Cosmonaut Krikalev: The next step of a person in space will be the exploration of the Moon
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Cosmonaut Krikalev: The next step of a person in space will be the exploration of the Moon
09.05.2015 14:47
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T. DVIDAR: Good afternoon!
Another Thursday, and traditionally Taimur Dvidar is on the "Russian News Service".
Nothing much has happened this week, except that I was deported from Odessa on May 3.
There was a lot of fun, however, I got into Odessa, spent unforgettable days there.
But about this in another program next Thursday.
And today we were lucky enough to invite for questioning a wonderful person who will answer our urgent questions in the field of cosmonautics and the industry as a whole — twice Hero of the USSR, Russia Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalev.
Good evening!
Sergey KRIKALEV: Good evening!
T. DVIDAR: Usually, of course, with wonderful people, the broadcast begins with a list of regalia, all sorts of achievements.
But since you are being interrogated, is this your first interrogation in your life?
Sergey KRIKALEV: Yes, probably.
There were interviews, there were no interrogations.
T. DVIDAR: Please tell me who you work for and where?
S. KRIKALEV: At the moment, I am working at TsNIIMash the Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering on the topic "Manned Cosmonautics", this is the main institute of Roscosmos.
T. DVIDAR: Marital status?
S. KRIKALEV: Married.
T. DVIDAR: Children?
S. KRIKALEV: Daughter.
T. DVIDAR: Grandchildren?
Sergey KRIKALEV: No.
T. DVIDAR: Why did you get the first title of Hero?
Sergey KRIKALEV: For the flight into space.
T. DVIDAR: In what year?
S. KRIKALEV: 1988-1989.
T. DVIDAR: How many days have you spent?
Sergey KRIKALEV: A little more than five months.
T. DVIDAR: Was this your first flight?
SERGEY KRIKALEV: Yes.
T. DVIDAR: You are not very talkative.
S. KRIKALEV: This is an interrogation, you said.
T. DVIDAR: Why did you get the second one?
Sergey KRIKALEV: For another flight.
T. DVIDAR: Another country already?
S. KRIKALEV: No, the flight began in May 1991 in the Soviet Union.
A lot of things happened on the flight.
It so happened that the flight was planned for six months or a little less, but we had to work out two expeditions in a row, and the flight ended in March 1992.
T. DVIDAR: How did this happen?
Is this a coincidence?
Sergey KRIKALEV: There are no accidents, everything that happens in our life is not entirely accidental.
Not scheduled.
The program originally planned that there would be two different flights, two different visiting expeditions, and one was supposed to come to relieve us, the other after we left.
But then they decided to merge two flights into one.
We began to see how we would get out of the situation.
And one of the possible options was to ask me to stay for another expedition, which, in fact, happened.
T. DVIDAR: Did you agree yourself or were you asked so that you did not want to return?
Sergey KRIKALEV: When you fly in space, there are many analogies.
The head who came then, also an astronaut himself, Valery Ryumin, came to the mission control center, got in touch, which is not often the case, since there is a shift on duty, a shift flight manager, the main operator, and then the head comes out and starts telling, you ask if I can fly another expedition?
As an astronaut, he understood what it was.
When he himself was finishing a six month flight, and there was a week left before landing, a situation arose that required them to do another job and stay for an additional few days.
He says that when the commander agreed so easily, he said that he was ready to strangle him.
When you expect that there is just a little bit left and it turns out that the distance is not over yet, it is very difficult to bear.
Knowing this, we must pay tribute to him, he came, talked, found out.
And, probably, the closest analogy here is, as in sports, when you run a distance of five kilometers: you ran a part, and they tell you that you need to run 10.
T. DVIDAR: This is familiar to me, I was engaged in sports.
Were you already married at that time?
S. KRIKALEV: In the first flight — no, in the second already yes.
T. DVIDAR: There is such a question, you can not answer it: what happened, what happened, the country changed.
Did you know about this?
S. KRIKALEV: Sure.
During the flight, we learned, just like on the Ground.
T. DVIDAR: I donot think you had the opportunity to switch the receiver.
S. KRIKALEV: We had several backup channels and transmitter receivers, but they all went to the mission control center.
In addition to official information, news is also transmitted from Earth, journalists periodically come and ask us about something.
But since the first flight, we have established such a rule for those who regularly came to us, Bizyaev, for example, representatives of news channels: "First come and tell us what is happening with you, and then we will tell you what is happening with us."
There was information, and the shift attendant told us.
It was not devoted to this all the time, but we were aware of it.
Another interesting feature: relatively recently, amateur radio communication appeared at the station, we had the opportunity to go out through unofficial channels, talk to random operators on the Ground who tuned in to our wave.
T. DVIDAR: And what is the most interesting thing you remember from these dialogues?
Sergey KRIKALEV: There are many small episodes.
I remember that when we arrived and took the shift of the previous expedition, Musa Manarov, who was an amateur radio operator and initiated the fact that an amateur radio station was on board, and when handing over the shift, he told how the system works.
There is a scheme for how everything should work, but there is real life.
And to tell us as much as possible the difference between what should be and what really is, the previous expedition tells us where everything lies, what features of the work.
While transmitting the shift, he transmitted some operators on the ground.
And here, he says, there is a woman in Australia.
We tried to communicate in broken English, some in broken Russian with us.
And this woman speaks a little Russian, and she lives in the south of Australia.
Then we talked quite regularly, because she was clearly audible.
As it turned out later, she was a computer science teacher in one of the Australian schools.
We started to master packet radio then, when it was possible to transmit information from computer to computer via amateur radio.
She provided her mailbox so that we could practice with it, it was a completely new topic for us.
We even began to conduct lessons together at school.
She told her class and asked if we could get in touch at the time of the lesson.
First, they calculated the trajectory, watched the station fly, and had the opportunity to talk to us for a few minutes.
Since she regularly communicated with us, it became known in her region, they asked her for news about what was happening at the Russian station.
It was the same flight when the extension was obtained.
All sorts of rumors spread on the Ground, I then heard some of them: that I was forgotten on board, my health has deteriorated, I am weak and I canot go back.
Her name was Maggie, she gets in touch and asks how I'm feeling.
He says that the news says that I feel bad.
T. DVIDAR: You can say hi to Maggie.
S. KRIKALEV: By the way, as it happens with radio amateurs, we talked on the radio, and there was no opportunity to meet.
And then a few years later we met in Houston, she came at the invitation of American radio amateurs.
We saw each other, talked a little with her.
She says: "There is information on the news that you feel bad."
And I say that they live in Australia in relation to other people upside down, so their news is upside down.
She said that she would write a refutation to the newspaper.
Somewhere over South America, we flew, crossed the mountains and, as usually happens, we had a few minutes of free time, the radio station is turned on, I hear that there is a conversation in our language on our frequency, and the application gives the word mobil a moving station.
The radio amateurs finished the conversation, I called my call sign and also say mobil.
The conversation usually begins with how the signal goes.
They ask me: "A powerful transmitter, probably?"
I say, " No, we just have an antenna high up."
They say that it cannot be higher than their antenna, because they are driving at the highest point on the road, nothing can be higher.
And I explain that we are flying past at the station.
He didnot believe it at first.
Some experienced operators were very confused by our call sign "U5MIR", and knowledgeable people who know the call sign assignment system understand that this is a call sign from the other side of the world, and the signal does not extend so far at these frequencies.
And some of us were confused by us.
T. DVIDAR: Throughout the last century, the USSR, the USA, and Europe competed in space.
S. KRIKALEV: Probably not all of it.
There were stages of competition, then there were stages of cooperation.
T. DVIDAR: Well, we will talk about this, because you are the star of the program of cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States.
Then Japan, India, and China caught up.
By the beginning of the century, they again returned to the Moon, the Sun, and Mars.
You will understand later why you are being interrogated.
Let's take a call to start with.
Hello, you are on the air.
LISTENER: Hello.
Happy Radio Day to our cosmonauts, especially radio amateurs.
Roman, an amateur radio operator, congratulates him, the best wishes for health, success, but also success in space, so that nothing breaks, everything flies.
S. KRIKALEV: An amateur radio station continues to operate at the station.
Have you been able to contact the station?
LISTENER: Yes.
About 10-12 years ago, I am an amateur radio operator with experience.
Sometimes it was interrupted for some problems.
I heard that radio amateurs are at our radio station, I always listen to the radio station.
Once again, happy holidays and all the best!
T. DVIDAR: Thank you very much for calling!
I'm going back to the interrogation.
We had a certain thing called "MIR" out of competition, however, tell us about the cooperation?
I'm going to start asking bad questions now.
S. KRIKALEV: About cooperation on the "WORLD" or in general?
T. DVIDAR: In general.
S. KRIKALEV: It is wider than manned cosmonautics.
I can probably tell you something about it.
T. DVIDAR: I will have a question about the hardware complexes.
Sergey KRIKALEV: I can hardly say anything intelligible here.
T. DVIDAR: We have remained in a certain stagnation, in my opinion.
S. KRIKALEV: If we talk about cooperation in the manned program, by the way, we are celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Soyuz — Apollo flight, it seems, recently, and this is the year 1975, the month of June.
In mid June this year, the 40th anniversary of the flight will be celebrated.
This year there are two anniversaries, both associated with Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov.
In 1965, there was the first human spacewalk, and 40 years ago there was the first joint mission in space "Soyuz — - "Apollo".
T. DVIDAR: For people my age, it's like yesterday.
Sergey KRIKALEV: Propaganda or information policy worked well, that the people still remember what the "Union" — "Apollo"is.
T. DVIDAR: Especially smokers.
Sergey KRIKALEV: Although it is not very clear how the cigarettes were tied, there are even such details.
It was an interesting collaboration, I didnot find it.
I was finishing school at the time when the Soyuz — Apollo was flying, I was preparing for the exams at the institute, I decided to go to study in the rocket engineering specialty.
T. DVIDAR: Did you, like many others, dream of being an astronaut?
S. KRIKALEV: There are different dreams, different ways, how people come.
There are those who strive from childhood, carry a dream through their whole life.
Quite in early childhood, probably not.
I didnot have a clear understanding, and until the middle of school I was interested in a lot of things.
I knew about cosmonautics as an average person, and maybe only after reading good books, good fiction, somewhere towards the end of school, trying to understand what I was interested in in order to do this business, I realized that I wanted to work in the field of cosmonautics, I would be lucky to be an astronaut.
T. DVIDAR: Did you have a certain pavilion in Leningrad, like the simulators in the Cosmos pavilion here at VDNH, where cosmonauts trained?
I was there myself, I was spinning on all these things.
S. KRIKALEV: I didnot know such things.
T. DVIDAR: Have you been to this pavilion in Moscow?
Did you catch him?
S. KRIKALEV: I was in the Cosmos pavilion, I donot remember any simulators there.
T. DVIDAR: So, you were there when you were already selling kittens.
S. KRIKALEV: No, I was a schoolboy in class 4-5.
T. DVIDAR: The simulators were on the second floor.
S. KRIKALEV: I was in Moscow once during school.
T. DVIDAR: This is about popularization, I bring it to this.
Sergey KRIKALEV: The whole system worked.
There was a club of young cosmonauts in St. Petersburg, in my opinion, there was something similar in Moscow.
There are various myths that I am a graduate of this club, but my path was different.
I was doing sports quite seriously, all my free time was spent on it.
I spent the rest of my time studying, I studied quite well.
The decision to go to aviation and cosmonautics matured for me somewhere before graduating from school.
T. DVIDAR: As an engineer, do you also believe that in order to achieve something in such an industry as cosmonautics, cooperation is necessary?
Radio electronics in the Soviet Union lagged far behind, but even today it is not very superior to its analogues.
S. KRIKALEV: As an engineer who is used to optimizing, I can say that it is advisable to perform some work together.
T. DVIDAR: Tell us about your experience of working together with the Americans, please.
You are the first Soviet cosmonaut.
Sergey KRIKALEV: Leonov and Kubasov were the first.
T. DVIDAR: But they didnot train in America.
S. KRIKALEV: They had a little training in America.
The peculiarity was that everyone started on their own ship from their own spaceport, and they docked in space.
When I came to work at the PU Energia, where ships and systems were created, there were specialists who worked during the Soyuz Apollo ,it was interesting to talk with them.
T. DVIDAR: Start a story about international cooperation and your participation.
Sergey KRIKALEV: International cooperation for me began with the first flight, it was international.
Shortly before I joined the space program, the Intercosmos program ended.
But it so happened that on the first flight I got into the Soviet French expedition, and then we continued the flight with the Russian crew, but we were preparing together with the Frenchman Jean Loup Chretien, we flew together with him.
He returned to earth before us, but we still have very good friendly, comradely relations, and we always see each other with pleasure.
T. DVIDAR: What was his task in orbit?
Sergey KRIKALEV: There was an interesting scientific program.
Chretien had a second flight, I was the most inexperienced member of the crew.
Sasha Volkov and Chretien flew for the second time, and I flew for the first time.
I tried to get as much information as I could from them as possible.
We had a very interesting, rich program.
At that time, it was rare for our foreign guest to go into space — according to the plan, there was work outside the station.
There was scientific equipment created at the station, which was supposed to receive certain data on MIR.
We shared the data with the French, they are with us.
Very interesting equipment was delivered on board, in particular, an ultrasonic tachograph.
The equipment was made in the onboard version for weightlessness, under the voltage that is on board.
T. DVIDAR: A unique solution.
Sergei KRIKALEV: A fairly large box, about half a table.
We were taught a little to work on this device, Chretien was like a specialist.
He conducted part of the medical research, although by profession he is a professional pilot, a military pilot, a test pilot, but he also conducted medical and biological experiments with us.
There were many interesting technical experiments on the disclosure of complex spatial structures, in the future there were such models, and data from them on the disclosure of complex solar panels, antennas of various kinds.
T. DVIDAR: We'll take the call.
Hello.
LISTENER: Good evening.
My name is Evgenia.
If we take the USSR, a practical cosmonaut, everything related to space was so enthusiastic, most young people dreamed of becoming cosmonauts, flying into space, making some discoveries.
From your point of view, at the moment, how exhausted are the opportunities for discoveries and what should the modern youth of Russia strive for in this area?
And a bit of a political question: salaries in the leading scientific centers of Energia, TsNIIMash are quite low.
Sergey KRIKALEV: There are a lot of questions at once.
T. DVIDAR: Choose one.
S. KRIKALEV: Let's try it in order.
From my point of view, it remains just as enthusiastic.
The fact that perhaps fewer people are enthusiastic about this or know less about it is not a problem of cosmonautics, it is rather a social problem.
And I think that this is a matter of priorities in society: what is important and what is unimportant, what is unusual and healthy, and what is ordinary.
I agree with you that a certain scale of values in society has changed.
Maybe the mass media is part of a changed information flow, certain backgrounds, priorities in society.
As a result of this, probably, the number of young guys who believe that space is cool, this is what I would like to do, it is not a pity to spend energy, time, and life on.
The number of such people has become less, but they are there.
These guys are the same as they were.
It's just that there were thousands of them then, now there are hundreds left.
I can say with regret that there is less information, perhaps we are not using the positive potential of cosmonautics enough.
But those who have decided for themselves who came to this system, many do not leave, despite the fact that, as you said in the final part, there was a period of time when salaries were small, and people worked, because it was very interesting.
T. DVIDAR: Thank you, because you have answered a number of my questions, including.
Your trip to America and training there with a further flight — it was nonsense, for me, for example.
I was shocked that a Soviet cosmonaut and American astronauts were flying on a Shuttle.
S. KRIKALEV: For many, this was nonsense.
T. DVIDAR: This is from the field of science fiction just.
S. KRIKALEV: I remember a long flight, I looked at the Ground, it's already good orie ntirovalsya that I see.
I remember one of my first feelings, although I studied well, but there was some regret that we do not know enough geography or we know the wrong geography, the ability to recognize and see what you are flying over.
On this flight, I looked at Houston and thought that there are guys like us sitting there, teaching, looking at the sky.
It would be interesting to visit there, to communicate with them.
And I landed in the spring of 1992, we began post flight rehabilitation (or readaptation) back to Earth conditions, and at the time of the end of the readaptation, information appeared that at the level of presidents, then Yeltsin and Bush Sr., it was decided that they had not done anything together for a long time.
We gave the task to the agencies to come up with something for a joint program.
The deadlines were very tight, the simplest and fastest thing that could be thought of, as people who took part in this process told me, was an offer to make an exchange flight: one Russian flies on a Shuttle, one American flies to MIR.
I heard that the Shuttle flight is for one week, and they will fly for several months, an unequal exchange.
From my point of view, flying is the crown of this work.
A very interesting part was the preparation itself, familiarization with the system, with how the work is organized from that side.
And it was new for us and for them.
On the one hand, both we and the Americans are somewhat used to working with foreign guests.
T. DVIDAR: In the "Star City", you mean?
S. KRIKALEV: In space.
Representatives of other countries came to us, worked with both social countries and kapstrans.
T. DVIDAR: How were the Americans perceived?
S. KRIKALEV: I had some experience working in international cooperation with my colleagues, and we were the hosts of the program, the owners of the station, we studied for many years, knew it in detail.
Specialists came to us, we even had some separation: professional cosmonauts are test cosmonauts and research cosmonauts who are more immersed in the scientific program and the requirements for knowledge of the system and control of the ship were significantly less.
They should know the basic things, but not as deeply as we should have known.
And so are the Americans.
They also interacted with the French, but they were not professionals.
It was unusual for the Americans, for us, and for me: accustomed to being the hosts of the program, we suddenly found ourselves guests.
And it was unusual for Americans to have not just a person who stood next to the program, but a professional person.
Moreover, we arrived with Volodya Titov, I was assigned to the main crew, Volodya was an understudy.
Titov had more than 12 months of flight under his belt, I have already more than 15.
We came to the program with more experience than many Americans have.
T. DVIDAR: Were you envied?
S. KRIKALEV: Respected.
To your question, how we were met, I answer: we were met with interest, curiosity.
They were interested in seeing the Russians, we were interested in seeing the program.
We must pay tribute to the fact that from a professional point of view and to us as professionals, they treated us with great respect.
And we treated them with great respect.
Anyway, we understood that we were unlikely to know the Shuttle as deeply as they did, despite the fact that we have extensive flight experience.
T. DVIDAR: Did you take part in the construction of the station on this flight?
S. KRIKALEV: No, it was the first flight, it was still before any construction of the station.
When we arrived there, America continued to work on the Freedom Station project.
T. DVIDAR: Has MIR ever flown before?
S. KRIKALEV: I flew.
The Americans worked on Freedom — it was a station with international participation.
Then we had to wean our American colleagues from this stereotype.
When the work on the ISS began, they continued to say that it was an American station with international participation.
But our program was completely autonomous.
Now some experts are confused.
After us, there was the MIR — Shuttle program, then MIR — NASA, they have certain boundaries, a certain difference.
Then a program was developed that the "Shuttles" flew to the "WORLD".
T. DVIDAR: How did the American press receive you?
S. KRIKALEV: I wasnot really interested in it.
I didnot have any negative or strange feelings left.
T. DVIDAR: I'm just asking about the positive.
Sergey KRIKALEV: There was information, but I had no time to read it.
T. DVIDAR: Did the Americans interview you?
Sergey KRIKALEV: We took interviews, asked how we like America, the preparation, what we see, what is different.
For me, especially at first, it was all difficult, because I had to simultaneously master the Shuttle, the flight program, and the English language.
It was all difficult, but interesting.
When you suddenly start to master a technical language, and they suddenly start talking to you for life with journalists, it turns out a little differently.
But we must pay tribute to them, probably, Americans have more experience and patience in this sense, because they often have to communicate with foreigners, and they are patient, understanding that I may not understand something.
Friendly press, friendly attitude.
I still have good emotions from that time.
T. DVIDAR: I canot get an interrogation again, because I canot hide my sympathy for this person, for our national heritage.
I have a lot of questions about the "Buran", about the "Moon", but, apparently, an hour will not be enough for us, because I am listening.
A huge number of calls are displayed on the monitor — all the squares are busy.
Nevertheless, experts say that there is a certain stagnation in the industry of both manned flights and research areas, including programs.
It turns out that in recent years, maybe for a couple of decades, we have been mainly engaged in cargo transportation to orbit, there is, of course, some participation in the ISS.
S. KRIKALEV: I would not make any cliches, but I agree that there is a certain slowdown in development.
I am ready to talk a little about this topic.
T. DVIDAR: We heard the other day that the United Arab Emirates is building a spaceport.
S. KRIKALEV: I didnot hear it.
T. DVIDAR: They are launching the Al Amal probe, as far as I know the translation is a hope.
With the company Virgin Galactic, they are building a spaceport.
It seems that by 2021 they should have time to launch to Mars.
Sergey KRIKALEV: Knowing how the system is developing, this is not a very justified optimism.
T. DVIDAR: They have already allocated 50.4 billion.
S. KRIKALEV: I'm not ready to say now whether this is enough to fly to Mars or not.
But when you said that Virgin Galactic interacts with them, it becomes more clear here.
I am familiar with their program.
The flights that this company carries out are what we call suborbital flights.
There is a certain difference, because to climb to a height of more than 100 kilometers, where the border of countries officially ends and the international space of space begins, you can say that you have been there.
T. DVIDAR: God be with them, with the Arabs, God grant them good luck in their endeavors.
Their dream will probably come true.
If they can hear us, they know exactly where to go to go to Mars or send a probe to Mars, including building a spaceport.
Does President Putin have an adviser on the space industry?
S. KRIKALEV: I donot know, to be honest.
He has advisers in various industries, industry and cosmonautics are included in such areas.
T. DVIDAR: But it canot be as a part.
This is a national project.
Sergey KRIKALEV: They are often confused.
What is cosmonautics in your understanding?
T. DVIDAR: Personnel training, science, industrial sector related to cosmonautics.
Training base.
S. KRIKALEV: I'm sorry that we have an interrogation in the opposite direction.
T. DVIDAR: Please, this is not the first time I have been interrogated.
Sergey KRIKALEV: Much of what you have said relates to manned cosmonautics.
T. DVIDAR: Since I am a romantic from the Soviet times, I am more attracted to manned cosmonautics.
Why donot we have bases?
You are one of those who suggested building space bases.
Sergei KRIKALEV: Yes, this is somewhere between the first and second flights, I even have an interview where we talked about what the next steps are, that we should probably move from the orbital station to the base, make a base near the Earth, near the Moon and develop further.
T. DVIDAR: We have five minutes left.
I wonot ask any questions.
I ask you very much, tell us, what will be the next stage of the development of cosmonautics for Russia?
Sergei KRIKALEV: The federal space program is being coordinated right now.
There is already a project that has been submitted.
T. DVIDAR: Projects are opened and closed.
Your view?
S. KRIKALEV: From my point of view, the work in the Earth's orbit will remain.
By the way, did you argue for a very long time, automata or a person, manned or unmanned astronautics?
That's why I started asking what is in your concept of cosmonautics, but I work in manned cosmonautics and I can be biased, and I am interested in the opinion of ordinary people.
T. DVIDAR: I am a Soviet engineer and an amateur cosmonaut.
S. KRIKALEV: For many, cosmonautics is manned cosmonautics.
Yes, there will be robots, automatic machines will work, there are communication satellites.
But I see that in the professional environment there is an emphasis on automatic devices.
This is also understandable, because the main refund comes from vending machines, and this is probably also correct.
There are automatic machines that provide communication, remote sensing of the earth, various kinds of photos, videos, registration of events that occur, monitoring of the environment.
And these are all profitable areas.
But, nevertheless, many people's cosmonautics and its achievements are associated with what a person does.
Oddly enough, this part is very profitable.
Manned cosmonautics is close to fundamental science, where, putting the result there, you do not get it right away and not right here.
You can invest in this place, and get the result in metallurgy.
T. DVIDAR: We are a great power, which is why I asked you this question.
S. KRIKALEV: I try to be an advocate everywhere that we should develop this, even though there is no direct refund of money.
But in order to move on, not to be on the sidelines of progress, we must do this.
What should be next?
We should stay in near Earth orbit, maybe we can use it together with automatic machines.
And now there is an understanding that there is no need to argue: an automaton or a person.
Automaton automatovo, man manovo.
But the most effective is a joint movement.
T. DVIDAR: Is it necessary to master the moon?
Sergey KRIKALEV: The next step is the exploration of the moon, maybe first the circumlunar space.
The moon will be a good reference point for moving on.
The circumlunar space, the moon itself, taking off from it is much easier.
T. DVIDAR: Why did they leave the moon?
Sergey KRIKALEV: At that time, it was a race to see who would put the flag first.
After the Americans put the flag there, the main incentive of that time disappeared.
Now we are coming to a new stage, and there we still understand that we must not just fly to the moon, but begin to master it.
In our professional environment, there are several different understandings or even terminology: study, development and use.
We are currently in the study stage.
We first studied space, then began to master it, maybe we can use it.
And we continue to study the moon, it's time to master it.
T. DVIDAR: Do you believe in God?
S. KRIKALEV: This is a personal issue, I am not ready to discuss it publicly.
T. DVIDAR: I'll take the call after all.
My screen is off the scale.
Hello.
LISTENER: Hello.
I am very glad to hear from you, a very interesting broadcast.
My child was born on the Day of Cosmonautics, and it seems that he is destined to become an astronaut.
T. DVIDAR: This is Aries, I was born on the 10th.
SERGEY KRIKALEV: Isnot your name Yuri?
LISTENER: No, Dima.
My name is Alexander.
What steps does he need to take to master cosmonautics?
And you have talked a lot about cooperation, now it is developing.
Will we cooperate with the Americans?
S. KRIKALEV: We continue to cooperate with the Americans.
We started talking, but we jump from one to the other.
The cooperation that began with the first shuttle flight resulted in the continuation of the program, the continuation of Shuttle flights to MIR, the construction of the International Space Station, the use of our ship as a rescue ship.
At first it was supposed to be for Freedom, and now it is used on the ISS.
And despite the political tensions that are taking place between Russia and America, our cooperation in the space sphere continues.
Moreover, my flight partner, Charles Bolden, with whom we prepared together and flew together, is now the director of NASA.
It is clear that everyone wants to develop their own, and, probably, this is correct.
There are considerations for independent development, there are for joint work.
I think I was lucky, we had a good human relationship with the crew with whom we flew.
We are always happy to see each other, communicate, and I hope we will communicate for many years to come.
T. DVIDAR: God grant it.
S. KRIKALEV: I see how Leonov communicates with Stafford when he unexpectedly comes to Leonov for his birthday, although he did not plan it in advance.
When to apply for a commission of independent
