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BULDAKOVA E. A. MODERN METHODS OF ORGANIZING GREEN ZONES IN THE DENSE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Keywords: vertical landscaping, ecological comfort zones, mobile landscaping systems, roof landscaping, modern methods of urban landscaping, Compacted urban development, eco parks
BULDAKOVA E. A. MODERN METHODS OF ORGANIZING GREEN ZONES IN THE DENSE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Category: 18.00.00 ARCHITECTURE
Bibliographic link to the article:
// Modern scientific research and innovation.
2012.
No. 5 [Electronic resource].
URL: http://web.snauka.ru/issues/2012/05/12660 (accessed: 24.05.2016).
In the conditions of high altitude compacted urban development, there is a decrease in environmental indicators, which is primarily due to a decrease in the area of urban landscaping.
To solve the problem of greening megacities, it is necessary to search for new ways to return natural complexes to the structure of the city.
Rapid, rapid urbanization, as a global problem, appeared several decades ago, and the development of large cities into megacities led to the emergence of new sources of transformation and pollution of the environment, as well as changes in urban space.
The growth of the urban population and the consolidation of urban development gives special importance to the problem of creating environmental comfort zones.
The development of the city causes a reduction in the amount of clean air, water, green space and silence, which is so lacking for modern people with their accelerated rhythm of life in cities and megacities [3].
Large settlements make significant changes to the existing wind regime of air mass movement.
High rise buildings located in an urban environment, without taking into account the wind regime, can lead to the creation of undesirable vortex flows flowing around the walls of buildings.
Almost all types of modern transport are sources of urban air pollution.
Any transport creates vibration, noise, gas contamination, dust [2].
The multidimensional and global problem of the impact of urbanization on the environment also has a psychological impact on a person.
Information flows, the deterioration of environmental indicators, the accelerated pace of life, as well as a number of other factors, practically excluded the comfortable living conditions of the city's population.
Modern urban planning trends (the growth and consolidation of urban space development) practically do not leave places that would separate a person from factors that adversely affect the health of the city's population (noise, dust and aggressive urban environment).
There are fewer and fewer places for a comfortable rest for a person.
This is especially felt in the central part of large cities.
Spot construction increases the population density and often the norms for the number of landscaping per inhabitant are not observed there.
In this dense development, where buildings and parking lots serving them are located, there are no areas for creating recreational areas.
Modern approaches to urban landscaping allow solving environmental problems without radical methods of transforming the urban environment (without demolishing buildings to create a normalized number of green areas).
Currently, an important direction in the development of the city's architecture is the development of modern ways of forming environmental comfort zones in conditions of dense development.
These include:
I. Greening of roofs of buildings (fig. 1).
There are two types of roof landscaping:
extensive
The extensive method of landscaping the roof is the simplest.
It is often used on the roofs of industrial enterprises.
This method is used to green the roofs of garages, gazebos, terraces and various outbuildings.
At the same time, people are not supposed to have access to such a roof.
For such a lawn on the roof, landscape designers select plants that require minimal care.
Over time, other types of plants and even birds take root on the roof.
Intensive landscaping of the roof imposes serious restrictions on the construction of the building.
Gardening in this way allows you not only to contemplate the green lawn on the roof of the house, but also to relax on it.
A real garden with reservoirs, fountains, lush flower beds, paths is arranged on the roofs, and an automatic irrigation system is designed [14].
The main advantages of landscaping roofs: Improving the environment;
The vegetable layer of the garden reduces harmful electromagnetic radiation, protects the roof from ultraviolet rays, serves as an additional insulation of the roof, protects it from mechanical damage;
The slow evaporation of water from the plant layer increases the humidity in the garden.
The temperature regime of the upper floors of the building is changing – the microclimate is improving, - it becomes much cooler in summer, and warmer in winter – reducing summer electricity consumption; Dustiness decreases, vegetation catches dust, this effect is enhanced when watering and moistening plants; Noise proof properties of the garden;
There is a favorable psychological effect of people's contact with nature a warm, living grass roof, flowers, trees and shrubs;
The comfort of housing on the top floor increases, which also entails an increase in its cost; Improving the living conditions of people of different categories, their comfortable rest, improving their health; Improving the aesthetics of the building itself and the city as a whole[15].
Fig.
1. Greening of roofs of buildings in Toronto, North America [13].
II.
The use of vertical landscaping of facades (Fig. 2).
An interesting, original and at the same time simple means of decorating buildings is vertical landscaping of facades.
With the help of plants, you can get a stunning decorative effect, which is especially important where there is a constant shortage of space for planting plants, whether it is a country house with a small plot or urban residential and public areas.
The use of vertical landscaping of facades helps to regulate the thermal regime of the interior of buildings, makes it possible to disguise outwardly unsightly buildings and create optimal microclimatic conditions – reduce noise, wind strength, increase humidity, create shade, enrich the air with oxygen, absorb harmful gases and dust.
In addition, vertical gardening has a positive emotional impact and can safely compete with the already familiar indoor flowers and winter gardens.
Recently, vertical landscaping of facades is increasingly used in large cities.
Where buildings made of glass, concrete, plastic and stone occupy most of the urban development, and there are practically no places for environmental comfort zones.
It is possible to distinguish such types of vertical landscaping of facades:
solid landscaping.
Solid vertical landscaping is used for decorating the facades of buildings.
In this case, you need to carefully consider the formation of shoots around entrances and windows.
gardening with a group of plants, gardening with single plants.
Gardening with a group of plants and gardening with single plants, from the branches of which you can create various combinations, it is advisable to use for the design of facades that differ in a simple solution without loggias or balconies, with a uniform breakdown of piers and window openings along the facade.
When landscaping loggias and balconies, the fences are raised up along the end faces, along the piers and along the enclosing grilles of the balconies.
In this case, open or closed groups of plants are used [4].
Fig.
2. Vertical landscaping of building facades [4].
III.
Construction of eco parks (fig. 3).
Ecological parking is widespread all over the world.
Their main purpose is to preserve the ecological environment by ensuring movement.
On the scale of megacities, where “natural lungs” are actively being reduced, eco parks have become a kind of salvation.
Eco parks are created by strengthening the soil with natural natural materials, such as crushed stone, sand.
Then the lawn grid and the soil layer with seeds are laid.
Ecological parking is suitable for both passenger cars and trucks.
To strengthen the strength to high loads, more complex “pillows " are used (a geogrid covered with sand and gravel is covered with geotextile).
Such strong ecological parking lots allow heavy vehicles, including trucks and helicopters, to park without problems [16].
Eco parking is a construction technology that allows you to achieve comfortable living conditions for a person in harmony with nature.
Fig.
3. Eco parks [5].
IV.
Mobile gardening systems (Fig. 4).
Fig.
4. The project "eco cocoons" on the territory of Boston from the architectural company Howeler&Yoon and the design bureau Squared Design Lab [6].
Mobile landscaping systems are the landscaping of the city, implemented at the expense of structural elements that can be implemented, moved, and, if necessary, completely removed from the urban fabric.
They are necessary in the conditions of dense development of the central part of the city or when creating recreation in a short time.
These are easily installed systems that have a mobile, portable nature, which allow the city environment to change regularly, to be more diverse, heterogeneous and interesting for the residents of the city.
Mobile gardening systems are one of the ways to introduce green elements that are so necessary for a person into the city structure.
The mobility of landscaping systems is achieved by:
the possibilities of movement (fig. 5).
These are a kind of eco cells that can be embedded in any urbanized environment, be a self sufficient element of the city and meet all human needs in the lack of nature, performing recreational and sanitary protection functions.
Fig.
5. Walking, floating and flying eco houses.
Pridneprovskaya State Academy of Construction, Viktor Vorobyov.
[7].
quickness (changeability).
The structural simplicity, modularity of elements, ease of installation and dismantling of mobile landscaping systems allows you to create an environmentally friendly environment in a short time (Fig. 6).
Thus, a minimum of time and other resources is required to create and place such systems.
Fig.
6. Pavilion P.S. 1-2008 "Public farm 1" [8]
The introduction of mobile landscaping systems into the urban planning structure takes place at three urban planning levels (Fig. 7):
level 1: the layout of the city district, settlement, locality.
Current environmental problems of modern cities need to be solved at the urban planning level.
The planning of urban structures should be carried out taking into account the formed urban fabric, large urban spaces and masses.
Only the application of an integrated urban planning approach can solve the problems of lack of landscaping in modern cities.
level 2: layout of the district, microdistrict
At this level, it is necessary to solve the problems of lack of landscaping for a certain type of development, take into account the uniqueness of the area and the architecture of buildings, give a unique individual image of a green urban environment.
level 3: landscaping.
Landscaping of the territory due to mobile landscaping allows you to place the necessary number of square meters of landscaping on small areas of urban space, use surfaces and territories that were not previously used for organizing green spaces.
Mobile mobile gardening systems can be elements of landscaping.
Like small architectural forms, they bring diversity to the urban environment.
Fig.
7. Examples of project proposals for mobile landscaping systems at 3 urban planning levels.
Mobile gardening systems are a means of realizing the accessibility of green spaces for the population of large cities.
Properly placed mobile landscaping systems are able to perform utilitarian, aesthetic and sanitary roles, as well as diversify the urban environment, making it individual and compositionally attractive.
Measures to improve the environment, landscaping, greening of cities and populated areas are now becoming more and more relevant.
The green spaces (garden and park complexes and individual sections) of a modern city are most often combined into a dynamically interconnected system.
The importance of natural nature in the greening of the city, the formation of its external appearance, the increase in areas for green spaces, the creation of new parks, squares, boulevards, forest parks is increasing.
Modern requirements for the architectural and planning organization of environmental comfort zones are determined by the tendency to search for proposals for new solutions to green areas, and most importantly to solve the problem of lack of space in the urban space for the placement of such zones.
The issue of organizing environmental comfort zones against the background of the dynamic development of the city will become increasingly relevant.
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