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The water cycle in nature
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Research papers on geography
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"The water cycle in nature"
The water cycle in nature
Introduction
It is known that the human body consists of almost 65% water.
Water is part of the tissues, without it it is impossible for the normal functioning of the body, the implementation of the exchange process, the maintenance of thermal balance, the removal of metabolic products, etc Water is part of the tissues, without it it is impossible for the normal functioning of the body, the implementation of the exchange process, the maintenance of thermal balance, the removal of metabolic products, etc The loss of a large amount of water by the body is dangerous for human life In hot areas without water, a person can die in 5-7 days.
Without food, if there is water, a person can live for a long time.
Even in cold zones, a person needs about 1.5-2.5 liters of water per day to maintain normal working capacity.
If the amount of water that a person loses reaches 10% of body weight per day, there is a significant decrease in performance.
And if it increases to 25%, it usually leads to death.
However, even with a large loss of water, all the disturbed processes in the body are quickly restored if the body is replenished with water to the norm.
Household use: water used for drinking, cooking, ice, beverages, canned food, and many other food products.
A small part of the vast range of its applications.
However, this requires compliance with the quality standard for drinking water
Industrial application: The use of water in industry depends on the nature and volume of industry in a particular region.
These can be cooling and heating systems, food production, processing of industrial waste, etc The lack of moisture serves as a limiting factor that determines the boundaries of life and its zonal distribution.
When there is a lack of water, animals and plants develop adaptations for its extraction and preservation.
Water conditions
Water in nature can occur in three states: solid, liquid and gaseous.
Water is able to pass from one state to another - from solid to liquid ( melt) , from liquid to solid ( freeze), from liquid to gaseous (evaporate), from gaseous to liquid, turning into water droplets.
Liquid water on the surface of the planet is of two types: salty and fresh.
Salt water is found in the seas and oceans, fresh water - in rivers, lakes, streams, reservoirs, swamps.
Underground water can be both fresh and salty.
In this case, the latter are called mineral waters.
The area of the seas and oceans on Earth is many times larger than the area of all rivers, lakes,swamps and reservoirs combined.
Therefore, there is many times more salt water on our planet than fresh water.
Water in a solid state can be represented in the form of snow and ice.
The ice on Earth is located in glaciers .
Glaciers can be mountainous and covered.
Mountain glaciers are located on the highest mountain peaks, where due to low temperatures throughout the year, the snow that has fallen does not have time to melt.
The largest glaciers are located in the mountains of the Caucasus, the Himalayas, the Tien Shan, and the Pamirs[1] .
Gaseous water is water vapor in the atmosphere, which we see from the earth in the form of clouds.
Clouds are formed at different heights, and therefore have a different appearance and shape.
Depending on this, clouds are divided into layered, cirrus, cumulus, etc.
The water cycle in nature
The water is in constant motion.
Evaporating from the surface of reservoirs, soil, plants, water accumulates in the atmosphere and, sooner or later, falls out in the form of precipitation, replenishing reserves in oceans, rivers, lakes, etc.
Thus, the amount of water on Earth does not change, it only changes its forms - this is the water cycle in nature.
Of all the precipitation, 80% falls directly into the ocean.
For us, the remaining 20% falling on land is of the greatest interest, since most of the water sources used by humans are replenished precisely due to this type of precipitation.
Simply put, there are two ways for water that has fallen on land.
Or it, gathering in streams, rivulets and rivers, ends up in lakes and reservoirs the so called open (or surface) sources of water intake.
Or water, seeping through the soil and subsurface layers, replenishes groundwater reserves.
Surface and ground water are the two main sources of water supply.
Both of these water resources are interconnected and have both their advantages and disadvantages as a source of drinking water.
The water cycle is one of the grandiose processes on the surface of the globe.
It plays a major role in linking the geological and biotic cycles.
In the biosphere, water, continuously passing from one state to another, makes small and large cycles.
Evaporation of water from the ocean surface, condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere and precipitation on the ocean surface form a small cycle.
If water vapor is transferred by air currents to land, the circulation becomes much more complicated.
In this case, some of the precipitation evaporates and enters back into the atmosphere, the other feeds rivers and reservoirs, but eventually returns to the ocean by river and underground runoff, thereby completing a large cycle.
An important property of the water cycle is that it, interacting with the lithosphere, atmosphere and living matter, binds together all parts of the hydrosphere: the ocean, rivers, soil moisture, groundwater and atmospheric moisture.
Water is the most important component of all living things.
Ground water, penetrating through the plant tissues in the process of transpiration, introduces mineral salts necessary for the vital activity of the plants themselves They reflect the slow movement and rapid melting of glacial masses.
The slowest part of the water cycle is the activity of polar glaciers.
which reflects the slow movement and rapid melting of glacial masses.
The greatest activity of exchange after atmospheric moisture is characterized by river waters, which change on average every 11 days.
The extremely rapid renewability of the main sources of fresh water and the desalination of water during the cycle are a reflection of the global process of water dynamics on the globe.
The water cycle on the Earth's surface consists of 520 thousand km of falling and the same mass of evaporating water.
At the same time, 109,000 km falls on the continents per year, and 72000km evaporates.
The difference of 37,000 km is the digital value of the total river flow.
More water evaporates from the surface of the World Ocean (448,000 km) than precipitation falls (441,000 km).
The difference is covered by the flow of river water.
A huge water cycle accompanies the process of creating organic matter The oxygen released by plants is formed during the photosynthesis reaction due to the splitting of water However, photosynthesis consumes only about 1% of the water passing from the soil through the plants into the atmosphere.
To grow 1 c of wheat, plants must pass through at least 10,000 kg of water.
According to calculations, during the formation of the planetary biomass of all currently existing living organisms, as a result of photosynthesis, such an amount of water was split, which is 3.5 times more than the amount found in all the rivers of the world.
The time required for the passage of all the water of our planet through the system of the biological cycle can be determined as follows.
The total mass of water in the outer shells of the Earth - the Earth's crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere is 160,000,000 billion tons.
The mass of water captured by the annual production of photosynthetic organisms is about 800 billion tons / g.
The period of complete turnover of all water in the process of formation of living matter is approximately 2 million years.
Thus, the entire huge mass of the Earth's hydrosphere passes through plant organisms for 2 million years, the mass of which is negligible compared to the water shell Circular movements of water are not limited to the Earth's surface.
A significant amount of water is present in rocks in the form of film and pore waters, and it is even more part of the minerals formed in the hypergenesis zone.
All clay minerals, iron oxides and other compounds common in this zone contain water in their composition.
It is estimated that the 16 kilometer layer of the Earth's crust contains about 200 million km of water.
Entering the deep zones of the Earth's crust, the bound forms of water are gradually released and included in metamorphic, magmatic and hydrothermal processes.
With volcanic gases and hot springs, deep water flows to the surface
[1] Nebel B. Environmental Science: How the world works: In 2 vols .
- Moscow: Mir, 2006.
[2] Semenov V. P. Kashina O. M. Physical processes in nature.
- M., 2006.
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