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RUDN is a participant of the state program of the Russian Federation "5 - in the TOP 100"
Project and research work of students Within the framework of scientific projects of students, scientific reports and presentations were presented at the following student conferences in 2015: New Technology (in the languages taught at the department) and "International Communication in the professional sphere" (in German).
According to the results of the conferences, a collection of scientific papers of students was published.
We introduce you to the best student message on this page:
"LIVING SYSTEMS" IN URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
Zaitseva A. A. 1, Lukina M. S. 2, Smirnova N. M. 3, Sukhina Yu.
I. 4
Peoples ' Friendship University of Russia,
faculty of Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Moscow
1anna z96@mail.ru, 2notolgaa@gmail.com, 3snika6@rambler.ru, 4suhinsuha@rambler.ru
Abstract: the article analyzes the problems associated with the unfavorable environmental background of the life of large cities.
The growing population, rapidly developing industry and the cutting down of green spaces in favor of the development of transport routes are the main factors that worsen the atmosphere.
The authors of the article believe that the increase in the area of green spaces is a mechanism for partial stabilization of the situation.
In this regard, the project proposed by the director of the expert club of industry and energy, G. Afanasyev, is of great interest, which is not just a compromise between new technologies and environmental safety, but also their symbiosis.
The project involves the restructuring of the infrastructure on the basis of "living systems", which will undoubtedly improve the environmental situation of large cities, as well as increase the prestige of Russia on the world stage.
Keywords: green construction, "living systems", green city, "food forest", "horticulture", "simbiocity", vertical gardening.
Abbreviations: LEED is an international certification system for green housing construction.
«GREEN SYSTEMS» IN URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
Zaytseva A.A., Lukina M.S., Smirnova N.M., Suhina J.I.
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
1anna z96@mail.ru; 2notolgaa@gmail.com; 3snika6@rambler.ru; 4suhinsuha@rambler.ru
Abstract: some issues concerning unfavorable ecological background in big cities are considered in the paper.
Growing population, fast developing industry and cutting down green plantations in favor of developing transport networks are the main factors, which make atmosphere go worse.
The authors of the paper consider an increase of green plantations to become a mechanism of partial stabilization in this situation.
For this reason, the project, proposed by G. Afanasyev, the Director of Expert Club of Industry and Energy, is the case of interest.
It is not just a compromise between new technologies and environment, but is their symbiosis.
This symbiosis is in great demand.
«Living systems» may lay the basis for sustainable changes in urban infrastructure, which will undoubtedly improve environmental conditions, furthermore, will contribute to the nation’s value on the international arena.
Key words: green building, living systems, green city, «food forest», «horticulture», «simbiocity», vertical greening.
Abbreviations: LEED – Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design.
The most acute issue of our time is the problem of the deteriorating environmental situation caused by the rapid development of industrial production, accompanied by emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, wastewater and soil.
As a result, due to environmental poisoning and massive (often illegal) landfills, the level of ecology has significantly decreased (compared to the two previous centuries).
"Bad" ecology, in turn, leads to an exacerbation of chronic diseases and to a decrease in the immunity of the population, thereby generating a deterioration in the gene pool of nations.
G. Afanasyev, director of the expert club of industry and energy, in order to overcome the current "status quo", proposed the project "Trends in Urban Planning", which aims to show in a structured way possible ways to solve the environmental catastrophe of large cities.
According to G. Afanasyev, in order to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the environment and the energy needs of the population, it is necessary to introduce new technologies for the construction and energy supply of residential buildings.
The project can be implemented in three stages: Construction of the first generation of houses with reduced energy supply (25-90%).
Houses with a reduced energy supply are buildings that partially depend on the city's energy supply.
2. Construction of the second generation of houses with zero energy balance (100%).
The concept of a building with a zero energy balance is based on the idea of meeting all the energy needs of the residents of the house at the expense of inexpensive, geographically accessible, environmentally friendly, renewable energy sources.
At the same time, the amount of renewable energy generated should be equal to or exceed the annual energy consumption of the building [Koval, 2012].
3. Construction of the third generation of houses - "active houses".
An active house, that is, a house with a positive energy balance, a house according to the "energy plus" standard is a building that produces energy for its own needs in more than sufficient quantities.
The total annual energy consumption is positive, in contrast to a low energy house.
This project will significantly reduce the mass consumption of energy.
However, the revolution should take place not only due to new technologies and alternative energy sources, but also due to "green construction" - increasing the area of green spaces that can improve the air in large cities.
"Green construction" (construction using strong natural materials, many of which are capable of decomposition) as a necessary stage of the project, it offers an increase in the number of houses, the impact of the results of their functioning on the environment is minimal.
As of June 2012, 7 million projects in 130 countries are certified by LEED (International certification system for green housing construction), 60% of which are in the United States.
According to world forecasts, "green construction" will grow 3 times over the period 2010-2015, which will greatly affect the real estate market, as new requirements for the living environment will appear, as well as the demand for buildings of old principles will decline until the acquisition of negative value [Afanasyev, 2013].
"A city in a park" is one of the solutions of a smart city, which implies, on the one hand, the sustainability of the city's development, and on the other – comfort for people to live in it [Drozhzhinov, 2013].
The main feature of the "city in the park" is the creation of infrastructure based on" living systems " (urban infrastructure that includes vegetation as one of the main components).
This city is characterized by a certain complex that produces all the primary resources.
By comparison, now the same resources are imported into a particular city.
Thus, we can trace the dependence of a particular city on external influence, while the "city in the park" is completely independent of its environment, which significantly emphasizes its commercial component [Afanasyev, 2013].
The problem of waste disposal is also relevant: the soil, water and atmosphere of cities are polluted not only due to industrial emissions, but also due to the presence of mass landfills, which are growing exponentially every year.
To reduce the waste of" vital activity "of cities, it is necessary to introduce "living systems", according to the principles of which water and air purification, mass recycling of garbage waste and the production of resources will be carried out.
Thus, composters for public and home use will help "cleaning" companies to profitably and efficiently collect and" recycle " waste, including with the help of microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria and yeast) that can process up to 90% of garbage into compost [Afanasyev, 2013].
Another possible way out of the situation is "Food Forest".
"Food Forest" is a gardening method that simulates a forest ecosystem.
The concept of this project is that a person is required to create a territory, and not for its direct permanent maintenance.
That is, this system, like a forest, develops independently without human intervention, but instead of ordinary trees and shrubs, fruit bearing crops grow there, which will reduce dependence on imported products from outside if natural conditions allow growing certain crops [Afanasyev, 2013].
"Food Forest" involves the cultivation of garden and fruit crops, as "horticultures".
We are talking about the simultaneous cultivation of trees, shrubs, flowers, vegetables and fruit crops that together make up a single complex.
"Horticulture" forms a different environment in which the park will be not just flowers and flower beds with benches, but will also include berry bushes, independent biocenoses, urban vegetable gardens.
We are talking about creating a designed biocenosis in which certain animals, insects, and microorganisms coexist and develop an order of magnitude more difficult, unlike lifeless parks [Afanasyev, 2013].
Another element of the project is "SimbioCity "(symbio – from symbiosis – "symbiosis", and city – "city"), designed to ensure the mutually beneficial existence of urban systems, to achieve synergy, with less energy consumption, while simultaneously reducing the harmful impact on the environment.
The system includes a lot of engineering solutions, both in terms of bioenergy, and in terms of water and heat supply.
The total effect of saving resources can reach 80% [Sokolov, 2013].
The Swedish government actively supports the field of energy efficient technologies as a way to reduce the energy intensity of production, as well as the impact on the environment [Bringeus, 2013].
For example, biofuels are actively used in Sweden.
For example, in Stockholm, recycled sludge from domestic wastewater is converted into biogas and used as fuel for public transport.
Over the past 40 years, a separate branch has appeared in Sweden, dealing with the electric power industry, in which about 400 companies currently work.
During the implementation of the "SimbioCity" concept in Sweden, energy consumption has decreased by 40%, environmental impact by 20%.
The construction of solar houses also contributes to reducing the energy consumption of the urban population.
Solar houses are specially designed buildings that make maximum use of sunlight for heating and cooling tasks of the building, implemented due to the geometry of walls and windows.
When the windows are facing south, they should be concave in order to reduce the flow of sunlight into the room as much as possible in the summer, while they heat up less.
And in winter, there will be better lighting.
As for the windows facing south east, their design is radically different from the previous one.
The walls should be convex, creating a smaller angle of inclination relative to the horizon [Afanasyev, 2013].
An interesting, original and at the same time environmentally justified means of decorating buildings is vertical landscaping of facades.
The use of vertical landscaping of facades helps to regulate the thermal regime of the interior of buildings, makes it possible to disguise outwardly unsightly buildings and create optimal microclimatic conditions – reduce noise, wind strength, increase humidity, create shade, enrich the air with oxygen, absorb harmful gases and dust.
In addition, vertical gardening has a positive emotional impact.
Vertical landscaping of facades can be continuous, or landscaping by a group of plants or single plants.
Solid vertical landscaping is used for decorating the facades of buildings.
In this case, it is necessary to carefully provide for the formation of shoots around entrances and windows.
Gardening with a group of plants and gardening with single plants, from the branches of which various combinations can be created, it is advisable to use for the design of facades that differ in a simple solution without loggias or balconies, with a uniform breakdown of piers and window openings along the facade [Buldakova, 2012].
Along with vertical landscaping, both extensive and intensive landscaping of roofs is used.
The extensive method of roof gardening is used on the roofs of industrial enterprises, roofs of garages, gazebos, terraces and various outbuildings.
People are not supposed to have access to such a roof.
For such a lawn on the roof, landscape designers select plants that require minimal care.
Over time, other types of plants take root on the roof.
Intensive landscaping of the roof imposes serious restrictions on the construction of the building.
Gardening in this way allows you not only to contemplate the green lawn on the roof of the house, but also to relax on it.
A real garden with reservoirs, fountains, lush flower beds, paths is arranged on the roofs, and an automatic irrigation system is designed.
The main advantages of landscaping roofs: (1) improving the environment;
(2) the vegetable layer of the garden reduces harmful electromagnetic radiation; protects the roof from ultraviolet rays; serves as an additional insulation of the roof, protects it from mechanical damage;
(3) the slow evaporation of water from the plant layer increases the humidity in the garden.
The temperature regime of the upper floors of the building is changing – the microclimate is improving, - it becomes much cooler in summer, and warmer in winter – reducing summer electricity consumption; (4) dustiness decreases, vegetation catches dust, this effect is enhanced when watering and moistening plants; (5) the garden has noise proof properties;
(6) there is a favorable psychological effect of people's contact with nature a warm, living grass roof, flowers, trees and shrubs;
(7) the comfort of housing on the top floor increases, which also leads to an increase in its cost; (8) the living conditions of people of different categories, the comfort of their rest, the state of their health improve;
(9) the aesthetics of the building itself and the city as a whole are improved
[Buldakova, 2012].
If the architecture of the houses does not allow the use of vertical landscaping, it is possible to use mini parks.
Mini parks (otherwise "pocket parks") are parks of a very small area located on the side of the carriageways of urban highways, bus stops, car parks, etc.
"Pocket parks" are the only option for creating new public green areas without large scale reconstruction [Afanasyev, 2013].
It seems that the project of G. Afanasyev, if fully implemented, can dramatically change the appearance of cities.
At the same time, for the full functioning of such "smart cities", it is necessary to develop the skills of "eco friendly life", which represents active developmental and educational work with children, starting from kindergarten.
Literature:
1. Gorokhov V. A. Urban green construction: Studies.
Manual for universities.
Moscow: Stroyizdat, 2003.
416 p.
2. Lunts L. B. Urban green construction.
Textbook for universities.
Ed. 2nd, add.
and reprint .
M.: Stroyizdat, 1974.
275 p.
3. B. C. Teodoronsky B. C., E. D. Sabo, V. A. Frolova Construction and operation of landscape architecture objects: a textbook for students.
higher.
studies.
Moscow: Publishing center "Academy", 2006.
352 p.
4. Buldakova E. A. Modern methods of organizing green zones in the compacted building of the city / / Modern scientific research and innovations.
2012.
No.
5. [Electronic resource].
Access mode: http://web.snauka.ru/issues/2012/05/12660 (accessed: 20.03.2015).
5. Afanasyev G. Green City.
The city in the park [Electronic resource].
Access mode: http://www.expertclub.ru/sections/design/publications/7 (accessed: 25.03.2015)
6.
Drozhzhinov "Smart City" and the principles of its creation [Electronic resource].
Access mode: http://ecpol.ru/2012-04-05-13-41-25/2012-04-05-13-42-08/946 umnyj gorod i printsipy ego sozdaniya.html (accessed: 25.03.2015)
7.
Dai Haifei (Dai Haifei).
Egg House [Electronic resource].
Access mode: http://www.bypas.ru/150311a8.html (accessed 2 -. 03. 2015)
8.
Danish studio n55.
The project of the walking eco house [Electronic resource].
Access mode: http://kr pro.livejournal.com/24326.html (accessed: 25.03.2015)
9.
Gracheva E. Mobile urban landscaping system "Sphere" [Electronic resource].
Access mode: http://www.usaaa.ru/news/archive/news2010/bakalavry id (accessed: 22.03.2015)
10.
About buildings with a "zero" energy balance and plans for" zeroing " abroad [Electronic resource].
Access mode: http://portal energo.ru/articles/details/id/493 (accessed: 20.03.2015)
11.
Pavilion P.S. 1 2008 - "Public farm 1" [Electronic resource].
Access mode: http://archi.ru/foreign/guide/object current.html?oid=3898&fl=2&sl=3 (accessed 25.03.2015)
12.
Vorobyov V. Eco houses.
PGAS [Electronic resource].
Access mode: http://www.domik.net/novosti/dnepropetrovsk ukraincev zaseljat v nory n99713.html (accessed: 22.03.2015)
13.
Vincent Callebaut Architects Amphibia Physalia Garden [Electronic resource].
Access mode: http://www.archiportal.crimea.ua/novosti/631.html (accessed 20.03.2015)
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