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Confidence and purpose>Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics
Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics
Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics
Psychological characteristics of temperament types Temperament and activity Temperament and character Conclusion TYPES of TEMPERAMENTS AND THEIR PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Temperament should be understood as individually peculiar properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of a person's mental activity, which are equally manifested in a variety of activities regardless of its content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and in their mutual connection characterize the type of temperament.
The specific manifestations of the type of temperament are diverse.
They are not only noticeable in the external manner of behavior, but they seem to permeate all sides of the psyche, significantly manifesting themselves in cognitive activity, the sphere of feelings, motives and actions of a person, as well as in the nature of mental work, features of speech, etc.
At present, science has a sufficient number of facts to give a complete psychological description of all types of temperament according to a certain harmonious program.
However, to compile the psychological characteristics of the traditional 4 types, the following main properties of temperament are usually distinguished: Sensitivity is determined by what is the smallest force of external influences necessary for the occurrence of any mental reaction of a person, and what is the rate of occurrence of this reaction.
Reactivity is characterized by the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength (critical remark. an offensive word, a sharp tone - even a sound).
Activity testifies to how intensely (energetically) a person influences the outside world and overcomes obstacles in achieving goals (perseverance, purposefulness, concentration of attention).
The ratio of reactivity and activitydetermines what makes a person's activity more envious: from random external or internal circumstances, moods, random events) or from goals, intentions, beliefs.
Plasticity and rigidity indicate how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences (plasticity) or how inert and rigid his behavior is.
Extroversion, introversion determines what a person's reactions and activities mainly depend on - from external impressions that arise at the moment (extrovert), or from images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introvert).
Taking into account all the listed properties , Ya.
Strelyau gives the following psychological characteristics of the main classical types of temperament: SANGUINE.
A person with increased reactivity, but at the same time his activity and reactivity are balanced.
He responds vividly, excitedly to everything that attracts his attention, has a lively facial expression and expressive movements.
He laughs at a minor occasion, and an insignificant fact can make him angry.
It is easy to guess his mood, attitude to an object or a person by his face.
He has a high sensitivity threshold, so he does not notice very weak sounds and light stimuli.
Having increased activity and being very energetic and efficient, he is actively engaged in a new business and can work for a long time without getting tired.
He is able to concentrate quickly, is disciplined, if desired, he can restrain the manifestation of his feelings and involuntary reactions.
He is characterized by quick movements, flexibility of mind, resourcefulness.
fast pace of speech, quick inclusion in a new job.
High plasticity is manifested in the variability of feelings, moods, interests and aspirations.
A sanguine person easily converges with new people, quickly gets used to new requirements and conditions.
Effortlessly not only switches from one job to another, but also retrains,.
mastering new skills.
As a rule, he responds more to external impressions than to subjective images and ideas about the past and future, an extrovert.
In a sanguine person, feelings easily arise, easily change.
The ease with which new temporary connections are formed and remade in a sanguine person, the great mobility of the stereotype is also reflected in the mental mobility of sanguine people, they reveal a certain tendency to instability.
CHOLERIC .
Like a sanguine person, it is characterized by low sensitivity, high reactivity and activity.
But in a choleric, reactivity clearly prevails over activity, so he is unbridled, unrestrained, impatient.
Hot tempered.
It is less plastic and more inert.
Than sanguine.
Hence a great stability of aspirations and interests, great perseverance, there may be difficulties in switching attention, he is rather an extrovert.
A PHLEGMATIC person has a high activity, significantly prevailing over low reactivity, low sensitivity and emotionality.
It is difficult to make him laugh and sad - when people laugh loudly around, he can remain unperturbed.
In case of big troubles, he remains calm.
Usually he has poor facial expressions, movements are expressionless and slow, just like speech.
He is not active, hardly switches his attention and adapts to a new environment, slowly rebuilds skills and habits.
At the same time, he is energetic and efficient.
It is distinguished by patience, endurance, self control.
As a rule, he finds it difficult to get along with new people, responds poorly to external impressions, is an introvert.
the disadvantage of a phlegmatic is his inertia, lack of mobility.
Inertia also affects the inertia of its stereotypes, the difficulties of its restructuring.
However, this quality, inertia, also has a positive value, contributes to the thoroughness of the constancy of the personality.
A MELANCHOLIC Person with high sensitivity and low reactivity.
Hypersensitivity with great inertia leads to the fact that a minor reason can cause him to cry, he is excessively touchy, painfully sensitive.
His facial expressions and movements are expressionless, his voice is quiet, his movements are poor.
Usually he is insecure, timid, the slightest difficulty makes him give up.
The melancholic is not energetic, unstable, easily fatigued and has little working capacity.
He has an inherent easily distracted and unstable attention and a slow pace of all mental processes.
Most melancholics are introverts.
Melancholic is shy, indecisive, timid.
However, in a calm, familiar environment, a melancholic can successfully cope with life's tasks.
It can be considered already firmly established that the type of temperament in a person is innate, and it has not yet been fully clarified on which properties of his innate organization it depends.
TEMPERAMENT AND ACTIVITY Dynamic features of a person's personality appear not only in the external manner of behavior, not only in movements - they are also manifested in the mental sphere, in the sphere of motivation, in general efficiency.
Naturally, the peculiarities of temperament affect in educational classes and in work.
But the main thing is that differences in temperaments are differences not in the level of the possibility of the psyche, but in the originality of its manifestations.
It is established that there is no dependence between the level of achievements, i.e. the final result of actions, and the characteristics of temperament, if the activity takes place in conditions that can be defined as normal.
Thus, regardless of the degree of mobility or reactivity of an individual in a normal, non stressful situation, the results of activity will in principle be the same, since the level of achievements will depend mainly on other factors, especially on the level of motivation and abilities.
At the same time, studies that establish this pattern show that the way of carrying out the activity itself changes depending on the temperament.
Depending on the characteristics of the temperament, people differ not in the final result of actions, but in the way of achieving results.
Studies were conducted to establish the relationship between the way of performing actions and the characteristics of temperament.
In these studies, an individual style of activity was considered as a way to achieve results or a way to solve a certain task, mainly due to the type of nervous system.
The results of the research of the overwhelming majority of authors, regardless of the characteristics of the studied groups and experimental situations in which the method of performing actions typical for these individuals was studied, show that it is the type of nervous processes that has a significant impact on the formation of a certain style of activity.
A sanguine person should be constantly faced with new, if possible interesting tasks that require concentration and tension from him.
It is necessary to constantly include its active activities and systematically encourage its efforts.
The phlegmatic person needs to be involved in active activity and interested.
It requires systematic attention.
It cannot be switched from one task to another.
In relation to a melancholic, not only sharpness, rudeness, but also just a raised tone, irony are unacceptable.
He requires special attention, you should praise him in time for his success, determination and will.
A negative assessment should be used as carefully as possible, mitigating its negative effect in every possible way.
A melancholic is the most sensitive and vulnerable type, you need to be extremely soft and friendly with him.
It depends on the temperament in which way a person implements his actions, but their content side does not depend on it.
Temperament is manifested in the peculiarities of the course of mental processes.
Affecting the speed of memory and the strength of memorization, the fluency of mental operations, stability and switchability of attention.
TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER Temperament must be strictly distinguished from character.
Temperament in no way characterizes the content side of a person (worldview, views, beliefs, interests, etc .), does not determine the value of a person or the limit of possible achievements for a given person.
It has only to do with the dynamic side of the activity.
Although the temperament cannot determine the relations of a person, her aspirations, and interests, her ideals, i.e. the entire richness of the content of the inner life of a person, however, the characteristic of the dynamic side is essential for understanding the complex way of human behavior, human character.
The extent to which a person shows balance in behavior, flexibility, dynamism and expansiveness in reactions speaks about the qualitative characteristics of the individual and its capabilities, which are formed in a certain way on the labor and social activities of the individual.
Thus, temperament is not something external in a person's character.
and it is organically included in its structure.
Life impressions.
education and training on the natural basic fabric of temperament - a type of higher nervous activity - gradually weave patterns.
The attitude of the individual, his beliefs, aspirations, consciousness of necessity and duty allow him to overcome some impulses, train others in order to organize his behavior in accordance with social norms.
Temperament does not determine the path of development of specific characteristics of the character, the temperament itself is transformed under the influence of character qualities.
The development of character and temperament in this sense is an interdependent process.
Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics added : 01.01.2003 references to the page: 455031 author: vk.com/alexzubarev | / comments [91] | / print | / discuss in the forum
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