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Consciousness and the unconscious The Light and darkness of the human soul · August 31, 2009 Consciousness and the unconscious are two basic psychological concepts introduced into wide circulation by Freud.
A clear distinction between the first and the second is the most important "discovery" that he made.
Freud was the first to speak loudly and argumentatively about the fact that every person has hidden processes in his soul, unknown even to himself.
Before Freud, the human soul was perceived as something whole and indivisible, and such a point of view has every right to exist... provided that the observer is outside the soul under study.
If you look at a person from the outside, there is no obvious difference between his conscious and unconscious motives.
A person and his actions may look contradictory, but this impression is broken by an indestructible fact — it is always the same person.
An outside observer can easily notice contradictions or inconsistencies in the behavior of another person, but what conclusions usually follow from this?
At best, he will be accused of stupidity, at worst of deliberate duplicity and deception.
No one likes it when a person's words differ from his actions.
But such accusations are not always fair, because, often, we are talking about a conscientious error, when a person sincerely does not notice his own inconsistency.
Yesterday he said one thing, today he did the opposite, and if you rub his nose in it, he will have to admit that it is true — his words and actions differ.
But at the same time, he may not understand why it happened, because he was sincere both yesterday and today.
Most likely, he will begin to justify himself, to look for some explanation for the contradiction that has surfaced.
And he will do this not only for the one who caught him in a contradiction, but also for himself, because it is very uncomfortable to realize and recognize the fact that chaos reigns inside, that the integrity of his own personality is illusory.
Therefore, his mind will offer thousands of explanations, just to mask the discovered contradiction.
One lie is masked by another lie.
So, Freud was the first to voice the problem of internal duality, which occurs in everyone, including a completely normal person.
Before Freud, the fragmentation of the personality was recognized and investigated only in its extreme manifestations, when, as a result of a deep mental illness, the personality as such no longer remained — only its fragments.
And Freud stated and proved that in the psyche of even completely healthy people, two spheres cohabit autonomously the conscious and the unconscious, and there is a gap between them.
Freud on the unconscious The key question in understanding what the unconscious is is the question of what it is filled with and why.
Freud's main thesis on this issue goes something like this — there is nothing in the unconscious that would not once be in consciousness.
This is a fundamental point, the importance of which will become clear when we come to Jung's concept of the unconscious.
Freud's understanding of the unconscious is inherently close to the definition of memory: according to Freud, the unconscious contains only what a person once realized, what flashed through his consciousness with one or another measure of intensity.
Perhaps it was just a fleeting thought, or maybe it's a whole layer of experiences that for some reason left consciousness, just as if they were simply "forgotten".
The difference with ordinary passive memory is that unconscious contents carry a certain charge of active psychic energy and, being outside the field of view of ordinary everyday consciousness, continue to exert their hidden influence on it.
And the higher the charge of this suppressed energy, the stronger or even more aggressive its influence on conscious processes.
In this sense, the Freudian unconscious is in a hostile conflict with consciousness, illustrating the ancient motive of the struggle of good against evil.
Now to the question of why something is in the unconscious at all.
Those mental contents that are unacceptable for the dominant conscious position or are simply mentally painful and do not have a proper outlet fall into the unconscious.
Most of the unconscious is just what the consciousness has found unacceptable.
First of all, these are those desires, thoughts or needs that arise in the mind, but do not pass internal moral and political censorship.
Consciousness strives for good, in its subjective understanding, and therefore tries to suppress all evil in itself again in its subjective understanding.
Freud identified a separate instance in the psyche that is responsible for the moral purity of the entire personality and called it the Super Ego or Super Ego.
This is the very thing that creates a person's sense of shame, his conscience.
But here we need to understand that we are talking about very ephemeral things, and that it is not necessary to reify these individual mental mechanisms.
In fact, they are not there, just from the outside everything looks as if they were.
In reality, the psyche is more like a brine, where there are a lot of all sorts of impurities, but at the same time it cannot be said that here is one component, and there is another.
The internal moral censor is formed under the pressure of upbringing — it is purposefully developed in the child.
Superficial motivation is the desire to raise a "good person", one who will clearly know what is good and what is bad, and at the same time will share the criteria of good and evil that are common to this society.
A less conscious motivation is the creation of a mechanism of control over the child and the future member of society.
What is beneficial to the parent and society is "good", and what is not beneficial to them is "bad".
And the instilled conscience in the future serves as an internal policeman for him, who takes out his stick and punishes for "unkind" actions even when no one sees it.
From the very moment when a child begins to share good with evil, the unconscious begins to form in him.
At least, the part of it that Freud was interested in.
Everything that the child discovers in himself is evil, he, from this moment, tries to hide, hide.
At first, he hides it only from others, and then, when his conscience grows stronger and gains strength, he begins to hide it from himself.
Thus, the unconscious initially arises on the basis of an internal conflict between the natural nature of man and the artificial requirements of society, taken too close to heart.
With proper upbringing, this conflict can be minimized, but this requires parents to overcome their own internal conflict, which is very rare.
In practice, parents usually follow the well trodden path, growing a powerful tough Super Ego in their child in their own image and likeness.
A smaller part of the unconscious is made up of memories and experiences that cause severe mental pain — the loss of loved ones or, for example, stories of severely hurt self esteem.
These contents are acquired later, already during adult conscious life and do not cause as much trouble as the desires or personality traits suppressed by moral prohibitions.
At least, if we are not talking about some exceptional situations when mental scars contain such an emotional charge that they completely deprive a person of peace of mind.
Psychoanalysis and psychological types Freud was an extrovert and therefore his theory of the unconscious is somewhat one sided.
Where an extrovert must make significant efforts to penetrate to the level of his unconscious motivation, an introvert will perform the same task without straining at all.
Extroverts especially easily lose touch with their unconscious, while introverts in some cases seem to have nothing unconscious at all.
For this reason, introverts sometimes feel like outcasts in the world of extroverts deprived of the opportunity to err in their own feelings and therefore unable to participate in ordinary social games, they find themselves alone with a sense of their own inferiority.
For example, romantic love is a form of obsession, when unconscious neurotic motives cause one person to become attached to another, completely without understanding the nature of this attachment.
Where an extrovert sincerely falls in love, an introvert looks into himself and does not see any love — there is only emptiness and quite earthly needs inside.
The introvert is aware of what really motivates him, and the extrovert believes in the immediacy of his feelings — and everyone has their own problems in this regard.
For this reason, Freudian psychoanalysis does not suit introverts well.
What becomes a revelation for an extrovert after long analytical sessions, for an introvert can be an ordinary everyday truth of life without any psychoanalysis.
Classical psychoanalysis helps an introvert only in giving a name and sorting out his experiences.
And Freud himself generally considered introversion a form of neurosis.
Jung on the unconscious Being a disciple of Freud, his follower and almost the heir in the transmission of psychoanalytic teaching, Jung shared Freud's views on the structure of the human psyche for a long time.
But over time, there was a split between them, when Jung and his analytical apparatus ceased to fit within the framework of psychoanalytic theory.
At some point, Freud became a hostage of his teaching and turned psychoanalysis almost into a sect, where every adept analyst was required to believe in Orthodox teaching, and not scientific zeal and the search for truth.
Freud took the first step, but refused to take the second, even when the original theory began to crack at the seams.
Jung took the second step for him.
No one took the third step after Jung — perhaps there is nowhere else to go.
There was also Adler, who also could not reconcile himself to orthodox psychoanalysis.
He brought a lot of interesting things to the study of psychology, but like Freud, he fell into the trap of his own personality and his own neurosis.
Just as Freud drew his theory of sexuality from himself, so Adler in his individual psychology described the theory of HIS struggle for power and his own "inferiority complex" — by the way, it was Adler who introduced this term.
Adler was an introvert, and his theory became something of an introvert psychoanalysis, as one sided as Freud's extrovert psychoanalysis.
Jung did not argue with Freud about the fact that the unconscious contains experiences repressed from consciousness, he believed that in addition to this, it contains something else that got there not in the process of individual life activity, but by inheritance from all mankind.
Something that unites all people on earth, completely regardless of their place of birth, language and upbringing.
Jung gave many examples of how, in some cases, people from completely different cultures demonstrate exactly the same mental reactions.
He traveled all over the world and found a lot of evidence that all people at the psychic level are united by some kind of psychic heredity, and called it the collective unconscious — in contrast to the personal unconscious, which is completely identical to the Freudian understanding of this term.
Just as the physical organism and its genetic inheritance contain the experience of many thousands of years of survival, the collective unconscious contains the experience of psychological survival for the same thousands of years.
Living conditions have changed, cultures have changed, the level of consciousness has changed, but the problems facing a reasonable person in all ages have remained the same as they are now — relations with people, relations with the outside world, relations with oneself.
All this inevitably left an imprint on the structure of the psyche.
A child, being born into the world, does not start life from scratch — it contains the wisdom of all mankind as a biological species.
The survival of a person depends on the correct and effective functioning of the mental apparatus no less than on the effectiveness of his physiological device.
With such a point of view on the nature of the psyche, there is no room for judgments about good and evil, about the battle of consciousness against the unconscious.
There is no confrontation between them.
The task of the unconscious is not to harm consciousness or serve as a sump for everything dirty and unworthy, the unconscious is a mechanism of survival and self regulation of the psyche, without which there would be no consciousness.
The unconscious never acts to the detriment of consciousness, it only strives for a balance of mental metabolism.
The collective unconscious contains the original matrices, empty behavioral patterns that a person fills with his personal experience of survival during his life.
We have already touched on this topic in the article about archetypes — they are these very unfilled matrices.
We have considered a couple of archetypes in detail — this is a Shadow and a Person.
Now it is interesting to recall them because these archetypes and the property of the human psyche expressed in them to displace their undesirable qualities and to display the most profitable of them — this is the sphere of the personal unconscious.
The whole Freudian psychoanalysis is Jung's work with the Shadow and the Persona, and for Jung this is only the beginning of the path, the simplest and most obvious stage of it.
The personal unconscious contains only local problems, conflicts generated during one separate life.
Birth, upbringing, survival... the cycle of life and the problems of one person on the scale of all mankind is nothing.
The collective unconscious confronts a person with problems of a different — existential level, the solution of which, even on an individual basis, is important for the survival and evolution of the entire species.
Isolated cases of overcoming existential conflicts are deposited in the collective unconscious, just as successful combinations of genes are gradually fixed in the genetic code of all mankind.
And just as the genetic program requires a person to survive and procreate, so the collective unconscious requires a person to fulfill a program of mental development.
The need to reach higher levels of consciousness, to find "collective" happiness is inherent in a person by nature, and the unconscious, playing the role of an angel or a demon, constantly pushes a person to this.
The collective unconscious is neither a friend nor an enemy.
This is a faceless force that in an instant can smash the fragile vessel of human consciousness into splinters.
She does not care about personal problems and ambitions, just as she does not care about the survival of an individual.
Standing in her way is more expensive for yourself, but you can listen to her demands, catch a wave, and she herself will bring a person to the threshold of the greatest discoveries.
p. s.
Continuation in the next series... p. p. s.
I remembered all those who whined in the comments to the photos in person…
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Husein
20.06.2012 20:35
@Asya and what do you mean by the words "mentally balanced"?I am an introvert,and for me the most important thing is my inner world.
Only by putting it in order can I help my neighbor.
And what is useful for an extrovert who,without even knowing himself, thinks that he can help another?
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Einik
06.04.2012 23:53
If this is the mechanism laid down by nature itself and is necessary for human survival, then in order for it to fulfill its function, a person must go this way before he has children?
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Einik
06.04.2012 23:48
It turns out that the people who solved existential problems were at the reproductive age?
Cheto early as that.
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Asya
14.06.2011 21:35
@Minkovsky You know, there is one paradox in the existence of a person: he cannot live exclusively for himself and at the same time be happy.
On the contrary, there is no greater happiness and satisfaction for a person than to make others happy.
I can show you hundreds of healthy in all respects altruistic extroverts who think very little about themselves.
But I very much doubt that you will show me at least one mentally balanced egoist introvert.
Stalin was also an altruist, he even had official boots.
I wanted to make everyone happy by building communism, the main idea (utopia) of which is that all people are brothers.
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Asya
14.06.2011 19:20
the collective unconscious contains the experience of psychological survival for the same thousands of years.
And the experience of not survival, it, after all, can also contain, probably…
The experience of suicides, insanity, some other heaviness accumulates…
This may make people's psyche weaker and weaker.. (One of the Buddhists)
— " Do you agree that suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem? "
- "I am a Buddhist, and I think that suicide is a temporary solution to a permanent problem."
The collective unconscious confronts a person with problems of a different — existential level, the solution of which, even on an individual basis, is important for the survival and evolution of the entire species.
Individual cases of overcoming existential conflicts are postponed in the collective unconscious.
Is this the total responsibility?..
p. s.
The collective and" individual " unconscious, and the irrational in itself, and the cat.
not yet rationalized or something, cat.
objective reality Is all mixed up in my head, are these things connected?…
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Asya
14.06.2011 19:14
@Minkovsky Agrees with old Freud that introversion is a kind of neurosis.
If a person is too interested in his inner world, then he is not busy with life, but fucking his own brains.
And this is unnatural and subject to treatment.
And more…
"Nietzsche, whose external side of life was more than monotonous, proves that a thought working alone is in itself a terrible adventure.
But there is no such serious crime that an intelligent person would not feel capable of."
(Albert Camus).
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A man with a shovel
08.10.2010 07:06
The collective unconscious is neither a friend nor an enemy.
This is a faceless force that in an instant can smash the fragile vessel of human consciousness into splinters.
She does not care about personal problems and ambitions, just as she does not care about the survival of an individual.
I wonder if there is a mix of the unconscious of all people in this very unconscious, or only according to the geneological tree?
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Nicky
30.08.2010 16:10
I have a psychology assignment : Consciousness and the unconscious.
What role do the phenomena of the unconscious play in a person's life?
How does a person get information about these processes?
Illustrate with examples from your own life.
Help me with examples, because I canot figure myself out in any way.
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RiF
12.07.2010 00:29
The whole Freudian psychoanalysis is Jung's work with the Shadow and the Persona, and for Jung this is only the beginning of the path, the simplest and most obvious stage of it.
And what are the next stages?
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sergei
16.06.2010 12:24
The collective unconscious is neither a friend nor an enemy.
This is a faceless force that in an instant can smash the fragile vessel of human consciousness into splinters.
She does not care about personal problems and ambitions, just as she does not care about the survival of an individual.
It is more expensive to stand in her way, but you can listen to her demands, catch a wave, and she herself will bring a person to the threshold of the greatest discoveries.
IMHO, the pendulum pride is nothing from the same opera.
There is no point in resisting him, you can only "catch a wave".
But this is the most difficult thing.
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sergei
14.06.2010 19:10
Minkovsky «…I agree with old Freud that introversion is a kind of neurosis.
If a person is too interested in his inner world, then he is not busy with life, but fucking his own brains...."
Oddly enough, but I have to agree.
Excessive introversion is evil.
Tested on our own experience.
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Anna Klyuchenkova
02.06.2010 18:57
Sergey G Khykh.
Thanks.
But what of it was what I had read before? =)
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Sergey G
02.06.2010 16:43
Anna Klyuchenkova link
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Anna Klyuchenkova
02.06.2010 11:24
Somewhere here in the articles there was a link to a small late work of Freud.
I canot find it in any way...
If anyone remembers or recently read it, share the link, pliiiz!
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kristina
02.04.2010 17:20
cool, everything is so simple and easily written that it is clear even to me ))))))))
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Author
Oleg Satov
21.01.2010 19:55
sergei The word "soul" can be used in different senses — follow the context, not individual words, and everything will be clear.
Try to grasp the logic of reasoning, and not the meaning of specific words.
For the time being, it will not be possible to distinguish one from the other in any way... you need to study your Ego thoroughly to know what paths it walks.
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sergei
21.01.2010 18:30
Dear Oleg, Please answer the question.
A smaller part of the unconscious is made up of memories and experiences that cause severe mental pain — the loss of loved ones or, for example, stories of severely hurt self esteem.
These contents are acquired later, already during adult conscious life and do not cause as much trouble as the desires or personality traits suppressed by moral prohibitions.
At least, if we are not talking about some exceptional situations when mental scars contain such an emotional charge that they completely deprive a person of peace of mind.
I'm confused about something.
You say that hurt self esteem is also mental suffering.
And then how to distinguish the” real " suffering of the soul from the suffering of the ego?
And in another article you write that the Real Self is always happy, but only the ego suffers.
Please explain.
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sergei
21.01.2010 18:25
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...and I wonder...
21.01.2010 17:28
Gentlemen, maybe the collective unconscious is just another definition of God?
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mysenka
27.09.2009 23:06
I apologize for the stupid question) I read the article Personality types introverts and extroverts, now everything has become a little clearer.
I canot identify my type, but I am amused by the fact that this is not yet a pathology, but a frequently occurring phenomenon =) Oleg Satov, thank you very much for creating the site and for helping to understand yourself!!!
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