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October 31, 2008
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October 31, 2008 / Winter Figure Skating
FIGURE SKATING
Nikolay PANIN KOLOMENKIN
The FIRST 100 years ago, on October 31, 1908, Nikolai Panin Kolomenkin received the first Olympic gold medal in the history of Russia - for winning figure skating at the London Games.
DOSSIER " SE"
Nikolai PANIN KOLOMENKIN is the real name of Kolomenkin.
In figure skating competitions, he performed under the name Nikolai Panin (Nicholas Panin).
The first and only Olympic champion in the Russian Empire.
He won a gold award at the IV Olympic Games in London in figure skating in special figures.
Honored Master of Sports of the USSR since 1940, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences since 1938.
He was born on January 8 (according to the new style), 1872 in the village of Khrenovoye of the Bobrovsky district of the Voronezh province.
At the age of 13, he moved to St. Petersburg, where he studied at a gymnasium, and in the evenings he trained on one of the ponds of the Yusupov Garden.
In 1897, he graduated with a gold medal from St. Petersburg University, Department of Natural Sciences of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.
He joined the financial department at the St. Petersburg State Chamber.
In 1897, for the first time participating in long distance competitions, speaking under the pseudonym Panin, he took third place.
In the same year, he organized a youth figure skating school in the Yusupov Garden.
Silver medalist of the 1903 World Figure Skating Championships, silver (1908) and bronze (1904) medalist of the European Figure Skating Championships.
Six time champion of Russia in figure skating (1901-1905, 1907).
The winner of the prestigious international competitions "Alexander Panshin Memorial Cup" (1908), where he beat the seven time world champion Ulrich Salchov of Sweden.
The author of the first theoretical work in Russia - a book called "Figure Skating" (1910), for which the International Skating Union awarded Panin Kolomenkin a gold medal.
In 1935, with the help of Panin Kolomenkin, a figure skating department was opened at the Higher Sports School at the A. P. Lesgaft Institute of Physical Culture.
12 time champion of Russia in pistol shooting (1906-1917), 11 time champion of Russia in shooting from a combat revolver (1907-1917).
Two time champion of the All Union Spartakiad of 1928 in shooting from a pistol and a combat revolver.
Winner of the international tennis tournament in London.
The third prize winner of the St. Petersburg Speed Skating Championship.
He also performed with great success in athletics, rowing, cycling, swimming, and skiing.
He was engaged in football and hockey.
During the Great Patriotic War, he was an instructor of General Education at the Institute of Physical Culture in Moscow, where he taught the fighters of partisan detachments shooting, running, skiing techniques, as well as bayonet combat.
He wrote a number of manuals.
The main ones are: "Every scooter rider is a signalman and a scout" (1941)," Training of military scooters "(1941)," A rest for skiers and an overnight stay in uninhabited areas " (1942).
After the war, he worked as a figure skating coach in Moscow.
On March 15, 1948, he took part in the opening parade of the final of the All Russian Winter Sports Contest in Moscow at the Dynamo Sports Center in Petrovsky Park.
He died in 1956 in Leningrad, and was buried at the Serafimovsky Cemetery.
In 1908, two significant events took place in the sports history of our country.
Both were at the Summer Olympic Games in London.
In the summer, the Russian athlete won the Games award for our country for the first time - the silver medalist was the Greco Roman wrestler Nikolai Orlov.
And on October 31, Nikolai Panin Kolomenkin received the first Olympic gold medal in the history of Russia.
The story of winning the first highest Olympic award is more like an exciting detective story.
Let's start with the fact that figure skating, in which Panin Kolomenkin performed, should not have been included in the program of the Olympic Games.
And after the victory in London, Panin was not greeted as a hero at all, but on the contrary - they wanted to send him to Siberia.
Nikolai Panin Kolomenkin received the honorary title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR not for the gold of the Games in figure skating, but for marksmanship.
AS SKATES WERE CHANGED TO FIGURE SKATING WITH HOCKEY, the IV Olympic Games were to be held in Rome.
But suddenly, less than two years before the start of the Games, the Italians refused to hold them.
The British agreed to help out, who passionately wanted to hold these competitions the best of all.
The Games in London were supposed to be a model for future generations.
And the members of the organizing committee decided to include it in the program... speed skating.
It sounds rather strange, because there were no Winter Olympic Games at that time, only one Games were held - in the summer.
Speed skating and England are almost incompatible concepts now.
However, it was the United Kingdom, not Norway, the Netherlands or Russia, that hosted the world's first national speed skating championship.
And among the first world record holders at the end of the century before last, the vast majority of runners, as strange as it sounds today, were from England.
Much later, in the foggy Albion, speed skating turned into a stepson, and then it was completely forgotten.
But at that time it was the opposite.
It was decided to build an artificial ice rink and hold competitions, as they said at the time, "on speed skates".
But the leaders of speed running at that time - the Norwegians, Finns and Swedes opposed the inclusion of skates in the Olympic Games program.
Why did the Scandinavians so stubbornly did not want to include skates in the program of the Olympics?
It's very simple - at that time, the so called Northern Games were popular with them.
These were complex competitions, and their program included popular winter sports, primarily speed skating.
However, the British were sure that they would agree with the Scandinavians.
Moreover, at some point, an answer finally came to their requests from Moscow.
It was agreed that one of the strongest Russian runners would come to London: either the unofficial world champion Nikolai Sedov (according to the rules of that time, it was necessary to win three out of four distances, and Sedov won two), or the future two time world and European champion Nikolai Strunnikov.
But the biggest difficulties arose with the construction of an artificial ice rink.
The builders stated: "It is simply impossible to build such a huge ice rink, and never."
The British had to abandon the idea of holding speed skating competitions.
Then they decided to organize a figure skater competition.
In London, they were confident that they would surpass the previous Olympic Games in all directions.
And indeed, the British set a record for the duration of the Games - from April 27 to October 31.
For the first time, the Olympic Program included winter sports: figure skating and ice hockey.
Yes, yes hockey at the Games first appeared not in 1920, but in 1908, however, as an exhibition sport, or rather a sport where no awards were awarded.
SALCHOW: "SPORT IS WAR!"
Swede Ulrich Salchow is a unique figure not only in figure skating, but in general in sports.
It was he who came up with the jump, which was later named after him.
In 1897, at the age of twenty, he took part in the world Championship for the first time in Stockholm.
The debutant looked great and took second place.
After that, he won the silver medal twice more.
And then the period of Salkhov's undivided reign came in figure skating - in the period from 1901 to 1911, he won all the world forums in which he took part (he did not perform at the 1906 World Cup), and became a ten time world champion!
Subsequently, there were many brilliant figure skaters in figure skating, but no one could come close to the record figure of the Swede.
No less impressive were the successes of Salkhov at the European Championships, where he collected an amazing collection of awards: nine silver and one bronze.
There could have been more medals, but the continental championships were not held twice at that time, as the International Skating Union failed to raise enough funds.
It was Salchov who became the first Olympic champion in single skating, and in at the age of 42, he took part in the 1920 Olympic Games, where he took fourth place.
The Swede did not just skate brilliantly.
According to eyewitnesses, " Salchov was a real, unflappable athlete, strength, power and skill were felt in his every movement, and there was confidence that free skating was created just for him."
Salkhov had a lot of fans, some of whom accompanied him to the main competitions.
He was favored by the judges, and the Swede used it brilliantly.
As soon as he had a strong opponent, Salchov began a strong psychological attack.
He was very successful in this art.
Such a case can tell a lot about Salchov.
In the first years of the last century, there were no rules governing the participation of women in competitions.
In 1902, at the World Championships in London, an English woman, Madge Sayers Keye, entered the men's competition.
She competed on equal terms with men and brilliantly skated all the elements.
The judges were confused - to assume that the woman was ahead of all the men?!
And brought Salkhov to the champions.
Subsequently, many years later, the arbitrators and even Salchow himself recognized that Medj Sayers Keye was the most worthy of gold.
But that was later, and then, immediately after the World Cup, Salchov insisted that women be banned from participating in the men's program.
Having a huge authority in figure skating and a huge influence on the leaders of the International Skating Union, it was quite easy for him to do this.
Three years later, Salkhov relented and did not oppose the decision of the ISU leaders to give women the opportunity to speak, but separately from men.
And soon the Swede had a new strong opponent.
From Russia, Nikolai Panin, or, as it was written in the protocol, Nicholas Panin, showed up for the World Cup in St. Petersburg.
However, their first meeting on the ice took place much earlier.
In 1901, the St. Petersburg Society of Skating Enthusiasts organized international competitions in the Yusupov Garden, where Salkhov also took part.
Anatoly Tchaikovsky in his book about Panin Kolomenkin "The Magic Eight" writes about these competitions: "Externally, foreign figure skaters, and first of all Salchov, looked better in their smooth black tights and tight light jackets, and Panin understood that the jacket in which he skates, wide trousers and thick stockings do not make an athlete elegant, even if he has an excellent figure."
Even then, Panin Kolomenkin saw that it was necessary to change a lot in order to succeed.
At the 1903 World Championship in the city on the Neva, Salchov realized that it would be very difficult to fight with the Russian.
And when five years later, in February 1908, at the prestigious international competitions, the "Panshin Cup Draw" lost outright to Panin Kolomenkin, he decided that it was time to start a "real" psychological attack.
As soon as it became clear that figure skating was included in the program of the IV Olympic Games, Salchov wanted to win two gold awards.
He put pressure on the leaders of the International Skating Union, whose headquarters at that time was located in Stockholm, to include an additional type of special figures in the Olympic program.
At that time, the president of the ISU was Viktor Balk, a Swede by nationality, who agreed with Salchov and immediately agreed with the organizing committee of the Games in London.
Strange as it may seem, it was much easier to include a new sport in the official program of the Olympics at that time than in the program of the World championships.
Salchov was sure that he would become a two time Olympic champion.
But it turned out to be much more difficult than he had expected.
Panin Kolomenkin was preparing very seriously for the competitions in London.
On the first day of single skating, Nikolai rolled all his figures perfectly unlike Salkhov, who did not have everything perfect.
But the Swede mastered the art of exerting a psychological influence on judges amazingly.
So, after one not quite accurately executed element, Salchov blamed a piece of paper that fell under the skate for everything.
This was not the first time the Swede used this technique, but he performed it so artistically that he was believed again and again.
The judges crawled on their knees on the ice for a long time and after a thorough search came to the conclusion that it was just a small lump of snow.
Being under the" hypnosis " of Salkhov, the judges gave him the highest marks.
When Panin Kolomenkin came out on the ice, the Swede began to shout in a hysterical voice: "He has lost his form, he canot do anything, is this a figure, everything is failed!"
Despite the fact that Panin Kolomenkin had to perform under such pressure, he practically did not make "typos".
But the referees often listened to Salchov, and at the end of the first day of the competition, the Swede was in the lead.
Salkhov did not let up and insulted Nikolai at every opportunity.
In this regard, the Russian representative filed a protest to the chief judge.
In response, as Anatoly Tchaikovsky writes, he saw "a poorly concealed grin, a puzzled shrug of his shoulders."
Then it was decided that Panin Kolomenkin should refuse to compete in the free program.
As a result, Salchov becomes the first Olympic champion in figure skating.
But there was one more type of program ...
Before the competition in special figures, all participants had to bring drawings of their performances.
The members of the judging panel were at a loss when the Russian representative Georgy Sanders (one of the pioneers of Russian figure skating, who owns the authorship of the figures that brought Russia the first Olympic gold) brought drawings of Panin Kolomenkin's figures.
"Panin's figures are simply impossible," the referees stated.
Many years later, the famous radio commentator Alexander Kurantov offered his colleagues to repeat all the figures of Panin Kolomenkin with a pen.
Kurashov said that even this no one could do, and even on ice skating ... fantastic.
Salchov, seeing the complexity of the drawing, refused to perform in this type of program.
Then several other athletes also starred.
Panin Kolomenkin confidently won the competition.
But Salchov started shouting that it was impossible to award a gold award if there were only three participants.
The ISU leadership was confused.
But after much thought, it still decided not to follow Salkhov's lead.
Panin Kolomenkin was awarded the rightfully won gold medal.
However, this was done a little later.
This happened, as the members of the International Association of Speed Skating Statisticians managed to find out, on the closing day of the Olympics, October 31.
After the Games in London, Salchov successfully continued to perform on the international stage, but he no longer met such a strong opponent as Panin Kolomenkin.
Later, the Swede became the president of the ISU and the organization headed by him never complained about the lack of funds for holding European forums.
When one of the journalists asked Salkhov about the boorish behavior during his speeches, he smiled and replied: "Sport is a real war.
And here, as on the battlefield, all means are good!
Choose any one."
Interestingly, when Panin's book "Figure Skating" was published, it was Salkhov who initiated the International Skating Union to award the author with a special ISU gold medal.
And one last thing.
When the revolution broke out, Panin, unlike many, accepted it and did not go abroad.
But he did not receive any support from the new government regarding figure skating.
Moreover, the Soviet authorities recognized this sport as "hostile and bourgeois".
That, however, did not prevent Panin Kolomenkin from growing a whole galaxy of figure skaters.
After learning about Nikolai's suffering, his enemy on ice performances - Salchov sent Panin an invitation to Sweden.
He wrote that he respects Nikolai as an athlete and coach and is ready for almost any conditions.
And most importantly, it will give an opportunity to open a school named after Nikolai Panin Kolomenkin.
The offer was very tempting, but Panin refused.
"I am a patriot!" he replied.
FOR THE VICTORY...
TO SIBERIA It seemed that after his success at the Olympics, Nikolai should have returned home triumphant.
Moreover, on the way to Moscow, he won the prestigious international tennis competitions held near London, and then in Paris he defeated rivals from different countries in shooting.
But at home, or rather at work, he was not greeted joyfully.
According to the laws of that time, officials in the government service were forbidden to participate in competitions.
After learning about his victory in London, a major boss called Nikolai to him and began shouting: "Who are you?
An official person!
And not a buffoon!
What do you allow yourself?
To skate on the ice, to swing your legs.
Do you think that everything is allowed to you?
No!
I got the "gold" - go to Siberia, to hard labor!
Your place is there, not an inspector in the capital.
You're a disgrace to the Imperial service!"
Panin Kolomenkin did not have to celebrate the victory, but quickly left St. Petersburg, away from the anger of his superiors.
But he decided not to do figure skating anymore.
Although he did not give up this sport at all, he began to train students, write textbooks and judge competitions of all ranks, up to the world championships.
As an athlete, he decided to switch to other sports.
First of all - for shooting.
He also won in other sports: he became a prize winner of the St. Petersburg championship in speed skating, repeatedly won competitions in athletics.
At the All Union Spartakiad of 1928, Nikolai won in pistol shooting.
And during the Great Patriotic War, he trained future fighters - after all, he was perfectly proficient in all types of small arms.
But during his lifetime, he was not really lucky enough to reap the fruits of his Olympic victory.
In 1940, Panin Kolomenkin was awarded the title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR, but not for the gold of London, but for his double success at the All Union Spartakiad of 1928 in shooting.
The story of winning the first gold award is worthy of admiration, as is the whole life of this modest man.
Until his old age, he worked with everyone who had a passionate desire to train.
Alexander LYUBIMOV
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