Construction of airfields, etc.
It was in the 30s of the twentieth century that the NKVD of the USSR turned into one of the most cruel tools of Stalin's repressions, which were a manifestation of the authoritarian power of I. Stalin, who came to power after the death of V. I. Lenin in 1924 and who set a sharp, irreconcilable tone to criticize his political opponents.
With the formation of the NKVD, an extra — judicial punishment body began to operate in its composition- a Special Meeting at the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, which was granted the right to pass sentences on imprisonment in correctional labor institutions, exile or expulsion for up to 5 years, or expulsion from the USSR of persons recognized as "socially dangerous".
On May 27, 1935, by order of the NKVD of the USSR, "troikas" of the NKVD were organized in the republics, territories and regions, which included the head of the NKVD Department, the head of the Police Department and the regional prosecutor.
The "troika" made decisions on expulsion, exile or imprisonment in a camp for up to 5 years.
Cases against persons accused of counter revolutionary crimes were considered by the extra judicial authorities according to four lists.
The 1st list included responsible party and council members Soviet workers, in the 2nd — soldiers of the Red Army and Navy, in the 3rd employees of the NKVD and in the 4th relatives of the repressed "enemies of the people".
The repressions continued until the beginning of the Second World War in 1939, and the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, causing irreparable damage to society, the army, worsened the economic situation in the country.
On the eve of the war, another reorganization of the law enforcement agencies was carried out.
A special resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU / b dated February 3, 1941 explained that the changes were being implemented "in order to maximize the operational work of the state security agencies and the increased volume of work carried out by the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR".
On the same day, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the NKVD was divided into two People's Commissariats — the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR (NKVD of the USSR) and the People's Commissariat of State Security of the USSR (NKGB of the USSR)7'.
Thus, the agency that ensures the state security of the country has regained its independence.
Among the main activities of the NKGB of the USSR were::
- carrying out intelligence work abroad;
- combating espionage, sabotage, terrorist and other activities of foreign intelligence services within the USSR;
- operational development and liquidation of the remnants of all anti Soviet parties and counter revolutionary formations among various segments of the population of the USSR, in the system of industry, transport, communications, etc.;
- ensuring the protection of the party Soviet leadership.
In the republics, regions and territories, the central department relied on the people's commissariats and state security departments.
On February 8, 1941, the Central Committee of the CPSU/b and the SNK of the USSR decided to transfer military counterintelligence units from the NKVD system of the USSR to the subordination of the People's Commissariat of Defense and the People's Commissariat of the Navy of the USSR (the third departments of the NKOs and the NKVMF).
The tasks solved by military counterintelligence included the fight against counterrevolution, espionage, sabotage, sabotage and all kinds of anti Soviet manifestations in the Red Army and Navy; identifying and informing the People's Commissariat of Defense and the People's Commissariat of the Navy about all the shortcomings in the state of army and navy units and about all the compromising materials and information available on army and navy servicemen.
Thus, as a result of the reorganization of the NKVD of the USSR of the 1934 model, four independent bodies for the protection of state security, public order, counterintelligence support of the Red Army and Navy began to function in the country at once: the NKVD of the USSR, the NKGB of the USSR, the third departments of NGOs and the NKVMF.
For the coordination and interaction of these bodies, the Central Council was formed by the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU/b and the SNK of the USSR on February 8, 1941, consisting of the People's Commissars of State Security and Internal Affairs, the heads of the third departments of NGOs and the NKVMF.
Similar councils consisting of the heads of local bodies of the NKGB of the USSR and the NKVD of the USSR and the heads of the corresponding peripheral bodies of the third departments of the NKOs and the NKVMF were formed locally in military districts.
The allocation of organs of state security of the NKVD of the USSR sought to release the intelligence agencies of functions at this stage of development of the state and of society come into conflict with the main objectives of security (opening faults at the industrial enterprises, transport facilities, agriculture, etc.).
The transfer of military counterintelligence of the Soviet Union NUVD to the submission of the NDA and NKVMF created the conditions for a more effective implementation of the functions on the counter
