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/ Biographies / Tyutchev F. I.
Tyutchev F. I.
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Fyodor Ivanovich TYUTCHEV [November 23 (December 5), 1803, Ovstug village, Orel Province, now Bryansk Region — July 15 (27), 1873, Tsarskoye Selo, now Pushkin, Leningrad Region], Russian poet, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1857).
He came from an ancient noble family.
He spent his childhood in the Troitskoye estate near Moscow and in the Orel province in the village of Ovstug.
The family had a patriarchal atmosphere, which, however, did not interfere with the passion for the fashionable French language at that time.
The first teacher of Tyutchev was a graduate of the seminary, S. E. Amfiteatrov, known by the surname Raich.
He infected the student with his interest in the best examples of ancient literature, and at the age of thirteen Tyutchev was already successfully translating Horace's odes and writing poems of his own composition under the strong influence of Latin classics ("For the new Year 1816", for this poem, the young Tyutchev was awarded the title of an employee of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature in 1818; etc.).
In 1819-1821, Tyutchev studied at the verbal department of Moscow University.
Before that, he attended the course of A. F. Merzlyakov for two years as a free listener.
At the university, he briefly met M. P. Pogodin, with whom he had friendly relations.
The poetry of his student years was marked by a passion for German romanticism ("Urania", 1820, an arrangement of Lamartine's elegy" Solitude", 1820).
In 1822, Tyutchev was enlisted in the State Board of Foreign Affairs and in the same year went to Munich.
Tyutchev's diplomatic career was not particularly successful, nevertheless, Tyutchev spent more than 20 years abroad, most of this time in Munich.
It was there that in 1826 his wedding to the Bavarian aristocrat Eleonora Peterson took place.
Here he also met F. Schelling, G. Heine, whose works he enthusiastically translated into Russian ("In the gloomy north, on a wild rock...", etc.), L. Klenze, V. Kaulbach and other representatives of the literary and artistic circles of Germany at that time.
In the first decade of Munich life (1820-30s), the most famous Tyutchev poems were written: "Spring thunderstorm" (1828), " Silentium!" (1830)
, "How the ocean embraces the globe of the earth..." (1830)
, "Fountain" (1836), "Not what you think, nature..." (1836)
, "What are you howling about, the night wind?.." (1836) , etc.
However, the poet became widely known only in 1836, when 16 poems were published in Sovremennik under the title "Poems Sent from Germany".
It was the poet's first major publication.
In 1833, his affair with Ernestine Dernberg began, which received loud publicity, the scandal that broke out caused Tyutchev to be transferred to Turin (1837) to the post of senior secretary of the Russian mission.
In 1838, the poet's wife died.
In 1839, Tyutchev was married in Bern with E. Dernberg and in the same year, for unauthorized absence, he was dismissed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and lost the title of chamberlain.
In 1841, Tyutchev met with the figure of the Czech national revival Vaclav Ganka, which had a great influence on the poet.
Since that time, the ideas of Slavophilism and the unification of the Slavic peoples have acquired a clear sound in the poet's journalism and political lyrics.
Tyutchev's activities aimed at increasing the authority of Russia abroad won the approval of Nicholas I, and in 1844 Tyutchev was returned the title of chamberlain and a place in the Ministry.
From 1848 he held the position of senior censor.
Despite the lack of poetic publications and loud fame, Tyutchev became a prominent figure in St. Petersburg literary circles: N. A. Nekrasov enthusiastically spoke about his work and put him on a par with the best poets of his contemporaries, A. A. Fet attracted his works as proof of the existence of "philosophical poetry", the poetry of thought, which remains pure art.
In 1854, the first collection of the poet was published, which, along with the old poems of the 1820s and 30s, included new ones written in the early 1850s and dedicated mainly to Tyutchev's young lover Elena Denisyeva, almost the same age as his daughter ("I knew the eyes oh, those eyes!..", 1851;
"The Last Love", 1851-1854; etc.).
Passionate and painful (the world openly condemned this relationship and refused to accept Denisieva) the novel lasted for 14 years until 1864, when Elena died of tuberculosis.
Tyutchev was very painfully experiencing this loss, the response to the misfortune was the poems of the so called Denisiev cycle — the pinnacle of the poet's love lyrics ("All day she lay in oblivion...", 1864 "There is also in my suffering stagnation...", 1865;
"On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1865", 1865; "Oh, the South, Oh, this is nice!.."; etc.).
The second half of the 1860's.
was fatal to Tyutchev: in 1864, after Tenishevoy died they shared a daughter and one year old son, after a year the poet's mother, in 1870, the eldest son Dmitry and his brother, Nicholas, and in 1872 is the youngest daughter Maria.
In 1872, the poet's health began to deteriorate noticeably and in July 1873 he died of apoplexy.
In 1920, a museum named after him was opened in the Muranovo estate.
The poet's entire work is permeated with the ideas of natural philosophy: nature in his works is never just a backdrop against which an action develops, or an allegorical embodiment of a philosophical concept.
Tyutchev's nature is the nature of primitive elements, disorder and chaos, an abyss on the edge of which a person is doomed to live.
The poet tries to comprehend the foundations of the universe, the ontological meaning of being, to determine the place of man in the natural chaos.
The focus is on the opposition of chaos and the cosmos — nature and reason, the unrestrained element and the individual.
At the same time, chaos is not perceived as an unambiguous evil, on the contrary, the element fascinates and attracts the poet, and the inability to merge with it becomes a tragedy.
The tragedy of human existence lies in the inability to achieve harmony with nature, of which he is a part, in the need to continue the dialectical senseless struggle with the world whole, the feeling of painful discord.
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