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Personality
Types of human temperament
Temperament Research
Sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic
Temperament and character
Types of human character
Character and personality
Qualities of character
The social character of a person
Character accentuations
Features of a person's character
Mental processes and states
Mental cognitive processes
Functions and types of attention
Types and processes of imagination
The concept and classification of sensations
Perception, its types and properties
Contents General concept of temperament Typologies of temperament Temperament and activity Four types of temperament Temperament and human abilities
The general concept of temperament
The problem that will be discussed in this lecture has been occupying humanity for more than 25 centuries.
The interest in it is connected with the evidence of individual differences between people.
The psyche of each person is unique.
Its uniqueness is connected both with the peculiarities of the biological and physiological structure and development of the body, and with the unique composition of social ties and contacts.
The biological conditioned substructures of personality include, first of all, temperament.
When we talk about temperament, we mean many mental differences between people — differences in depth, intensity, stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, pace, energy of actions and other dynamic, individually stable features of mental life, behavior and activity.
Nevertheless, temperament remains a largely controversial and unresolved problem today.
However, with all the variety of approaches to the problem, scientists and practitioners recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which a person as a social being is formed.
Temperament reflects the dynamic aspects of behavior, mainly of an innate nature, so the properties of temperament are the most stable and constant in comparison with other mental characteristics of a person.
The most specific feature of the temperament is that the various properties of the temperament of a given person are not randomly combined with each other, but are naturally related to each other, forming a certain organization that characterizes the 3 temperaments.
So, temperament should be understood as individually peculiar properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of a person's mental activity, which, equally manifested in a variety of activities, regardless of its content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and characterize the type of temperament in the relationship.
Before proceeding to the consideration of various types and features of temperament, it should be noted at once that there are no better and worse temperaments — each of them has its own positive aspects, and therefore the main efforts should be directed not to its correction, but to the reasonable use of its advantages in specific activities.
A person has long made attempts to identify and realize the typical features of the mental makeup of various people, trying to reduce all their diversity to a small number of generalized portraits.
Such generalized portraits have been called types of temperaments since ancient times.
Such typologies were practically useful, since they could be used to predict the behavior of people with a certain temperament in specific life situations.
Typologies of temperament
The creator of the doctrine of temperaments is the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (VXVIII century BC).
He argued that people differ in the ratio of the 4 main " juices of the body” - blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile that are part of it.
Based on his teachings, the most famous physician of antiquity after Hippocrates, Claudius Galen (II century BC), developed the first typology of temperaments, which he outlined in the famous treatise "De temperamentum" (Lat. "proportionality”," the right measure”).
According to his teaching, the type of temperament depends on the predominance of one of the juices in the body.
They were allocated temperaments that are still widely known in our time: sanguine (from Lat. sanguis — blood), phlegmatics (from the Greek phlegma — phlegma), choleric (from the Greek chole — bile), melancholy (from the Greek melas chole — black bile).
This fantastic concept has had a huge impact on scientists for many centuries.
There were a variety of typologies of temperaments.
The most interesting are those in which the properties of temperament, understood as hereditary or innate, were associated with individual differences in the features of the physique.
These typologies are called constitutional typologies.
Among them, the typologies of E. Kretschmer, W. Sheldon, etc. can be distinguished.
In psychological science, most of the constitutional concepts have become the object of sharp criticism.
The main drawback of such theories is that they underestimate, and sometimes simply openly ignore the role of the environment and social conditions in the formation of the psychological properties of an individual.
In fact, the dependence of the course of mental processes and human behavior on the functioning of the nervous system, which performs a dominant and controlling role in the body, has long been known.
The theory of the connection of some general properties of nervous processes with types of temperament was proposed by I. P. Pavlov and developed in the works of his followers.
I. P. Pavlov understood the type of nervous system as innate, relatively weakly subject to changes under the influence of the environment and upbringing.
According to I. P. Pavlov, the properties of the nervous system form the physiological basis of temperament, which is a mental manifestation of the general type of the nervous system.
I. P. Pavlov proposed to extend the types of the nervous system established in animal studies to humans.
Each person has a well defined type of nervous system, the manifestations of which, i.e., the peculiarities of temperament, constitute an important side of individual psychological differences.
The specific manifestations of the type of temperament are diverse.
They are not only noticeable in the external manner of behavior, but seem to permeate all sides of the psyche, significantly manifesting themselves in cognitive activity, the sphere of feelings, motives and actions of a person, as well as in the nature of mental work, features of speech, etc.
To compile the psychological characteristics of the traditional 4 types, the following main properties of temperament are usually distinguished: Sensitivity is determined by what is the smallest force of external influences necessary for the occurrence of any psychological reaction.
Reactivity is characterized by the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of the same strength (a critical remark, an offensive word, a sharp tone — even a sound).
Activity indicates how intensely (energetically) a person influences the outside world and overcomes obstacles in achieving goals (perseverance, purposefulness, concentration of attention).
The ratio of reactivity and activity determines what a person's activity depends on to a greater extent: on random external or internal circumstances (moods, random events) or on goals, intentions, beliefs.
Plasticity and rigidity indicate how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences (plasticity) or how inert and bony his behavior is.
The rate of reactions characterizes the speed of various mental reactions and processes, the pace of speech, the dynamics of gestures, the speed of mind.
Extroversion, introversion determines what a person's reactions and activities mainly depend on — from external impressions that arise at the moment (extrovert), or from images, ideas and thoughts related to the past and future (introvert).
Emotional excitability is characterized by how weak an impact is necessary for the occurrence of an emotional reaction and at what speed it occurs.
Taking into account all the listed properties, Ya.
Strelyau gives the following psychological characteristics of the main classical types of temperament:
Sanguine
A person with increased reactivity, but at the same time his activity and reactivity are balanced.
He responds vividly, excitedly to everything that attracts his attention, has a lively facial expression and expressive movements.
On a minor occasion, he laughs loudly, and an insignificant fact can make him very angry.
It is easy to guess his mood, attitude to an object or a person by his face.
He has a high sensitivity threshold, so he does not notice very weak sounds and light stimuli.
Having increased activity, and being very energetic and efficient, he actively takes up a new business and can work for a long time without getting tired.
He is able to concentrate quickly, is disciplined, if desired, he can restrain the manifestation of his feelings and involuntary reactions.
He is characterized by quick movements, flexibility of mind, resourcefulness, fast pace of speech, quick inclusion in a new job.
High plasticity is manifested in the variability of feelings, moods, interests, aspirations.
A sanguine person easily converges with new people, quickly gets used to new requirements and conditions.
Effortlessly not only switches from one job to another, but also responds more to external impressions than to subjective images and ideas about the past and future, an extrovert.
Choleric
Like a sanguine person, it is characterized by low sensitivity, high reactivity and activity.
But in a choleric, reactivity clearly prevails over activity, so he is not restrained, unrestrained, impatient, quick tempered.
He is less plastic and more inert than a sanguine person.
Hence a great stability of aspirations and interests, great perseverance, there may be difficulties in switching attention, he is rather an extrovert.
Phlegmatic
A phlegmatic person has a high activity, significantly prevailing over low reactivity, low sensitivity and emotionality.
It is difficult to make him laugh and sad — when people laugh loudly around, he can remain unperturbed.
In case of big troubles, he remains calm.
Usually he has poor facial expressions, movements are not expressive and are slowed down, as well as speech.
He is not resourceful, hardly switches his attention and adapts to a new environment, slowly rebuilds skills and habits.
At the same time, he is energetic and efficient.
It is distinguished by patience, endurance, self control.
As a rule, he finds it difficult to converge with new people, responds poorly to external impressions, is an introvert.
Melancholic
A person with high sensitivity and low reactivity.
Hypersensitivity with great inertia leads to the fact that a minor reason can cause him to cry, he is excessively touchy, painfully sensitive.
His facial expressions and movements are expressionless, his voice is quiet, his movements are poor.
Usually he is insecure, timid, the slightest difficulty makes him give up.
Melancholic is not energetic and unstable, easily gets tired and is not very efficient.
It is characterized by easily distracted and unstable attention, and a slow pace of all mental processes.
Most melancholics are introverts.
Temperament and activity
The productivity of a person's work is closely related to the characteristics of his temperament.
So, the special mobility (reactivity) of a sanguine person can bring an additional effect if the work requires a change of objects of communication, occupation.
There may be a false impression that inert people do not have advantages in any types of activities, but this is not true: they are especially easy to carry out slow and smooth movements.
For psychological and pedagogical influence, it is necessary to take into account the possible type of human temperament.
Tips of R. M. Granovskaya: it is useful to monitor the activity of a choleric as often as possible, sharpness and intemperance are unacceptable in working with him, since they can cause a negative response.
At the same time, any act of his must be exactingly and fairly evaluated.
At the same time, negative assessments are necessary only in a very energetic form and as often as it requires to improve the results of his work or study.
A sanguine person should be constantly faced with new, if possible interesting tasks that require concentration and tension from him.
The phlegmatic person needs to be involved in active activity and interested.
It requires systematic attention.
It cannot be quickly switched from one task to another.
In relation to a melancholic, not only sharpness, rudeness, but also just a raised tone, irony are unacceptable.
About the act committed by a melancholic, it is better to talk to him alone.
He requires special attention, you should praise him in time for his success, determination and will.
A negative assessment should be used as carefully as possible, mitigating its negative impact in every possible way.
The melancholic is the most sensitive and vulnerable type.
You should be extremely gentle and friendly with him.
It can be considered already firmly established that the type of temperament in a person is innate, on which properties of his innate organization it depends, it has not yet been fully clarified.
Innate features of temperament are manifested in a person in such mental processes that depend on upbringing, social environment and the ability to control their reactions.
Therefore, a specific reaction to a situation can be determined both by the influence of characteristic differences of the nervous system, and be a consequence of training and professional experience.
However, the limits of possible development are determined by the innate properties of the nervous system.
Professional selection helps to identify applicants with the most suitable for this specialty.
Four types of temperament
Temperament (Lat.
Temperamentum - the proper ratio of parts) is a stable combination of individual personality characteristics associated with dynamic, rather than substantive aspects of activity.
Thus, the temperament forms the basis of character development; in general, from a physiological point of view, temperament is a type of the highest nervous activity of a person.
Temperament is an individually peculiar properties of the psyche that reflect the dynamics of a person's mental activity and manifest themselves regardless of his goals, motives and content.
The temperament changes slightly during life, and, in fact, it is not even the temperament that changes, but the psyche, and the temperament is always stable.
Four temperaments in the form of visual emoticons (phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, melancholic) are shown in Fig.
7.
The magic of numbers in the Mediterranean civilization led to the doctrine of the four temperaments, while in the East a five component "world system" developed.
The word "temperament" and the Greek word "krasis" equal to it in meaning (Greek. hraots; — "merging, mixing") was introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates.
By temperament, he understood both anatomical and physiological, and individual psychological characteristics of a person.
Hippocrates, and then Galen, explained temperament as a feature of behavior, by the predominance of one of the "vital juices" (four elements)in the body:
the predominance of yellow bile ("bile, poison") makes a person impulsive, " hot " - choleric; the predominance of lymph ("sputum") makes a person calm and slow - phlegmatic; the predominance of blood ("blood") makes a person mobile and cheerful - sanguine; the predominance of black bile ("black bile") makes a person sad and fearful - melancholic.
Fig.
7. Four temperaments
This system still has a profound impact on literature, art and science.
A key turning point in the history of natural scientific study of temperament was the I. P. Pavlov's theory about the types of the nervous system (the types of higher nervous activity), common to humans and higher mammals.
Pavlov proved that the physiological basis of temperament is the type of higher nervous activity, defined by the ratio of the fundamental properties of the nervous system: strength, balance and mobility processes of excitation and inhibition occurring in the nervous system.
The type of nervous system is determined by the genotype, i.e. the hereditary type.
I. P. Pavlov identified four clearly defined types of the nervous system, i.e. certain complexes of the main properties of nervous processes.
The weak type is characterized by weakness of both excitatory and inhibitory processes melancholic.
A strong unbalanced type is characterized by a strong irritable process and a relatively strong inhibition process — choleric," unrestrained " type.
A strong balanced mobile type is a sanguine," lively " type.
Strong balanced, but with inert nervous processes phlegmatic," calm " type.
Strength is the ability of nerve cells to maintain normal performance under significant stress of the processes of excitation and inhibition, the ability of the central nervous system to perform certain work without the need to restore its resources.
A strong nervous system is able to withstand a large load for a long time, and, conversely, a weak nervous system cannot withstand a large and prolonged load.
It is believed that people with a stronger nervous system are more resilient and stress resistant.
The strength of the nervous system for arousal is manifested in the fact that it is relatively easy for a person to work in unfavorable conditions, a short rest is enough for him to recover strength after a tedious job, he is able to work intensively, does not get lost in an unusual situation, is persistent.
The strength of the nervous system for inhibition is manifested in the ability of a person to restrain his activity, for example, not to talk, to show calmness, self control, to be restrained and patient.
The balance of nervous processes reflects the ratio, the balance of excitation and inhibition.
At the same time, balance means the same severity of nervous processes.
The mobility of the nervous system is expressed in the ability to quickly transition from one process to another, from one activity to another.
Individuals with a more mobile nervous system are characterized by flexible behavior, adapt faster to new conditions.
Description of the features of different temperaments can help to understand the features of a person's temperament, if they are clearly expressed, but people with pronounced features of a certain temperament are not so common, most often people have a mixed temperament in various combinations.
Although, of course, the predominance of features of any type of temperament makes it possible to attribute a person's temperament to one or another type.
Human temperament and abilities
A person with any type of temperament can be capable and incapable — the type of temperament does not affect a person's abilities, it's just that some life tasks are easier solved by a person of one type of temperament, others — another.
The temperament of a person depends on:
the rate of occurrence of mental processes (for example, the speed of perception, the speed of thinking, the duration of concentration, etc.); the plasticity and stability of mental phenomena, the ease of their change and switching; the pace and rhythm of activity; the intensity of mental processes (for example, the strength of emotions, the activity of the will): the focus of mental activity on certain objects (extroversion or introversion).
From the point of view of psychologists, the four temperaments are only one of the possible systems for assessing psychological characteristics (there are others, for example, "introversion — extroversion").
Descriptions of temperaments are quite different from different psychologists and, apparently, include a fairly large number of factors.
Attempts have been made to bring the scientific experimental base under the theory of temperaments (I. P. Pavlov, G. Yu.
Aizenk, B. M. Teplov, etc.), but the results obtained by these researchers are only partially compatible with each other.
Of interest is the study of T. A. Blumina (1996), in which she attempted to compare the theory of temperaments with all the psychological typologies known at that time (more than 100), including from the point of view of methods for determining these types.
In general, the classification by temperament does not meet the modern requirements for factor analysis of personality and is currently interesting rather from a historical point of view.
Modern science sees in the doctrine of temperaments an echo of the ancient classification of four types of mental reaction in combination with intuitively noticed types of physiological and biochemical reactions of the individual.
Currently, the concept of the four temperaments is supported by the concepts of "inhibition" and "excitation" of the nervous system.
The ratio of "high" and " low " levels for each of these two independent parameters gives a certain individual characteristic of a person, and as a result.
- a formal definition of each of the four temperaments.
On emoticons (see Fig. 7), a smile can be interpreted as the ease of inhibition processes, and frowning eyebrows - as a manifestation of the ease of arousal.
The work of scientists on the human genome creates conditions for the disclosure of the functions of human genes that determine temperament through hormones (serotonin, melatonin, dopamine) and other biochemical mediators.
Biochemistry and genetics allow us to establish and formalize the psychological phenotypes of people noticed by ancient doctors.
The original concept of temperament is presented in the books of J. Feldman "The Theory of levels and the Human Model" (2005) and "The Philosopher on the Beach" (2009).
They consider the situation of "a person in the flow of the same type of tasks".
It turns out that a person is involved in the solution gradually, the number of errors and the time for solving one problem gradually decreases.
Then they say that "working capacity is growing" or "warming up is growing".
Then comes the maximum (plateau), then the heating drops to zero (rejection of the decision, rest).
It is assumed that each person has such a curve repeated periodically, this is his individual characteristic.
If randomly selected people are placed in the same task flow, their heating curves will fall into four groups.
These four types of heating curves correspond exactly to the four temperaments:
rapid ascent — high and short plateau — rapid decline (choleric); moderately rapid ascent moderately high and short plateau moderately rapid decline (sanguine); slow ascent — low and long plateau slow decline (phlegmatic); very slow ascent — a high surge in the middle and a return to a low point — and then a slow decline to zero (melancholic).
So, temperament is the most general formally dynamic characteristic of individual human behavior.
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Mental processes and states Mental processes and states
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Personality
Human temperament: types and characteristics
The study of temperament.
Study of the main theories of temperament
Sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic: characteristics of temperament
Temperament and character.
Features of temperament
The character of a person.
Traits and types of human character
Qualities of character
Character and personality.
Mental properties of character
The social character of a person
Types of character accentuation by A. E. Lichko
Features of a person's character: age, gender, role and gender differences of character
Mental states
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