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BACK Tyutchev Fyodor Ivanovich
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev
November 23, 1803 – July 15, 1873
Life History The Tyutchev family was a typical noble family of its time, in which the fashionable French language got along with strict observance of domestic traditions.
In addition to Fedya, the family of the court adviser Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev and his wife Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstoy had two more children — the eldest son Nikolai, later a colonel of the General Staff, and a daughter Daria, married Sushkova.
Fyodor spent his early childhood in Ovstug.
The boy lived in a fantasy world.
The poet, translator and journalist S. Raich (Semyon Yegorovich Amfiteatrov), then a student of Moscow University, was a home teacher of Russian literature and Tyutchev's tutor from 1813 to 1819, according to I. S. Aksakov, "a highly original, unselfish, pure person, eternally staying in the world of idyllic dreams, himself personified bucolic, who combined the solidity of a scientist with some kind of virgin poetic fervor and infant kindness."
He managed to convey to the pupil his ardent passion for Russian and classical (Roman) literature, undoubtedly had a beneficial moral influence on him.
In 1821, Fyodor Tyutchev graduated from the Moscow University, Department of Verbal Sciences.
On March 18, 1822, he was enlisted in the State Board of Foreign Affairs.
On June 11, he went to Munich, to the post of a supernumerary official of the Russian diplomatic mission in Bavaria.
"About his appearance," wrote one of his close acquaintances, " he generally cared very little: his hair was mostly disheveled and, so to speak, thrown to the wind, but his face was always clean — shaven; in his clothes he was very careless and even almost slovenly; his gait was really very lazy; he was of small stature; but this broad and high forehead, these lively brown eyes, this thin chiseled nose and thin lips, often formed into a disdainful smile, gave his face a great expressiveness and even attractiveness.
But the charming power was given to him by his vast, highly sophisticated and unusually flexible mind: it is difficult to imagine a more pleasant, more diverse and entertaining, more brilliant and witty interlocutor.
In his company, you immediately felt that you were dealing not with an ordinary mortal, but with a person marked by a special gift of God, with a genius..."
In Munich, he met and became friends with Heinrich Heine, often talked with the philosopher F. W. Schelling and other scientists from the University of Munich.
In the diary of P. V. Kireevsky, Schelling's review of Tyutchev has been preserved: "He is an excellent person, a very educated person, with whom you are always willing to talk."
Here, at the beginning of his diplomatic career, he fell in love with the young Countess Amalia Lerchenfeld.
The girl responds to him in return.
Fyodor exchanged watch chains with a beautiful woman, and in exchange for a gold one he received only a silk one.
But, apparently, at the insistence of her parents, in 1825, the "beautiful Amalia" married Tyutchev's colleague, Baron Kryudener.
Subsequently, Tyutchev maintained good relations with the Krudener couple In 1870, on the waters in Carlsbad, the poet met his former lover, who had long since buried her first husband and became Countess Adlerberg.
Thanks to this meeting, the famous poem "K. B." appeared (these letters are an abbreviation of the rearranged words "Baroness Krudener").
I met you — and all the past
In the obsolete heart, it came to life;
I remembered the golden time
And my heart felt so warm
The poem was set to music at the end of the XIX century by S. Donaurov, A. Spirro, B. Sheremetev, L. Malashkin.
However, the most famous romance was arranged by the wonderful singer I. S. Kozlovsky.
At the age of twenty two, Tyutchev married the young widow of a Russian diplomat, Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Botmer.
Tyutchev was four years younger than his wife, besides, she had four children from her first marriage.
The beauty and femininity of Eleonora Tyutcheva are evidenced by her portraits. "
...I want you, who love me, to know that no one has ever loved another as she loved me.
I can say, having been convinced of this by experience, that for eleven years there has not been a single day in her life when, for the sake of my well — being, she would not have agreed, without hesitation for a moment, to die for me..."
, Fyodor wrote to his parents about his first wife.
More than once she had to act in the difficult role of" patroness or guardian " of her husband — and always with the same success.
At the beginning of 1833, Tyutchev became interested in Ernestine Dernberg, nee Baroness Pfefel.
Ernestine did not love her husband, Baron Fritz Dernberg.
In Munich, the doors of court and aristocratic salons were opened to this couple.
The young woman was among the first beauties of Munich.
During the poet's first meeting with Ernestine, her husband suddenly felt ill and, offering her to stay at the ball, went home.
Saying goodbye to Tyutchev, he said: "I entrust my wife to you."
A few days later, the baron died of typhoid fever.
Much has remained vague in the history of Tyutchev's relations with Ernestina.
She destroyed the poet's correspondence with her, as well as her letters to her brother — her closest friend, from whom she had never had any secrets.
But even what survived in the form of mysterious dates under the dry flowers of the herbarium album, a constant companion of Tyutchev's beloved, in the form of hints not accidentally crossed out by her diligent hand in Tyutchev's later letters to her, indicates that this was not an alien "outbursts of passion", "tears of passion" passion, similar to the love of friendship for the beautiful Amalia.
No, it was the same fatal passion that, according to Tyutchev, " shakes existence and eventually destroys it."
Probably, in the spring of 1836, Tyutchev's novel received some publicity.
Eleonora Tyutcheva tried to commit suicide by inflicting several wounds to her chest with a dagger from a fancy dress.
The poet wrote to I. S. Gagarin: "...
I expect from you, dear Gagarin, that if someone in your presence decides to present the case in a more romantic, perhaps, but completely false light, you will publicly refute the ridiculous rumors."
He insisted that the cause of this incident was "purely physical".
In order to avoid a scandal, the amorous official was transferred to Turin (Sardinian Kingdom), where in October 1837 he received the position of senior secretary of the Russian mission and even replaced the temporarily absent envoy.
But before that, in 1836, in volumes III and IV of Pushkin's Sovremennik, 24 poems by Tyutchev were published under the title "Poems sent from Germany" and signed "F. T."".
At the end of 1837, the poet met Dernberg in Genoa.
Tyutchev understands that it's time to part with the woman he loves.
So here we were destined to be
To say the last sorry...
But Eleanor died in 1838.
Shortly before that, she had experienced a terrible shock during a fire on the steamer "Nicholas I", on which she and her daughters were returning from Russia.
Tyutchev felt the loss of his wife so hard that he turned gray overnight...
Time has healed his mental wound.
Tyutchev became interested in Ernestine.
The poet voluntarily left for Switzerland to connect with his beloved.
In July 1839, Tyutchev married Dernberg in Bern.
The official notice of Tyutchev's marriage was sent to St. Petersburg only at the end of December and signed by the Russian envoy in Munich, D. P. Severin.
A long "non arrival from vacation" was the reason that Tyutchev was excluded from the list of officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and deprived of the title of chamberlain.
After his dismissal from the post of senior secretary of the Russian mission in Turin, Tyutchev continued to stay in Munich for several more years.
At the end of September 1844, after living abroad for about 22 years, Tyutchev, with his wife and two children from his second marriage, moved from Munich to St. Petersburg, and six months later he was again enrolled in the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; at the same time, the title of chamberlain was returned to the poet.
He served as an official on special assignments under the State Chancellor, senior censor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1848-1858), then chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee, did a lot to ease the censorship yoke.
"Tyutchev is the lion of the season," said P. A. Vyazemsky, an eyewitness of his first successes in the St. Petersburg social circle.
Tyutchev remained such a permanent "lion of the season", a fascinating interlocutor, a subtle wit and a favorite of salons until the end of his days.
It is not known when Tyutchev's passion for Denisyeva began.
Her name first appeared in the Tyutchev family correspondence for 1846 and 1847.
Elena Alexandrovna belonged to an old but impoverished noble family.
She lost her mother early.
Her father, Major A.D. Denisyev, remarried and served in the Penza province.
Elena Alexandrovna remained in the care of her aunt, the inspector of the Smolny Institute, where Tyutchev's daughters from his first marriage, Daria and Ekaterina, were brought up after moving to St. Petersburg.
Denisyeva also studied there.
She was 23 years younger than the poet.
Together with her aunt, Elena Alexandrovna visited the poet's house.
Tyutchev also met her at the Smolny Institute when visiting his daughters.
According to the testimony of a relative of Denisieva Georgievsky, the poet's passion grew gradually, until it finally caused from Denisieva "such a deep, such selfless, such passionate and energetic love that it embraced his whole being, and he remained forever her prisoner..."
In August 1850, Tyutchev, together with Denisyeva and his eldest daughter Anna, made a trip to the Valaam Monastery.
The poet's daughter, apparently, was not yet aware of the close relations that had been established between her father and Denisyeva.
In the eyes of the part of St. Petersburg society to which Tyutchev and Denisyeva belonged, their love acquired the interest of a secular scandal.
At the same time, the cruel accusations fell almost exclusively on Denisyeva.
The doors of those houses where she had previously been a welcome guest were closed to her forever.
Her father disowned her, her aunt A.D. Denisyeva was forced to leave her place at the Smolny Institute and move to a private apartment with her niece.
The love of Tyutchev and Denisyeva lasted for fourteen years, until her death.
They had three children.
All of them, at the insistence of their mother, were recorded in the metric books under the name of the Tyutchevs.
She loved the poet with a passionate, selfless and demanding love, which brought many happy, but also many difficult moments into his life.
Fyodor Ivanovich wrote:"...
Do not worry about me, for I am protected by the devotion of a being who is the best that God has ever created.
This is only a tribute to justice.
I will not tell you about her love for me; even you, perhaps, would find it excessive..."
If Denisyeva was rejected by society, then Tyutchev still remained a regular of the St. Petersburg aristocratic salons, constantly visited the routs of the Grand Duchesses Maria Nikolaevna and Elena Pavlovna.
Tyutchev did not break with his family.
He loved them both: his legitimate wife Ernestine Dernberg and the illegitimate Elena Denisieva, and he suffered immensely because he was not able to respond to them with the same full and undivided feeling with which they treated him.
"The worship of female beauty and the charms of female nature," the memoirists confirmed — " was a constant weakness of Fyodor Ivanovich from his earliest youth — a worship that was combined with a very serious and even very soon passing infatuation with one or another special person."
The first book of Tyutchev's poems appeared only in 1854.
In February, I. S. Turgenev proudly told S. T. Aksakov:"...
He persuaded Tyutchev (F. I.) to publish his collected poems... "
Since the mid 1860s, Tyutchev's personal life was overshadowed by a number of heavy losses.
In the poem "On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1864," Tyutchev writes: "Tomorrow is the day of prayer and sorrow, / / Tomorrow is the memory of the fateful day... "
On this day Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva, Tyutchev's" last love", died of consumption.
The story of this love is captured in a cycle of poems, which is the pinnacle of Tyutchev's intimate lyrics ("Oh, how deadly we love...", "Oh, donot bother me yoroi fair...", "Predestination," "I knew the eyes — Oh, those eyes...", "Last love", etc.).
His beloved's death was a blow from which the poet could not recover. "
...Only when her and for her I was the person, only in her love, in her boundless love to me I knew myself..."
Grief, remorse, late of regret, a sense of doom, hope for a reconciliation with life, all resulted in a very candid poems that formed the famous "Danishevski cycle."
Ernestina Tyutcheva's attitude to the poet at this time is best characterized by her own words:"...his grief is sacred to me, whatever its cause."
Tyutchev, fascinated by Denisieva, could not imagine his existence without Ernestine, this holy woman.
He wrote to his wife: "How much dignity and seriousness there is in your love — and how small, and how pathetic I feel compared to you!..
The further I go, the more I fall in my own opinion, and when everyone sees me as I see myself, my business will be over."
The poet survived his" last love " Denisyev by nine years.
After learning about Tyutchev's death, Turgenev wrote to Fet from Buzhival: "Dear, smart, as smart as day, Fyodor Ivanovich, I'm sorry goodbye!"
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