Franklin, Benjamin
Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on January 19, 2017; checks require 2 edits.
The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on January 19, 2017; checks require 2 edits.
Go to: navigation, Search
There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with this surname, see Franklin.
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin
Birth: January 17 1706(1706-01-17)[1][2]
Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, USA [3] Death: April 17 1790(1790-04-17)[1][2] (84 year)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA[3] Father: Josiah Franklin Mother: Abiah Folger Spouse: Deborah Read Children: William Franklin[d]
Francis Folger Franklin[d]
Sarah Franklin Bach [d] Activity: politician, scientist, diplomat, inventor, writer, journalist, publisher
Scientific activity Scientific field: electricity, optics, geography Known as: inventor of the lightning rod
Autograph:
Awards: Copley Medal (1753)
Benjamin Franklin on Wikimedia Commons
Monument to Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia.
Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706, Boston, Massachusetts Bay Province April 17, 1790, Philadelphia, USA) was an American politician, diplomat, polymath, inventor, writer, journalist, publisher, Freemason[4].
One of the leaders of the War of Independence of the United States.
Benjamin Franklin is the only one of the founding fathers who signed all three of the most important historical documents that underlie the formation of the United States of America as an independent state: The Declaration of Independence of the United States, the US Constitution and the Treaty of Versailles of 1783 (the Second Paris Peace Treaty), which formally ended the war of independence of the thirteen British colonies in North America from Great Britain.
One of the developers of the design of the Great Seal of the USA.
The first American to become a foreign member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (since 1917 the Russian Academy of Sciences).
The portrait of Benjamin Franklin is depicted on a hundred dollar bill of the US Federal Reserve system since 1914.
Content
1 Biography 1.1 Autobiography
2 Views 3 Assessments 4 Scientific and inventive activity 4.1 Study of the Gulf Stream 4.2 Study of atmospheric electricity
5 Some of Franklin's Works 6 Memory 6.1 Sculptures 6.2 Toponyms 6.3 In Philately 6.4 In Bonistics
7 Image in culture 7.1 In painting 7.2 In cinema
8 Notes 9 References 10 References
Biography[edit / edit wiki text]
Portrait of Benjamin Franklin by David Martin, 1767, is kept in the White House, Washington.
Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706 on Milk Street (English)Russian.
in Boston, the 15th of 17 children in the family of an emigrant from England Josiah Franklin (English)Russian. (1657-1745)
- a craftsman engaged in the manufacture of soap and candles.
He received his education independently.
Josiah wanted his son to go to school, but he only had enough money for two years of study.
At the age of 12, Benjamin began working as an apprentice in the printing house of his brother James, and printing became his main specialty for many years.
In 1727, he founded his own printing house in Philadelphia.
From 1729 to 1748 he published the "Pennsylvania Gazette", and from 1732 to 1758 — the yearbook "Poor Richard's Almanac".
In 1728, Benjamin Franklin founded the Philadelphia discussion circle of artisans and merchants "The Leather Apron Club" ("Junto"), which turned into the American Philosophical Society in 1743, whose members in the period from the early 1770s to the early 1860s were elected 24 Russian scientists, including T. I. von Klingsteth (1773), E. R. Dashkova (1789), P. S. Pallas (1791), F. P. Adelung (1818), I. F. Krusenstern (1824), V. J. Struve (1853).
In 1731, he founded the first public library in America, in 1743 — the American Philosophical Society, in 1751 the Philadelphia Academy, which became the basis of the University of Pennsylvania.
From 1737 to 1753, he served as postmaster of Pennsylvania, from 1753 to 1774 — the same position on the scale of all the North American colonies.
In 1776, he was sent as an ambassador to France in order to achieve an alliance with her against England, as well as a loan.
He was elected a member of the academies of many countries, including the Russian Academy of Sciences (1789, the first American member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences).
Franklin was a Freemason[5] and was a member of the greatest Masonic lodge "Nine Sisters"[6].
Benjamin Franklin is one of the authors of the American Constitution (1787).
The author of the aphorism " Time is money "(from "Advice to a young merchant", 1748).
Franklin was the de facto spiritual leader of the new American nation in the second half of the XVIII century and the first half of the XIX century.
Franklin died on April 17, 1790.
About 20 thousand people gathered for his funeral in Philadelphia, despite the fact that the entire population of the city that year was 33,000 people, including infants.
Autobiography[edit / edit wiki text]
The cover of the first English edition of "Autobiography" in 1793.
The autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is traditionally called an unfinished record of his own life, written in the period from 1771 to 1790. [7][8]
However, Franklin himself probably considered this work his memoirs.
The publication of the document occurred after the death of the author[9].
Views[edit / edit wiki text]
Benjamin Franklin's political views were based on the concept of natural and inalienable human rights, to which he referred life, freedom, and property.
Franklin's views on the political structure of the North American colonies, however, changed over time.
Until 1765, he considered the colonies as part of the British Empire.
Then he came to the idea of a federal system, based on the complete equality of all the colonies and the metropolis under the rule of the king.
Finally, when the contradictions between England and the colonies became insoluble, Franklin, who was convinced after the failure of his appeal in the British Parliament that there was no way to influence London's policy with the help of petitions, advocated the complete separation of the colonies from the mother country and the proclamation of political independence[10].
Later, he opposed the strengthening of the role of the executive branch, in particular, against the granting of extraordinary powers to George Washington, for the establishment of universal suffrage, not limited by property qualifications, was a strong opponent of slavery.
According to his philosophical views, Benjamin Franklin joined deism[11][12].
He opposed the idea of "natural religion" to Orthodox church dogma, in which the role of God was reduced to the act of creation of the world.
He formulated his own version of the theory of labor value[11].
In accordance with what was stated in his "Autobiography", Franklin developed and tried to implement a plan for achieving moral perfection and eliminating bad habits, which was based on developing a skill in the 13 virtues listed by him[13].
From a letter from Robespierre addressed to B. Franklin: "You are the most famous scientist in the world...".
Dale Carnegie: "If you want to get excellent advice on how to treat people, manage yourself and improve your personal qualities, read the autobiography of Benjamin Franklin — one of the most fascinating stories of life."
By the decision of the World Peace Council, Franklin's name was included in the list of the most outstanding representatives of Humanity[source not specified 949 days].
Scientific and inventive activity[edit / edit wiki text]
Portrait of Franklin by J. Duplessis, circa 1785.
He introduced the now generally accepted designation of electrically charged states " + "and"−"; he established the identity of atmospheric and friction generated electricity and gave proof of the electrical nature of lightning; he established that metal points connected to the ground remove electric charges from charged bodies even without contact with them and proposed a lightning rod project in 1752; invented bifocal glasses (1784); received a patent for the design of a rocking chair; in 1742, he invented an economical small sized stove for the house, called the Franklin stove (or "Pennsylvania fireplace"), and in 1770 he fundamentally improved it; he put forward the idea of an electric motor and demonstrated an "electric wheel" that rotates under the action of electrostatic forces; for the first time he used an electric spark to explode gunpowder;
explained the principle of operation of the Leyden jar, establishing that the main role in it is played by the dielectric separating the conductive plates; fundamentally improved the glass harmonica for which Mozart, Beethoven, Donizetti, R. Strauss, Glinka and Tchaikovsky began to compose; developed his own time management system; collected extensive data on storm winds (nord ost) and proposed the theory that explained their origin; with the participation of Benjamin Franklin, measurements were made of the speed, width and depth of the Gulf Stream, and this current, which was named by Benjamin Franklin, was mapped (1770).
Exploring the Gulf Stream[edit / edit wiki text]
As director of the post offices of the colonies, he drew attention to complaints that mail packet ships departing from the English port of Falmouth to New York took two weeks longer than ordinary merchant ships from London to New Port, located somewhat east of New York.
It turned out that the Gulf Stream was to blame for this.
The mail ships were commanded by English sailors who were unfamiliar with this current, and the merchant ships were commanded by American sailors who, from a young age, took part in marine fisheries off the coast of America.
At Franklin's insistence, the sailors began to put their observations on maps, which resulted in the first map of the Gulf Stream[14].
Study of atmospheric electricity[edit / edit wiki text]
Franklin's experience in elucidating the electrical nature of lightning is widely known.
In 1750, he published a paper in which he proposed to conduct an experiment using a kite launched in a thunderstorm.
Such an experiment was conducted on May 10, 1752 by the French scientist Thomas Francois Dalibard (fr.)Russian..
Unaware of Dalibard's experience, Franklin conducted his own experiment with a kite on June 15, 1752 in Philadelphia.
Franklin's experience was described in the work of Joseph Priestley "The History and present State of electricity" (English: History and Present Status of Electricity) in 1767.
Priestley says that Franklin was isolated during the experiment in order to avoid creating a deadly current flow circuit (some researchers died during such experiments: in 1753, the Russian scientist Georg Richman died while studying atmospheric electricity with an ungrounded device).
In his notes, Franklin says that he knew about the danger and found an alternative way to demonstrate the electrical nature of lightning, as evidenced by his use of grounding.
A common version of the experiment says that Franklin did not wait for lightning to strike a running snake (this would be deadly).
Instead, he launched the snake into a thundercloud and found that the snake was collecting an electric charge.
Some of Franklin's works[edit / edit wiki text]
"Autobiography"; "Reasoning about freedom and necessity, pleasure and suffering"; "Experiments and observations on electricity"; "Necessary tips for those who would like to become rich";
"The Path to abundance";
"The Almanac of simpleton Richard"; "Whistle" (letter story).
Memory[edit / edit wiki text]
Sculptures[edit / edit wiki text]
Franklin Monument in Lincoln Park Chicago
Franklin Monument at the University of Pennsylvania
Toponyms[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1935, the International Astronomical Union named a crater on the visible side of the moon after Franklin.
In philately[edit / edit wiki text]
US Postage Stamp,
one thousand eight hundred sixty one
US Postage Stamp,
one thousand eight hundred ninety five
US Postage Stamp,
one thousand nine hundred three
US Postage Stamp,
one thousand nine hundred eighteen
Postage stamp of the USSR,
one thousand nine hundred fifty six
Franklin is also depicted on a 1976 UK postage stamp.
In bonistike[edit / edit wiki text]
Since 1914, Benjamin Franklin has been depicted on all US $ 100 bills
100 US dollars.
Series of 1914
100 US dollars.
Series of 1934
100 US dollars.
Series of 2006
100 US dollars.
Series of 2009
Image in culture[edit / edit wiki text]
In painting[edit / edit wiki text]
Edward Harrison May.
Lady Howe checks Benjamin Franklin (1867)
"Benjamin Franklin receives a charge of electric current from heaven" Artist Benjamin West (1738-1820)
In detail:
"Lady Howe checks Benjamin Franklin", a painting by Edward Harrison May
In the cinema[edit / edit wiki text]
"John Paul Jones" (1959) "John Adams" (2008) "Sons of Freedom" (2015)
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
↑ 1 2 German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #118534912 / / General regulatory Control — 2012-2016.
<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q27302"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q304037"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q256507"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q170109"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q36578"></a>
↑ 1 2 data.bnf.fr: open data platform — 2011.
<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q20666306"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837"></a>
↑ 1 2 Franklin Benjamin / edited by A. M. Prokhorov 3rd ed. - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969.
<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q17378135"></a>
↑ Benjamin Franklin, freemasonry.bcy.ca (Accessed June 19, 2010) ↑ Daniel Ligou, ed.
Dictionnaire de la franc maçonnerie (Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 1987) ↑ Louis Amiable, Une loge maçonnique d’avant 1789, la loge des Neuf Sœurs (Les Editions Maçonnique de France, Paris 1989) ↑ Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: Finding Franklin, A Resource Guide (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress).
www.loc.gov.
Checked on February 12, 2017.
↑ Librivox.
LibriVox (English).
librivox.org.
Checked on February 12, 2017.
↑ Benjamin Franklin.
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin / Charles William Eliot.
— 1994-07-01.
↑ H. W. Brands.
The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin c 371 -372 — - Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010-05-26 — - 786 p.
- ISBN 9780307754943.
↑ 1 2 "Franklin" - an article in the New Philosophical Encyclopedia.
↑ The Founding Fathers of the USA: Symbols of faith | Washington ProFile International News & Information Agency ↑ Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (English) (Russian) Ш Shokalsky Yu.
M. Oceanography.
- L.: Hydrometeoizdat, 1959.
- P. 540.
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Abramov Ya.
V. V. Franklin, his life, social and scientific activities: A biographical sketch.
- St. Petersburg: Printing house of the partnership "Public Benefit", 1891.
Anikin A.V. Chapter seven.
Franklin and Political Economy across the ocean / / The Youth of Science: The Life and Ideas of Economic Thinkers before Marx.
- 2nd ed.
- Moscow: Politizdat, 1975.
- pp.
135-148 — - 384 p — - 50,000 copies .
B. Franklin and Russia.
Philosophical Century, almanac No. 32-33.
St. Petersburg, 2006.
Benjamin Franklin.
Biography.
- M.: "Mann, Ivanov and Ferber", 2013.
- P. 480 — - ISBN 978-5-91657-672-6.
Vladimirov V. N. Franklin — 1934.
— 224 p. (The lives of wonderful people) Ivanov R. F. Franklin.
- M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1972 — - (ZhZL).
Speranskaya L. N.
The doctrine of the value of B. Franklin // The world history of economic thought: In 6 volumes / Chief editor V. N. Cherkovets.
- Moscow: Mysl, 1987.
- T. I. From the origin of economic thought to the first theoretical systems of political life.
- pp.
439-441 — - 606 p — - 20,000 copies.
— ISBN 5-244-00038-1.
Wilson M. American scientists and inventors / Translated from the English by V. Ramses; edited by N. Treneva.
- M.: Znanie, 1975.
- pp.
11-18 — - 136 p — - 100 000 copies.
Franklin, Benjamin // Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 vols.
(82 volumes and 4 supplements).
- St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Franklin Benjamin / / Ulyanovsk Frankfort.
- Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1977 — - (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, vol. 27).
Temples Yu.
A. Franklin Benjamin (Benjamin) (Franklin Benjamin) / / Physics: Biographical reference book / Edited by A. I. Akhiezer.
- Ed. 2nd, ispr.
and supplement M.: Nauka, 1983.
- p. 283.
- 400 p. - 200,000 copies. (in the lane)
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Franklin, Benjamin in Wikicitatnik Franklin, Benjamin on Wikimedia Commons
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Franklin's diary The history of one paradox of electrical engineering Franklin's squares The time management system of Benjamin Franklin B. Franklin "On criminal laws and on the custom of privateering "B. Franklin" Historical sketch of the Constitution and government of Pennsylvania"
Thematic sites
Notable Names Database · Internet Movie Database · Project Gutenberg · RKDartists · Find a Grave
Dictionaries and encyclopedias of Brockhaus and Efron · Circumnavigation · Larousse · Small Brockhaus and Efron · Britannica (online) * Oxford Biographical Dictionary
Regulatory Control BAV: ADV10183446 · BIBSYS: 90052017 · BNC: A10281757 · BNE: XX877138 · BNF: 119034658 · BPN: 16265204 · GND: 118534912 · ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\071766 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2133 9941 · LCCN: n79043402 · NDL: 00440037 · NKC: jn20000720076 · NLA: 35100032 · NLG: 69541 · NTA: 06836010X, 18484505X · NUKAT: n97038230 · PTBNP: 42484 · LIBRIS: 54072 · SUDOC: 026873478 · VIAF: 56609913 · ULAN: 500331804
Signatories of the US Constitution
Bassett * Butler • Bedford • Blount • Blair • Baldwin • Brerley • Broome • Washington* • Hamilton • Gilman • Goram • Dayton • Dickinson • Jennifer * Johnson • Ingersoll • King • Climer[en] • Carroll • Livingston • Langdon • Mack Henry • Mifflin • G. Morris • R. Morris • Madison • Paterson • Ch.
Pinckney • C. K. Pinckney • Rutledge • Reed • Speight • Wilson • Williamson • Fitzsimons • Franklin • Phew • Sherman
* - Chairman and Deputy from Virginia
Governors of Pennsylvania
Presidents of Pennsylvania
(1777—1790)
Wharton • Brian • Reed • More • Dickinson • Franklin • Mifflin •
Governors of the State of Pennsylvania
(since 1790)
Mifflin • McKean • Snyder * Findlay • Heaster • Schulze • Wolf • Reitner • Porter • Shank • Johnston • Bigler • Pollock • Pecker • Curtin • Geary • Hertrenft • Hoyt • Pettison • Beaver • Pettison • Hastings • Stone • Pennypacker • Stewart * Tener • Brumbaugh • Sproul • Pinchot • Fisher • Pinchot • Earl • James • Martin • Bell • Duff • Leader • Lawrence • Scranton • Shafer • Shepp • Thornberg • Casey * Ridge • Schweiker • Rendell • Corbett • Wolf
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Франклин,_ben & oldid=83619641"
Categories: Born on January 17, Born in 1706, Born in Boston, Died on April 17, Died in 1790, Died in Philadelphia, Personalities alphabetically Scientists of the USA Philosophers of the USA Founding Fathers of the USA Postmasters General of the USA Journalists of the USA Geographers of the USA Inventors of the USA History of the XVIII century Abolitionists of the USA Freemasons of the USA Members of the French Academy of Sciences Honorary members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ambassadors of the USA to France Awarded the Copley Medal Scientists, after whom physical units of measurement are named American Revolution Revolutionaries of the USA Americans of English origin
Hidden Categories: Pages using magic Links ISBN Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with sources from Wikidata Wikipedia:No sources since July 2014 Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: person) Articles with links to Wikicitatnik
Navigation
Personal Tools
You did not introduce yourself to the system Discussion Contribution Create an account Log in
Namespaces
Article Discussion
Variants
Views
Read Current version Edit Edit wiki text History
More
Search
Navigation
Title Page Heading Index A Z Selected articles Random article Current Events
Participation
Report a bug Community Portal Forum Recent edits New pages Help Donate
Tools
Links Here Related Edits Special Pages Permalink Page Information Wikidata element Quote Page
Print/Export
Create a book Download as PDF Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons Wikicitatnik
In other languages
Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ العربية مصرى Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Belarusian Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) Bulgarian Bislama বাংলা Brezhoneg Bosanski Catalàووردیی ناوەندی Čeština Kaszëbsczi Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara ─ارسی Suomi Võro Français Frysk Ga eilge Galego 客家語/Hak kâ ngî עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Basa Jawa ქართული Kazakh ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Kurdî Kyrgyzcha Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Latviešu Lietuvių Macedonian Malagasy മലയാളം Mongol مازِرونی मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Português Română Runa Simi संस्कृतम्
Scots Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Shqip Slovenscina Srpski / srpski Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Took ไทย Tagalog Türkçe Tatarcha/tatarça Ukrainian اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá 中文 Vahcuengh Bân lâm gú 粵語
Edit links
Last modified on this page: 10: 10, February 12, 2017.
The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike license; in some cases, additional conditions may apply.
For more information, see Terms of use.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the non profit organization Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
Contact us
Privacy Policy Wikipedia Description Disclaimer Developers Cookie Agreement Mobile Version
