lifestyle.
In 1847, he left the university and, returning to Yasnaya Polyana, engaged in self education; in 1848 he left for Moscow, where, according to his own words, he lived "very carelessly".
But all this time there was intense spiritual work going on in him: Tolstoy was trying to understand the world and his place in it.
In 1851, he entered military service in the Caucasus and began to seriously study literature: "Childhood", "Adolescence", stories were written.
In 1854, Tolstoy participated in the defense of Sevastopol.
In 1856, with the rank of lieutenant, he left military service, traveled around the Zap.
Europe.
Returning to Russia, he became a world mediator, taking part in the implementation of peasant reform, but aroused the hostility of the landowners by protecting peasant interests and was dismissed from office.
In the 60s, he opened a number of schools in his district, the main center of which was the first experimental Yasnaya Polyana school in Russia, which became for Tolstoy "a poetic, charming thing that you canot tear yourself away from".
He taught children without coercion, seeing them as free people like himself; he created an original method that has not lost its significance.
In 1862 Tolstoy married S. A. Bers and settled in Yasnaya Polyana, where he wrote the novels "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", etc.
In 1884, he moved to Moscow, where he participated in the population census.
Socio religious and philosophical searches led Tolstoy to create his own religious and philosophical system (Tolstoyism), which he outlined in the articles "Criticism of Dogmatic theology", "What is my faith", etc.
Tolstoy preached in his life and works of art ("The Resurrection", "The Death of Ivan Ilyich", "The Kreutzer Sonata", etc.) the need for moral improvement, universal love, non resistance to evil by violence, for which he was attacked both by rev.
-democratic figures and by the church, from which Tolstoy was excommunicated by the decision of the Synod in 1901.
Never remaining indifferent to the suffering of people, he fought against hunger in 1891, made an article "I canot be silent", protesting against the death penalty in 1908, etc.
Tormented by his belonging to high society, the opportunity to live better than the peasants who were nearby, Tolstoy in October 1910, fulfilling his decision to live the last years according to his views, secretly left Yasnaya Polyana, renouncing the "circle of the rich and scientists".
Having fallen ill on the way, he died.
He was buried in Yasnaya Polyana.
A.M. Gorky said about him: "This man did a truly huge thing: he gave the result of what he had experienced for a whole century and gave it with amazing truthfulness, strength and beauty."
The materials of the book are used: Shikman A. P. Figures of national history.
Biographical reference book.
Moscow, 1997
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich, Count (1828-1910), novelist, playwright, publicist.
He was born on August 28 (September 9, n. s.) in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Tula province.
By origin, he belonged to the oldest aristocratic families of Russia.
He received a home education and upbringing.
After the death of his parents (his mother died in 1830, his father in 1837), the future writer with three brothers and a sister moved to Kazan, to the guardian P.Yushkova.
As a sixteen year old boy, he entered Kazan University, first at the Faculty of Philosophy in the category of Arabic - Turkish literature, then studied at the Faculty of Law (1844-47).
In 1847, without completing the course, he left the university and came to Yasnaya Polyana, which he received as property under the division of his father's inheritance.
He spends the next four years in search: he tries to rebuild the life of the peasants of Yasnaya Polyana (1847), lives a secular life in Moscow (1848), goes to St. Petersburg University to take exams for the degree of candidate of law (spring 1849), is determined to serve as a clerk in the Tula noble deputy assembly (autumn 1849).
In 1851, he left Yasnaya Polyana for the Caucasus, the place of service of his older brother Nikolai, and participated as a volunteer in military operations against the Chechens.
Episodes of the Caucasian war are described by him in the stories "Raid" (1853), "Logging" (1855), in the story "Cossacks" (1852-63).
He passes the exam for a cadet, preparing to become an officer.
In 1854, as an artillery officer, he was transferred to the Danube Army, which operated against the Turks.
In the Caucasus, he seriously begins to engage in literary creativity, writes the story "Childhood", which receives the approval of Nekrasov and is published in the magazine"Sovremennik".
Later, the novel "Boyhood"(1852-54) will be published there.
Shortly after the outbreak of the Crimean War, Tolstoy, at his personal request, was transferred to Sevastopol, where he participated in the defense of the besieged city, showing rare fearlessness.
He is awarded the Order of St.Anna with the inscription "For bravery" and medals "For the defense of Sevastopol".
In "Sevastopol Stories" he will draw a mercilessly reliable picture of the war, which will make a huge impression on Russian society.
During the same years, he wrote the last part of the trilogy - "Youth" (1855-56), in which he declares himself not just a "poet of childhood", but a researcher of human nature.
This interest in man and the desire to understand the laws of spiritual and spiritual life will continue in the future creativity.
In 1855, having arrived in St. Petersburg, he became close to the staff of the Sovremennik magazine, met I. Turgenev, I. Goncharov, A. Ostrovsky, N. Chernyshevsky.
In the autumn of 1856 he retired ("The military career is not mine...", - he writes in his diary) and in 1857 he went on a six month foreign trip to France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany.
In 1859, he opened a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, where he conducted classes himself.
It helps to open more than 20 schools in the surrounding villages.
In order to study the setting of school affairs abroad, in 1860-61 he made a second trip to Europe, visited schools in France, Italy, Germany, and England.
In London, he meets S. Herzen, attends a Dickens lecture.
In May 1861 (the year of the abolition of serfdom), he returned to Yasnaya Polyana, accepted the position of a world mediator and actively defended the interests of peasants, resolving their disputes with landowners about land, for which the Tula nobility, dissatisfied with his actions, demanded his removal from office.
In 1862, the Senate issued a decree on the dismissal of Tolstoy.
Secret surveillance of him begins from the third department.
In the summer, the gendarmes conduct a search in his absence, confident that they will find a secret printing house, which the writer allegedly acquired after meetings and long communication with Herzen in London.
In 1862, Tolstoy's life and his everyday life are ordered for many years: he marries the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofia Andreevna Vera, and leads a patriarchal life on his estate as the head of an ever increasing family.
The Tolstoys raised nine children.
The 1860s 70s were marked by the publication of two works by Tolstoy, which immortalized his name: "War and Peace "(1863-69)," Anna Karenina " (1873-77).
In the early 1880s, the Tolstoy family moved to Moscow to educate their growing children.
Since that time, Tolstoy has been spending the winters in Moscow.
Here, in 1882, he participated in the census of the Moscow population, got acquainted with the life of the inhabitants of the city slums, which he described in the treatise " So what should we do?"(1882-86), and concludes:"...
You canot live like this, you canot live like this, you canot!"
Tolstoy expressed a new worldview in the work " Confession "(1879 - 82), where he tells about the revolution in his views, the meaning of which he saw in breaking with the ideology of the noble class and switching to the side of the"simple working people".
This turning point leads Tolstoy to deny the state, the state owned church and property.
The consciousness of the meaninglessness of life in the face of inevitable death leads him to believe in God.
He bases his teaching on the moral precepts of the New Testament: the demand for love for people and the preaching of non resistance to evil by violence form the meaning of the so called "Tolstoyism", which is becoming popular not only in Russia, but also abroad.
During this period, he comes to a complete denial of his previous literary activity, is engaged in physical labor, plows, sews boots, switches to vegetarian food.
In 1891, he publicly renounced the author's ownership of all his works written after 1880.
Under the influence of friends and true fans of his talent, as well as his personal need for literary activity, Tolstoy in the 1890s changed his negative attitude to art.
During these years, he created the drama "The Power of Darkness" (1886), the play " The Fruits of Enlightenment "(1886-90), the novel" Sunday " (1889-99).
In 1891, 1893, 1898, he participated in helping peasants of starving provinces, organized free canteens.
In the last decade, he has been engaged, as always, in intense creative work.
The novel "Hadji Murad" (1896 - 1904), the drama "The Living Corpse"(1900), the story "After the Ball" (1903) were written.
At the beginning of 1900, he wrote a number of articles exposing the entire system of state administration.
The government of Nicholas II issues a decree according to which the Holy Synod (the highest church institution in Russia) excommunicates Tolstoy from the church as a "heretic", which causes a wave of indignation in society.
In 1901, he lived in the Crimea, was treated after a serious illness, often met with A. Chekhov and M. Gorky.
In the last years of his life, when Tolstoy was making a will, he found himself in the center of intrigues and discord between the "Tolstoyites", on the one hand, and his wife, who defended the well - being of her family and children, on the other.
Trying to bring their way of life in line with their beliefs and being burdened by the lordly way of life in the estate.
Tolstoy secretly leaves Yasnaya Polyana on November 10, 1910.
The 82 year old writer's health could not stand the journey.
He caught a cold and, having fallen ill, on November 20, he died on the way at the Astapovo station of the Ryazan Ural Railway.
He was buried in Yasnaya Polyana.
The materials of the book: Russian writers and poets are used.
A short biographical dictionary.
Moscow, 2000.
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (1828-1910), count, Russian writer, corresponding member (1873), honorary academician (1900) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Starting with the autobiographical trilogy " Childhood "(1852)," Adolescence "(1852-54)," Youth "(1855-57), the study of the" fluidity " of the inner world, the moral foundations of the individual became the main theme of Tolstoy's works.
The painful search for the meaning of life, the moral ideal, the hidden general laws of being, spiritual and social criticism, revealing the "untruth" of class relations, pass through all his work.
In the story "The Cossacks" (1863), the hero, a young nobleman, is looking for a way out in familiarizing himself with nature, with the natural and integral life of an ordinary person.
The epic "War and Peace" (1863-69) recreates the life of various strata of Russian society during the Patriotic War of 1812, the patriotic impulse of the people, which united all classes and caused the victory in the war with Napoleon.
Historical events and personal interests, the ways of spiritual self determination of the reflecting personality and the element of Russian folk life with its "swarm" consciousness are shown as equivalent components of natural historical being.
In the novel "Anna Karenina" (1873-77) - about the tragedy of a woman in the grip of a destructive "criminal" passion - Tolstoy exposes the false foundations of secular society, shows the collapse of the patriarchal way of life, the destruction of family foundations.
He contrasts the perception of the world by an individualistic and rationalistic consciousness with the self - worth of life as such in its infinity, uncontrolled variability and material concreteness ("the secret seer of the flesh" - D. S. Merezhkovsky).
Since the late 1870s, who was experiencing a spiritual crisis, later captured by the idea of moral improvement and "forgiveness" (which gave rise to the "Tolstoyism" movement), Tolstoy comes to an increasingly irreconcilable criticism of the social structure - modern bureaucratic institutions, the state, the church (in 1901 he was excommunicated from the Orthodox Church), civilization and culture, the entire way of life of the "educated classes": the novel "Resurrection" (1889-99), the novella "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-89), the drama "The Living Corpse" (1900, published in 1911) and "The Power of Darkness" (1887).
At the same time, attention is increasing to the themes of death, sin, repentance and moral rebirth (the stories "The Death of Ivan Ilyich", 1884-86, "Father Sergius", 1890-98, published in 1912, "Hadji Murad", 1896-1904, published in 1912).
Publicistic works of a moralizing nature, including "Confession" (1879-82), " What is my faith? "(1884), where the Christian teachings about love and forgiveness are transformed into a sermon of non resistance to evil by violence.
The desire to coordinate the way of thinking and life leads to Tolstoy's departure from Yasnaya Polyana; he died at the Astapovo station.
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich [August 28 (September 9), 1828, Yasnaya Polyana estate, Tula province - November 7 (20), 1910, Astapovo Station (now Lev Tolstoy station) of the Ryazan Ural railway; buried in Yasnaya Polyana], count, Russian writer.
"The joyful period of childhood"
Tolstoy was the fourth child in a large noble family.
His mother, née Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old, but the stories of family members, he was well aware of "her spirit form": some traits of the mother (a brilliant education, sensitivity to art, the propensity for reflection and even a resemblance Tolstoy gave Duchess Marie Nikolaevna Bolkonskaya ("War and peace").
Father Tolstoy, member of the Patriotic war, remembered by the writer naturedly mocking character, love of reading, to hunting (served as a prototype of Nikolai Rostov), died too early (1837).
Raising children engaged distant relative of T. A. Engelska that had a huge impact on Tolstoy: "she taught me the spiritual ideal of love."
Childhood memories have always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family traditions, first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as a rich material for his works, were reflected in the autobiographical story "Childhood".
Kazan University
When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of the children, P. I. Yushkova.
In 1844, Tolstoy entered the Department of Oriental Languages of the Faculty of Philosophy at Kazan University, then transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he studied for less than two years: his classes did not arouse his lively interest and he passionately devoted himself to secular entertainment.
In the spring of 1847, having submitted a petition for dismissal from the university "due to disturbed health and domestic circumstances", Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention to study the entire course of legal sciences (to pass the exam externally), "practical medicine", languages, agriculture, history, geographical statistics, write a dissertation and "achieve the highest degree of perfection in music and painting".
"The turbulent life of the youth period"
After a summer in the country, disappointed by the unsuccessful experience of managing on new, favorable conditions for serfs (this attempt is captured in the story "The Morning of the Landowner", 1857), in the autumn of 1847 Tolstoy went first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg to hold candidate exams at the university.
His lifestyle during this period often changed: he spent days preparing and passing exams, then passionately devoted himself to music, then intended to start an official career, then dreamed of becoming a cadet in a horse guard regiment.
Religious moods, reaching asceticism, alternated with carousing, cards, trips to the gypsies.
In his family, he was considered "the most trifling fellow", and he managed to pay off the debts made at that time only many years later.
However, it is these years that are colored by intense introspection and struggle with oneself, which is reflected in the diary that Tolstoy kept throughout his life.
At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared.
"War and Freedom"
In 1851, his older brother Nikolai, an officer in the active army, persuaded Tolstoy to go to the Caucasus together.
For almost three years Tolstoy lived in a Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, traveling to Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz and participating in military operations (at first voluntarily, then he was accepted for service).
Caucasian nature and Patriarchal simplicity of Cossack life, Tolstoy struck by the contrast with the life of the noble circle, and with a painful reflection of educated society, gave the material for the autobiographical novel "the Cossacks" (1852-63).
Caucasian impressions are reflected in the stories "Nabeg" (1853), "Chopping wood" (1855), as well as in the later novel "Hadji Murat" (1896-1904 published in 1912).
After returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he fell in love with this " wild land, in which two very opposite things are so strangely and poetically combined war and freedom."
In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story "Childhood" and sent it to the magazine" Sovremennik", without revealing his name (published in 1852 under the initials L. N.; together with the later stories "Adolescence", 1852-54, and "Youth", 1855-57, he made an autobiographical trilogy).
His literary debut immediately brought Tolstoy real recognition.
Crimean campaign
In 1854, Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army, in Bucharest.
The boring staff life soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to the besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Nicholas).
Anna and medals).
In the Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers, among other things), here he began to write a series of" Sevastopol stories", which were soon printed and had a huge success (even Alexander II read the essay" Sevastopol in December").
Tolstoy's first works impressed literary critics with the boldness of psychological analysis and the detailed picture of the "dialectics of the soul" (N. G. Chernyshevsky).
Some ideas that appeared during these years allow us to guess in the young artillery officer the late Tolstoy preacher: he dreamed of "founding a new religion" - " the religion of Christ, but purified from faith and mystery, a practical religion."
In the circle of writers and abroad
In November 1855, Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the circle of the "Contemporary" (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as "the great hope of Russian literature" (Nekrasov).
Tolstoy took part in dinners and readings, in the establishment of a Literary fund, became involved in disputes and conflicts of writers, but he felt like a stranger in this environment, as he described in detail later in Confessions (1879-82): "These people disgusted me, and I was disgusted with myself."
In the autumn of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, went to Yasnaya Polyana, and at the beginning of 1857 - abroad.
He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany (Swiss impressions are reflected in the story "Lucerne"), returned to Moscow in the autumn, then to Yasnaya Polyana.
Folk school
In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village, helped to organize more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, and this occupation so fascinated Tolstoy that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.
Tolstoy traveled a lot, spent a month and a half in London (where he often saw A. I. Herzen), was in Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, studied popular pedagogical systems, mostly not ud who have taken possession of the writer.
Tolstoy outlined his own ideas in special articles, arguing that the basis of teaching should be "the freedom of the student" and the rejection of violence in teaching.
In 1862 he published the pedagogical magazine "Yasnaya Polyana" with books for reading as an appendix, which became in Russia the same classic examples of children's and folk literature as the "Abc" and "New Abc" compiled by him in the early 1870s.
In 1862, in the absence of Tolstoy, a search was conducted in Yasnaya Polyana (they were looking for a secret printing house).
"War and Peace "(1863-69)
In September 1862, Tolstoy married the eighteen year old daughter of a doctor, Sofia Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana, where he completely devoted himself to family life and household cares.
However, since the autumn of 1863, he has been captured by a new literary idea, which for a long time was called "One Thousand eight hundred and fifth year".
The time of the novel's creation was a period of spiritual uplift, family happiness and quiet solitary work.
Tolstoy read the memoirs and correspondence of people of the Alexander era (including the materials of Tolstoy and Volkonsky), worked in archives, studied Masonic manuscripts, went to the Borodino field, moving slowly through many editorial offices (his wife helped him a lot in copying manuscripts, thereby refuting the jokes of friends that she was still so young, as if playing with dolls), and only at the beginning of 1865 published the first part of War and Peace in the Russian Messenger.
The novel was read excitedly, caused a lot of responses, striking with the combination of a wide epic canvas with a subtle psychological analysis, with a vivid picture of private life, organically inscribed in history.
Heated debates provoked the subsequent parts of the novel, in which Tolstoy developed a fatalistic philosophy of history.
There were reproaches that the writer "entrusted" the intellectual demands of his era to the people of the beginning of the century: the idea of the novel about the Patriotic War was really an answer to the problems that worried the Russian post reform society.
Tolstoy himself characterized his idea as an attempt to "write the history of the people" and considered it impossible to determine its genre nature ("it will not fit any form, neither a novel, nor a story, nor a poem, nor a story").
"Anna Karenina" (1873-77)
In the 1870s, still living in Yasnaya Polyana, continuing to teach peasant children and develop his pedagogical views in print, Tolstoy worked on a novel about the life of modern society, building a composition on the opposition of two storylines: the family drama of Anna Karenina is drawn in contrast with the life and home idyll of a young landowner Konstantin Levin, who is close to the writer himself both in lifestyle, beliefs, and psychological drawing.
The beginning of the work coincided with a passion for Pushkin's prose: Tolstoy strove for the simplicity of the syllable, for the external lack of appreciation of the tone, paving his way to the new style of the 1880s, especially to folk stories.
Only tendentious criticism interpreted the novel as a love affair.
The meaning of the existence of the "educated class" and the deep truth of peasant life - this range of issues, close to Levin and alien to most of the characters even sympathetic to the author (including Anna), sounded sharply journalistic for many contemporaries, especially for F. M. Dostoevsky, who highly appreciated "Anna Karenina" in the "Writer's Diary".
"The family thought" (the main one in the novel, according to Tolstoy) is translated into a social channel, Levin's merciless self revelations, his thoughts about suicide are read as a figurative illustration of the spiritual crisis experienced by Tolstoy himself in the 1880s, but matured during the work on the novel.
Fracture (1880s)
The course of the revolution that took place in Tolstoy's consciousness was reflected in artistic creativity, primarily in the experiences of the characters, in the spiritual insight that refracts their lives.
These characters occupy a central place in the novels "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1884-86), "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-89, published in Russia in 1891), " Father Sergius "(1890-98, published in 1912), the drama" The Living Corpse "(1900, unfinished, published in 1911), in the story" After the Ball " (1903, published in 1911).
Tolstoy's confessional journalism gives a detailed idea of his spiritual drama: drawing pictures of social inequality and idleness of the educated strata, Tolstoy in a pointed form posed questions of the meaning of life and faith to himself and to society, criticized all state institutions, reaching the denial of science, art, court, marriage, and the achievements of civilization.
The new worldview of the writer is reflected in the "Confession" (published in 1884 in Geneva, in 1906 in Russia), in the articles "On the census in Moscow" (1882), " So what should we do?"(1882-86, published in full in 1906)
, "About the Famine" (1891, published in English in 1892, in Russian in 1954), " What is Art? "(1897-98)
, "The Slavery of our time" (1900, published in full in Russia in 1917)," About Shakespeare and the drama "(1906)," I canot be silent " (1908).
Tolstoy's social Declaration is based on the idea of Christianity as a moral teaching, and the ethical ideas of Christianity are interpreted by him in a humanistic way as the basis of the world brotherhood of people.
This complex of problems involved the analysis of the Gospel and critical studies of theological works, which are devoted to Tolstoy's religious and philosophical treatises " The Study of Dogmatic Theology "(1879-80)," The Connection and translation of the Four Gospels "(1880-81)," What is my faith "(1884)," The Kingdom of God is within you " (1893).
A violent reaction in society was accompanied by Tolstoy's calls for direct and immediate adherence to Christian commandments.
In particular, his preaching of non resistance to evil by violence was widely discussed, which became the impetus for the creation of a number of artistic works - the drama "The Power of Darkness, or the Claws of Darkness, the Whole Bird is Lost" (1887) and folk stories written in a deliberately simplified, "artless" manner.
Along with the similar works of V. M. Garshin, N. S. Leskov and other writers, these stories were published by the publishing house "Intermediary", founded by V. G. Chertkov on the initiative and with the close participation of Tolstoy, who defined the task of "Intermediary" as "an expression in artistic images of the teachings of Christ", "so that it would be possible to read this book to an old man, a woman, a child and so that both of them would be interested, touched and feel kinder."
Within the framework of the new worldview and ideas about Christianity, Tolstoy opposed Christian dogmatics and criticized the rapprochement of the church with the state, which led him to complete separation from the Orthodox Church.
In 1901, the Synod reacted: the internationally recognized writer and preacher was officially excommunicated from the church, which caused a huge public outcry.
Tolstoy's last novel embodied the whole range of problems that worried him during the years of the turning point.
The main character, Dmitry Nekhludov, who is spiritually close to the author, goes through the path of moral purification, leading him to active good.
The narrative is built on a system of emphasized evaluative oppositions that expose the unreasonableness of the social structure (the beauty of nature and the falsity of the social world, the truth of peasant life and the falseness that prevails in the life of the educated strata of society).
The characteristic features of the late Tolstoy a frank, brought to the fore "tendency" (in these years Tolstoy was a supporter of deliberately tendentious, didactic art), sharp criticism, satirical beginning - were manifested in the novel with all clarity.
Care and death
The years of the turning point abruptly changed the personal biography of the writer, turning into a break with the social environment and leading to family discord (Tolstoy's proclaimed refusal to own private property caused sharp dissatisfaction of family members, especially his wife).
Tolstoy's personal drama was reflected in his diary entries.
Late in the autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82 year old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D. P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana.
The road turned out to be too much for him: on the way Tolstoy fell ill and had to get off the train at the small railway station Astapovo.
Here, in the house of the stationmaster, he spent the last seven days of his life.
The reports about the health of Tolstoy, who by this time had already gained world fame not only as a writer, but also as a religious thinker, a preacher of the new faith, were followed by the whole of Russia.
The funeral of Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana became an event of a nationwide scale.
O. E. Mayorova
August 28 (September 9), 1828 L. N. Tolstoy was born in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Krapivinsky district of the Tula province in a noble family.
1837, January moving to Moscow, June the death of his father.
1841 the death of an aunt, moving to Kazan.
1844 Faculty of Oriental Studies of Kazan University; a year later - Law.
Without finishing, he leaves the university.
1850 service in the office of the Tula provincial government.
1851 service in the Caucasus
1852 - "Childhood".
1854 - "Adolescence".
1851 ensign of the Danube regiment.
1853 - " Raid"
1855 - "Sevastopol stories"; editorial board of the magazine "Sovremennik".
1857 - "Youth".
The beginning of the 60s - public activity.
1862 marriage to Sofia Andreevna Berne.
1868-1869 the novel "War and Peace".
1872 - "Anna Karenina".
1899 - "Resurrection".
1904 the work on Hadji Murad was completed (1896-1904)
1910 night from October 27 to 28 departure from Yasnaya Polyana;
November 7, 1910 death of Leo Tolstoy, buried in Yasnaya Polyana.
Leo Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya Polyana in 1828.
He was the fourth child in the family, he had three older brothers Nikolai, Sergey and Dmitry, and a younger sister Maria.
The atmosphere that reigned in the Tolstoy house is accurately reflected in the work of Lev Nikolaevich " Childhood.
Adolescence.
Youth".
The young Fat ones were orphaned early.
At the birth of Maria, her mother, Maria Nikolaevna, died, and in 1837, her father, Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, also died.
The orphaned children moved to Kazan to live with their relatives.
Tolstoy's older brothers became students of the Mathematical Department of the Faculty of Philosophy of Kazan University.
Leo Tolstoy was not attracted to mathematics, and after a long preparation he entered the Faculty of Oriental Languages.
However, they forgot their studies for the sake of secular entertainment, and Leo Tolstoy did not pass the exams for the first year.
This circumstance remained forever in his memory, so hard he experienced his "shame".
Thanks to the patronage of relatives, he managed to transfer to the law faculty.
The young man became interested in the works of Montesquieu and Rousseau, and as a result, his thirst for knowledge turned into a paradox — Leo Tolstoy left the university to devote himself entirely to studying the subjects of interest to him.
He went to Yasnaya Polyana and tried to do economic transformations and at the same time work on himself.
Having failed in economic activity.
Tolstoy returned to Kazan, passed two exams at the Faculty of Law, but soon left the university again.
In 1850, he entered the office of the Tula provincial government.
But the routine service also could not satisfy the young Tolstoy.
In the summer of 1851, Tolstoy again made an attempt to change his life.
He went to the Caucasus to live with his older brother Nikolai, who served as an officer there.
Leo Tolstoy joined the Caucasian Army as a volunteer.
Arriving in the village of Starogladovskaya, Tolstoy was struck by the new world of ordinary Cossacks that opened up for him, which was reflected in his story "The Cossacks" written later.
At this time, an important event occurred in Tolstoy's life.
He finished the long planned part of the trilogy ("Childhood") and sent it to the magazine "Sovremennik", whose editor at that time was Nekrasov.
"Childhood" was published and earned rave reviews from readers and critics (the other two parts - "Adolescence" and "Youth" - were published in 1854 and 1857).
In 1853, the Russian Turkish war began.
In a patriotic impulse, Leo Tolstoy transferred to the active Danube Army with the rank of ensign, dreaming of military exploits and a military career.
However, he was soon disappointed because of the poor organization of the Russian army and its military failures.
At this time, he was interested in the world of a simple soldier.
During the Sevastopol campaign of 1854-1855, Tolstoy wrote an essay "Sevastopol in December", which is the core of the "Sevastopol Stories".
This cycle is interesting for its approach to describing the events of the war, which simultaneously gives both a holistic image and an image of specific heroes.
Already in this early work, the nationality of Tolstoy's creativity was manifested.
Lev Nikolaevich left the army with the rank of lieutenant of artillery and returned to St. Petersburg, where he was enthusiastically received in the editorial office of Sovremennik.
In the early 1860s, Tolstoy made two trips abroad, and when he returned, he devoted himself to public work.
After studying the system of public education in Europe, he began to publish a pedagogical magazine and opened a folk school in Yasnaya Polyana.
Being a staunch supporter of the abolition of serfdom, he was dissatisfied with the reform carried out in 1861 and called the "Provisions" on the emancipation of peasants "completely useless chatter".
Tolstoy became a world mediator in one of the districts of the Tula province, in order to be able to take part in the protection of peasant interests in the division of land.
This, of course, caused the extreme displeasure of the Tula nobility, and a denunciation was written against Tolstoy, which spoke about his revolutionary activities.
A search was carried out in Yasnaya Polyana in the absence of Lev Nikolaevich.
In 1862, Tolstoy married the daughter of a famous Moscow doctor, Sofia Andreevna Bers, who became the guardian angel of Lev Nikolaevich throughout his life.
For the next twenty years, the Tolstoys lived in Yasnaya Polyana, only occasionally making trips to Moscow.
It was during these years that such great works as "War and Peace" (1863-1869) and "Anna Karenina" (1873-1877) were written.
"War and Peace", according to Tolstoy himself, was the result of"an insane author's effort".
This novel immediately after its publication became widely known not only in Russia, but also abroad, having won unprecedented success.
After the completion of" War and Peace", Leo Tolstoy decided to write a historical work about the era of Peter the Great and began to collect material for it.
At the same time, he writes "ABC", consisting of short stories for children.
In 1873, Tolstoy abandoned his idea of a historical novel and turned to modern life, starting work on"Anna Karenina".
However, Tolstoy's further spiritual searches were not approved by the authorities, and his "Confession" (1882), containing a sharp criticism of the existing state and social structure, was banned by censorship.
Tolstoy came to create his own religious and philosophical system, the foundations of which were set out in the work "What is my faith?".
The core of this system was the idea of non resistance to evil by violence.
Followers of Lev Nikolaevich, who called themselves "Tolstoyites", existed not only in Russia, but also in Europe and America, and even in India and Japan.
Tolstoy's ideas were also reflected in his latest novel "The Resurrection", in which the correction of one's guilt and an appeal to the Gospel commandments are indicated as a path to moral improvement.
In the last years of his life, Leo Tolstoy, in his desire for self improvement and in a critical attitude towards himself, experienced severe mental torments, believing that he himself did not fully follow the way of life that he preached.
The writer repeatedly expressed a desire to leave Yasnaya Polyana, but could not resolve the internal contradiction between the voice of his conscience and his duty to his family.
In 1894, he transferred all his property to his wife and children, but he continued to doubt whether he had done the right thing by not giving the land to the peasants of Yasnaya Polyana.
In the estate, surrounded by his family, Lev Nikolaevich could not lead the kind of life close to the common people that he aspired to.
His relations with his family became complicated, and on the night of October 28, 1910, Tolstoy left Yasnaya Polyana, accompanied by his beloved daughter Alexandra Lvovna (the only one of the whole large family who fully shared his father's beliefs) and boarded a train of the Ryazan Railway.
On the way, he caught a cold and fell ill with pneumonia.
He had to get off the train at the Astapovo station, and on November 7, he died surrounded by his relatives who arrived.
Surmina I. O., Usova Yu.
V.
The most famous dynasties of Russia.
Moscow, "Veche", 2001
TOLSTOY Lev Nikolaevich (28.08.1828-7.11.1910), count, Russian writer.
He was born in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Tula province.
He received his first primary home education.
From 1844 he studied at Kazan University, first at the Faculty of Oriental Studies, then at the Faculty of Law.
In 1847, he left the university and returned to Yasnaya Polyana.
In 1851, having entered military service, Tolstoy went to the Caucasus.
Here he wrote the autobiographical stories "Childhood”, "Adolescence" (published in 1852 and 1854).
Later (in 1857), the last story of this trilogy was published, in which Tolstoy expressed the desire of the individual to comprehend your essence, to moral improvement.
Service and participation in military operations in the Caucasus (1851-53) gave Tolstoy rich impressions about army life, about the life of indigenous peoples, which was later reflected in Tolstoy's stories and novellas.
In 1854, Tolstoy voluntarily went to the active Danube army, and from November 1854 participated in the defense of Sevastopol, captured in the “Sevastopol Stories” (1855-56).
In 1856, Tolstoy retired with the rank of lieutenant, collaborated in the magazine "Sovremennik".
In the late 1850s, he took part in the discussion of projects of peasant reform.
Tolstoy went abroad twice: in 1857 to France and Switzerland, in 1860-61 - to France, England and Germany.
Returning to Russia in 1861, Tolstoy took part in the reform of 1861, was a world mediator in the Krapivensky district.
He defended the interests of the peasants, which caused the displeasure of the local landowners and the removal of Tolstoy from office.
In 1859, he created the Yasnaya Polyana school for peasants (it operated until 1862).
For 20 years (until 1882) Tolstoy lived with his family in Yasnaya Polyana, occasionally visiting Moscow.
During this period, he wrote the epic "War and Peace “(1863-69), the novel” Anna Karenina “(1873-77),” The Alphabet “for children (1871-72),” The New Alphabet “(1874-75), 4 issues of”Russian books for reading".
In the n.1880s, Tolstoy broke with the environment to which he belonged by birth and upbringing, abandoning his former way of life.
He theoretically justifies his understanding of the world in the "Confession", "The Study of Dogmatic Theology", "The Combination and translation of the Four Gospels" and especially in the treatise “What is my faith”, creates its own religious and philosophical system.
Tolstoy called for the transformation of society through moral and religious self improvement, the rejection of all violence (he preached the thesis of “non resistance to evil by violence”).
Tolstoy became a world famous writer and thinker who had admirers and followers in Russia, Western Europe, India, Japan, and other countries.
In the 1880s 90s, he created novels and novellas in which the pressing problems of modernity in social and religious and philosophical aspects were discussed: "Resurrection” (1889-99)," The Death of Ivan Ilyich” (1884-86), "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-89), "Hadji Murad" (1896-1904), dramas “The Power of Darkness” (1887) and "The Living Corpse” (1900), the comedy" The Fruits of Enlightenment “(1891).
In 1884, on Tolstoy's initiative, the educational publishing house” Intermediary " was founded in Moscow, which published affordable fiction, popular science and moral literature for the people.
For speaking out against the Orthodox Church, Tolstoy was excommunicated from it in 1901.
On October 28, 1910, Tolstoy secretly left Yasnaya Polyana and went to Optina Pustyn, perhaps to perform a rite of penance, but on the way he caught a cold and fell ill with pneumonia.
To save the soul of a sinner who was excommunicated from the Church, the holy Optina elder Varsonofy came to the station where Tolstoy was lying ill.
However, the enemies of the Christian faith, who surrounded Tolstoy, did not allow the Russian saint to visit the dying writer.
On November 7, Tolstoy died without repentance on art.
Astapovo Ryazan Ural railway station was buried in Yasnaya Polyana without a church rite.
V. F.
Complete collection of soch .
M.; L., 1928-58.
Vol. 1-90.
(Anniversary edition).
Tolstoy I. V.
The Light of Yasnaya Polyana.
Moscow, 1986;
Shklovsky V. B. Lev Tolstoy.
M., 1967.
Biryukov P. I. Biography of Leo Tolstoy.
M.; Pg., 1923.
Vol. 1-4.
Gusev N. N. Chronicle of the life and work of Leo Tolstoy.
1828-1890.
Moscow, 1958.
Gusev N. N. Chronicle of the life and work of Leo Tolstoy.
1891-1910.
Moscow, 1960.
Eichenbaum B. M. Young Tolstoy.
Pg.; Berlin, 1922.
Eichenbaum B. M.
About literature.
Moscow, 1987.
Bocharov S. G. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" , Moscow, 1963.
Tolstoy L. N. Raid.
A volunteer's story
Tolstoy L. N. Blizzard
Tolstoy L. N. Hadji Murad
Natalia Mironova Studying literature in the 10th grade Lev Tolstoy
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