Giant Planets Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
Giant planets — four planets of the Solar system: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune; located outside the ring of minor planets.
These planets, which have a number of similar physical characteristics, are also called outer planets[1].
Contents 1 Known 1.1 Jupiter 1.2 Saturn 1.3 Uranus 1.4 Neptune 2 Assumed 2.1 Ninth planet 2.2 Tuhe 2.3 Other "Planets X" 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References
From top to bottom: Neptune, Uranus, Saturn and Jupiter (not in scale).
Famous Unlike the solid state planets of the Earth group, they are all gas planets, have significantly larger sizes and masses (as a result of which the pressure in their bowels is much higher), a lower average density (close to the average Solar, 1.4 g / cm3), powerful atmospheres, fast rotation, as well as rings (while the planets of the earth group do not have such) and a large number of satellites.
Almost all of these characteristics decrease from Jupiter to Neptune.
Jupiter Main article: Jupiter Jupiter has a mass 318 times larger than the Earth, and 2.5 times more massive than all the other planets combined.
It consists mainly of hydrogen and helium.
Jupiter's high internal temperature causes many semi permanent vortex structures in its atmosphere, such as cloud bands and the Great Red Spot.
Jupiter has 67 known satellites.
The four largest — Ganymede, Callisto, Io and Europa — are similar to the planets of the Earth group in such phenomena as volcanic activity and internal heating.
Ganymede, the largest moon in the Solar system, is larger than Mercury.
Saturn Main article: Saturn
Saturn, known for its extensive ring system, has a somewhat similar structure to Jupiter's atmosphere and magnetosphere.
Although the volume of Saturn is 60% of the Jovian, the mass (95 Earth masses) is less than a third of the Jovian; thus, Saturn is the least dense planet in the Solar system (its average density is less than the density of water).
Saturn has 62 confirmed satellites; two of them, Titan and Enceladus, show signs of geological activity.
This activity, however, is not similar to the earth, since it is largely due to the activity of ice.
Titan, which is larger than Mercury, is the only satellite in the Solar system with a significant atmosphere.
Uranus Osnavnaya article: Uranus Uranus with a mass 14 times greater than that of the Earth, is the lightest of the outer planets.
What makes it unique among other planets is that it rotates "lying on its side": the inclination of its axis of rotation to the plane of the ecliptic is approximately 98°.
If other planets can be compared to spinning tops, then Uranus is more like a rolling ball.
It has a much colder core than other gas giants, and radiates very little heat into space.
Uranus has 27 satellites discovered; the largest are Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel and Miranda.
Neptune Main article: Neptune Neptune, although slightly smaller than Uranus, is more massive (17 Earth masses) and therefore more dense.
It emits more internal heat, but not as much as Jupiter or Saturn<[2].
Neptune has 14 known moons.
The largest is Triton, which is geologically active, with geysers of liquid nitrogen.
Triton is the only large satellite moving in the opposite direction.
Neptune is also accompanied by asteroids called Neptune Trojans, which are in a 1:1 resonance with it.
In 2011, scientists proposed a model based on which, after the formation of the Solar System for about another 600 million years, there was a hypothetical fifth giant planet the size of Uranus.
Subsequently, during the migration of large planets to their current position, this planet had to be either thrown out of the Solar System (becoming an orphan planet), or go to its distant outskirts (becoming a hypothetical planet Tyuhe or another "Planet X" in the Oort cloud), so that the planets could occupy their current orbits without throwing out the currently existing Uranus or Neptune or causing a collision of the Earth with Venus or Mars[3][4].
The Ninth Planet Main article: On January 20, 2016, astronomers from the California Institute of Technology Konstantin Batygin and Michael Brown announced a possible ninth planet on the outskirts of the Solar System, outside the orbit of Pluto.
The planet is about ten times more massive than Earth, is about 20 times farther away from the Sun than Neptune (90 billion kilometers), and makes a revolution around the Sun in 10,000-20,000 years.
According to Michael Brown, the probability that this planet really exists is " perhaps 90 %".
So far, scientists call this hypothetical planet simply" The Ninth Planet " (Eng. Planet Nine).
Tyche Main article: Tyche D. Mathis first proposed the existence of the planet Tyche (Tiheya) in 1999, based on the obtained displacement at the points of origin of long period comets.
Instead of the common opinion that comets come from random points in the sky, Mathis came to the conclusion that they were actually grouped together by the inclination of the ecliptic and the comets come from the Oort cloud.
Such clusters can be explained by the result of interaction with an invisible object, at least such as Jupiter.
Other "Planets X" There are other theories about an unknown gas giant, but they, like the theory about the hypothetical planet Nibiru, are not scientific and are not based on verifiable data.
It also significantly reduces the number of assumed planets of the WISE Space Telescope, which limited the albedo of the assumed planets depending on the distance to the Sun.
See also The ninth planet of the Earth group Dwarf planet Gas planet Exoplanet
Notes 1.
Внешние Outer planets an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
2. ↑ Podolak, M.; Reynolds, R. T.; Young, R. Post Voyager comparisons of the interiors of Uranus and Neptune (http://ads abs.harvard.edu/abs/1990GeoRL..17.1737 P) (English).
NASA Ames Research Center (1990).
Checked on November 22, 2009.
Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011 (http://www.webcitation.org/617GPD2P7).
3. ↑ Leonid Popov.
Traces of the lost giant of the Solar System have been found (http://www.membrana.ru/particle/1711 8) (Rus.).
Membrane (November 14, 2011).
Verified on May 11, 2012.
Archived from the original source on June 3, 2012 (http://www.web citation.org/688TKNZ7e).
4. ↑ David Nesvorný.
Young solar system's fifth giant planet? (http://iopscience.iop.org/2041-8205/742/2/L22) (English)
// The Astrophysical Journal: rec.
scientific journal.
— 2011.
— Vol. 742, no.
2. — P. 1—6.
— ISSN 0004-637X (http://w ww.sigla.ru/table.jsp?f=8&t=3&v0=0004-637X&f=1003&t=1&v1=&f=4&t=2&v2=&f=21&t=3&v3=&f=1016&t=3&v 4=&f=1016&t=3&v5=&bf=4&b=&d=0&ys=&ye=&lng=&ft=&mt=&dt=&vol=&pt=&iss=&ps=&pe=&tr=&tro=&cc= UNION&i=1&v=tagged&s=0&ss=0&st=0&i18n=ru&rlf=&psz=20&bs=20&ce=hJfuypee8JzzufeGmImYYIpZKRJeeO eeWGJIZRrRRrdmtdeee88NJJJJpeeefTJ3peKJJ3UWWPtzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbzzvzzpy5zzjzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzztzzzzzzzbzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzvzzzzzzyeyTjkDnyHzTuueKZePz9decyzzLzzzL*.c8.NzrGJJvufeeeeeJheeyzjeee eJh*peeeeKJJJJJJJJJJmjHvOJJJJJJJJJfeeeieeeeSJJJJJSJJJ3TeIJJJJ3..E.UEAcyhxD.eeeeeuzzzLJJJJ5.e8JJJheeeeeeeeee eeyeeK3JJJJJJJJ*s7defeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeSJJJJJJJJZIJJzzz1..6LJJJJJJtJJZ4....EK*&debug=false).
— DOI:10.1088/2041-8205/742/2/L22 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F742%2F2%2FL22)..
Literature of the Planet an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
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