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The first Russian car
M. Kornilov
The creators of the first Russian car were Yevgeny Alexandrovich Yakovlev (1857-1898) and Pyotr Alexandrovich Freze (1844-1918).
It would be wrong to consider the appearance of the design of E. A. Yakovlev and P. A. Freze without analyzing the development of Russian industry.
At the end of the XIX century, the country was experiencing an industrial boom.
Military shipbuilding, the weapons industry, locomotive construction, bridge construction were rapidly advancing and were not inferior to the same industries in countries that are more economically developed than Russia.
It cannot be said that Russian engineers did not look for information about the achievements of science and technology abroad.
The famous Moscow propagandist of technical progress and invention P. K. Engelmeyer met K. Benz in Germany in 1883, and E. A. Yakovlev and P. A. Freze visited the World Exhibition in Chicago in 1893, where the Benz Victoria car was exhibited.
Thus, it would be wrong to treat the creation of the car by Yakovlev and Freze as a brilliant insight of technical thought.
Moreover, he was born at a time when there were prerequisites for the birth of the automotive industry all over the world.
It was in the summer of the same 1896 that Ford made the first trip on his "quadricycle", the Paris - Marseille - Paris automobile race was held in France at a distance of 1720 km long, and E. Michelin equipped several hundred cars with pneumatic tires.
In the same year, Russia introduced traffic rules, the German company Benz manufactured 181 cars, and in England the parliament repealed the law on a man with a red flag, who had to go ahead of any horseless carriage.
The crew part of the first Russian car by design followed the traditions of light horse drawn carriages.
The wheels with wooden rims and solid rubber tires rotated not on ball bearings, but on bronze bushings.
Their support surface had to be large and hence the massive hubs.
At the end of the XIX century, some crew masters began to install the front wheels on rotary pins.
And since the wheels rolled along arcs of different radii on turns, it was necessary to invent special mechanisms known as the Ackerman system or the Jeantot trapezoid (after the name of its creators).
Many crew masters followed these principles, and P. A. Freze also adhered to them when developing the chassis of the first Russian car.
He placed the suspension springs of the front wheels next to the wheels, like the rear, non rotating wheels.
The front springs turned together with the wheels relative to the pins, and P. A. Freze provided for the pins not only in the front axle beam, but also in the crossbar located above it, rigidly connected to the body frame.
A steering trapeze was also attached to it, raised high above the road and thus not subject to impacts on possible obstacles.
As for the engine and transmission, E. A. Yakovlev followed the path of K. Benz.
However, he corrected some of his mistakes and made the engine lighter.
In any case, the mass of the car, built by him together with P. A. Frese, turned out to be the same as that of the small model "Velo" by K. Benz, the production of which began in 1894.
It is also important to note that the German and Russian cars had almost the same wheelbase and similar design.
But the Russian car was wider in track, was equipped with heavier wooden wheels (in German - bicycle type) and was equipped with a folding leather top.
This meant an increase in weight by 50-70 kg compared to the design of K. Benz.
E. A. Yakovlev, as well as the German inventor, equipped his engine with an evaporative cooling system.
When the engine was running, the water was constantly boiling, the steam entered the condenser, where it was cooled and condensed into water.
But some of the water evaporated.
It is curious that T. von Liebig, who in 1894 made a run from Reichenberg to Mannheim and back in a Benz Victoria car with a similar cooling system, consumed 21 liters of gasoline and 150 liters (!) of water per 100 km of the way.
E. A. Yakovlev's water supply (about 30 liters) was placed in two side brass tanks.
The condenser itself in the form of a horizontal long cylinder was placed behind the back of the seat.
The cars of K. Benz, E. A. Yakovlev and P. A. Freze had a similar transmission design, the basic scheme of which was borrowed from machine tools.
It consisted of two belts (for K. Benz - leather, for E. A. Yakovlev - rubberized fabric), working on stepped pulleys.
Each corresponded to the lower and higher gears and each had an idle speed.
The movement of the belts and thus the gear shift was controlled using two levers on the vertical axles located to the right and left of the steering column.
Slipping of the belts when switching replaced the action of the clutch mechanism.
The maximum speed of the first Russian car was 20 versts per hour.
The rational combination of their own and borrowed technical solutions speaks about the creative approach of E. A. Yakovlev and P. A. Freze to create their own "horseless crew".
At the same time, it should be noted that the appearance in St. Petersburg of the first Benz car (a four seat model "Victoria") could not add anything to the knowledge that the inventors had after visiting the Chicago exhibition in 1893.
The entry of our automotive industry to a new technical level with the creation of the infrastructure of related industries took place in the 70-80 years, when new and radically reconstructed plants VAZ, Izhmash, KAMAZ, ZIL, GAZ began to work.
Despite the economic difficulties of recent years, the Russian automotive industry keeps production at a fairly high level.
In 1995, more than one million buses, cars and trucks were produced.
If we count from the car of E. A. Yakovlev and P. A. Freze, then for 100 years the factories of Russia and Ukraine have produced more than 23 million passenger cars alone.
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Date added: 28.02.2009
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