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Home The birth of the empire of Peter I the Great (the end of the XVII the first quarter of the XVIII century.)
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The First Russian Revolution (1905-1907)
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N. Khrushchev.
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The era of stagnation (1965-1984) M. Gorbachev.
The USSR during the years of perestroika (1985-1991).
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The post Soviet period of development.
Of the Russian Federation (1991-1999) V. Putin.
The Russian Federation at the beginning of the XXI century
THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (1905-1907)
The causes and nature of the first Russian Revolution of 1905-1907.
At the beginning of the XX century, there were objective and subjective prerequisites for the revolution in Russia, primarily due to the peculiarities of Russia as a second tier country.
The most important prerequisites were four main factors.
Russia remained a country with an undeveloped democracy, the absence of a constitution, the lack of guarantees of human rights, which caused the activity of parties opposing the government.
After the reforms of the mid 19th century, the peasantry received less land than they used before the reform to ensure their existence, which caused social tension in the village.
The contradictions that have been growing since the second half of the XIX century between the rapid growth of capitalism and the remnants of serfdom created objective prerequisites for discontent, both of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
In addition, Russia was a multinational country in which the situation of non Russian peoples was extremely difficult.
That is why a large mass of revolutionaries were natives of non Russian peoples (Jews, Ukrainians, Latvians).
All this testified to the readiness of entire social groups for revolution.
The revolutionary action caused by the above contradictions was accelerated by such events as crop failures and famine in a number of provinces at the beginning of the XX century, the economic crisis of 1900-1903, which led to the marginalization of large masses of workers, the defeat of Russia in the Russian Japanese war.
By its nature, the revolution of 1905-1907 was bourgeois democratic, since it was aimed at implementing the requirements: the overthrow of the autocracy, the establishment of a democratic republic, the elimination of the class system and landowners ' land ownership.
The means of struggle used are strikes and strikes, and the main driving force is the workers (the proletariat).
The periodization of the revolution: the 1st stage - the initial from January 9 to the autumn of 1905; the 2nd stage the culmination from the autumn of 1905 .
until December 1905; and the final stage - January 1906 .
- June 1907 .
The course of the revolution
The beginning of the revolution is considered to be January 9, 1905 . ("Bloody Sunday")
in St. Petersburg, when government troops shot a demonstration of workers, allegedly organized by the priest of the St. Petersburg transit prison, Georgy Gapon.
Indeed, in an effort to prevent the development of the revolutionary spirit of the masses and to put their activities under control, the Government has taken steps in this direction.
Interior Minister Plehve supported S. Zubatov's experiments to put the opposition movement under control.
He developed and implemented "police socialism".
Its essence consisted in the organization of workers ' societies that were engaged in economic education.
This, according to Zubatov, was supposed to lead the workers away from the political struggle.
Georgy Gapon, who created political workers ' organizations, became a worthy successor of Zubatov's ideas.
It was Gapon's provocative activity that gave an impetus to the beginning of the revolution, At the height of the St. Petersburg general strike (up to 3 thousand people participated) Gapon proposed to arrange a peaceful march to the Winter Palace to submit a petition to the tsar about the needs of the workers.
Gapon notified the police about the upcoming demonstration in advance, which allowed the government to quickly prepare for the suppression of the riots.
During the shooting of the demonstration, more than 1 thousand people were killed.
Thus, on January 9, 1905 .
it was the beginning of the revolution and was called "Bloody Sunday".
On May 1, a workers ' strike began in Ivanovo Voznesensk.
The workers created their own authority the Council of Workers ' Commissioners.
On May 12, 1905, a strike began in Ivano Frankivsk, which lasted for more than two months.
At the same time, unrest breaks out in the villages that have engulfed the Black Earth Center, the Middle Volga region, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic States.
In the summer of 1905 .
the All Russian Peasant Union was formed.
At the Congress of the Union, demands were made for the transfer of land to the ownership of the entire people.
Open armed demonstrations broke out in the army and navy.
A major event was the armed uprising prepared by the Mensheviks on the battleship Prince Potemkin Tavrichesky.
June 14, 1905 .
the sailors who took possession of the battleship during the spontaneous uprising broke out, brought the ship to the roadstead of Odessa, where a general strike was taking place at that time.
But the sailors did not dare to land and support the workers.
"Potemkin" went to Romania and surrendered to the authorities.
The beginning of the second (culminating) stage of the revolution falls on the autumn of 1905 .
The growth of the revolution, the activation of the revolutionary forces and the opposition forced the tsarist government to make some concessions.
By the rescript of Nicholas II, the Minister of Internal Affairs A. Bulygin was instructed to develop a project for the creation of the State Duma.
August 6, 1905 .
a manifesto appeared on the convocation of the Duma.
The majority of the participants in the revolutionary movement did not satisfy either the nature of the "Bulygin Duma" as an exclusively legislative body, or the Provision on elections to the Duma (the elections were held in three curia: landowners, townspeople, peasants; workers, intellectuals and the petty bourgeoisie did not have voting rights).
Due to the boycott of the "Bulygin Duma", its elections were never held.
In October November 1905 .
riots of soldiers occurred in Kharkov, Kiev, Warsaw, Kronstadt, and a number of other cities, on November 11, 1905 .
an uprising began in Sevastopol, during which the sailors under the leadership of Lieutenant P. Schmidt disarmed the officers and created the Sevastopol Council of Deputies.
The main base of the rebels was the cruiser Ochakov, on which a red flag was raised.
November 15-16, 1905 .
the uprising was suppressed, and its leaders were shot.
Since mid October, the government has been losing control of the situation.
Rallies and demonstrations demanding the constitution were held everywhere.
To overcome the crisis, the Government tried to find a way out of the impasse and make even greater concessions.
On October 17, 1905, the tsar signed a Manifesto, according to which Russian citizens were granted civil liberties: inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, speech, press, assembly and unions.
The State Duma was provided with legislative functions.
The creation of a united government - the Council of Ministers was declared.
The manifesto influenced the further development of the event, reduced the revolutionary impulse of the liberals and contributed to the creation of legal right wing parties (Cadets and Octobrists).
The strike that began in October in Moscow covered the whole country and turned into an All Russian October political strike.
In October 1905 .
more than 2 million people were on strike.
At this time, Soviets of Workers', Soldiers 'and Peasants' Deputies arose, which turned from organs of the strike struggle into parallel (alternative) authorities.
Those who took part in them: the Mensheviks considered them as organs of local self - government, and the Bolsheviks as organs of armed insurrection.
The most important were the St. Petersburg and Moscow Soviets of Workers ' deputies.
The Moscow Soviet issued an appeal to start a political strike.
December 7, 1905 a general political strike began, which escalated in Moscow into the December armed uprising, which lasted until December 19, 1905 .
Workers built barricades on which they fought with government troops.
After the suppression of the December armed uprising in Moscow, the revolutionary wave began to subside.
In 1906-1907, strikes, strikes, peasant unrest, demonstrations in the army and navy continued.
But the government, with the help of the most severe repressions, gradually restored control over the country.
Thus, in the course of the bourgeois democratic revolution of 1905-1907, despite all the achievements, it was not possible to achieve the solution of the main tasks put forward at the beginning of the revolution, the overthrow of the autocracy, the destruction of the class system and the establishment of a democratic republic.
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