The world of psychology
psychology for everyone
Search
Date: 11.03.16
Time: 18: 49
email address: dreamkids@mail.ru
Home About us History
News Website Press
Children Poems of children Stories of children Drawings of children
Students of the Lecture Positive psychotherapy Psychodiagnostics Psychology of family relations Perinatal psychology Psychosomatics Pathopsychology Neuropsychology of childhood Neuropsychology Anatomy and physiology of the child's body
Research papers Psychology
Coursework Psychology
Tickets General psychology Clinical psychology Pedagogical psychology Philosophy Psychodiagnostics
Diplomas Psychology
Postgraduate course Lectures History of Science
Tickets General psychology Philosophy
Articles
Adults To Parents Before birth Children from 0 to 1 years Children from 1 to 3 years Children from 3 to 7 years Children from 7 to 11 years Children from 11 to 14 years Children from 14 to 18 years For all
Kaleidoscope
Links Search
You are here: Students Tickets General psychology Temperament, its main properties.
Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics.
Skip to content
Temperament, its main properties.
Types of temperaments and their psychological characteristics.
Temperament (Latin temperamentum — the proper ratio of parts) is a stable combination of individual personality characteristics associated with dynamic, rather than substantive aspects of activity.
Temperament is the basis of character development; in general, from a physiological point of view, temperament is a type of higher nervous activity of a person.
Temperament is a set of properties that characterize the dynamic features of the course of mental processes and human behavior, their strength, speed, occurrence, termination and change.
The properties of temperament can be attributed to the number of personal qualities of a person only conditionally, they rather constitute his individual characteristics, since they are mainly biologically conditioned and are innate.
Nevertheless, temperament has a significant influence on the formation of a person's character and behavior, sometimes determines his actions, his individuality, so it is impossible to completely separate temperament from personality.
It acts as a link between the body, personality and cognitive processes.
Properties of temperament.
The properties of temperament include those distinctive individual characteristics of a person that determine the dynamic aspects of all his activities, characterize the peculiarities of the course of mental processes, have a more or less stable character, persist for a long time, manifesting soon after birth (after the central nervous system acquires specifically human forms).
It is believed that the properties of temperament are determined mainly by the properties of the human nervous system, which we considered in the previous chapter of the textbook, discussing the problems of abilities.
The Soviet psychophysiologist V. M. Rusalov, relying on a new concept of the properties of the nervous system, proposed a more modern interpretation of the properties of temperament on its basis.
Based on the theory of the functional system of P. K. Anokhin, which includes four blocks of storage, circulation and processing of information (the block of afferent synthesis, programming (decision making), execution and feedback), Rusalov identified four related properties of temperament that are responsible for the breadth or narrowness of afferent synthesis (the degree of intensity of the interaction of the organism with the environment), the ease of switching from one behavior program to another, the speed of execution of the current behavior program and sensitivity to the discrepancy between the Real result of the action and its acceptor.
In accordance with this, the traditional psychophysiological assessment of temperament changes and instead of two parameters activity and sensitivity already includes four components: ergicity (endurance), plasticity, speed and emotionality (sensitivity).
All these components of temperament, according to V. M. Rusalov, are biologically and genetically determined.
Temperament depends on the properties of the nervous system, and they, in turn, are understood as the main characteristics of functional systems that provide integrative, analytical and synthetic activity of the brain, the entire nervous system as a whole.
Temperament is a psychobiological category in the sense that its properties are neither completely innate nor dependent on the environment.
According to the author, they are a "systematic generalization" of the originally genetically determined individual biological properties of a person, which, " being included in a variety of activities, are gradually transformed and form, regardless of the content of the activity itself, a generalized, qualitatively new individually stable system of invariant properties."
In accordance with the two main types of human activity objective activity and communication, each of the selected properties of temperament should be considered separately, since it is assumed that they manifest themselves in different ways in activity and communication.
Another circumstance that characterizes the connection of temperament with the properties of the nervous system should be paid attention to.
The psychological characteristic of temperament is not the properties of the nervous system itself or their combination, but the typical features of the course of mental processes and behavior that these properties generate.
Let's consider these properties in relation to cognitive processes, subject activity and human communication.
The corresponding properties can include activity, productivity, excitability, inhibitability and switchability.
The active side of perception, attention, imagination, memory and thinking, respectively, is the extent to which a person is able to focus, concentrate his attention, imagination, memory and thinking on a certain object or its aspect.
The pace is manifested in how fast the corresponding mental processes work.
For example, one person remembers, remembers, considers, imagines, thinks about solving a problem faster than another.
The productivity of all these cognitive processes can be assessed by their products, by the results obtained during a certain period of time.
Productivity is higher where it is possible to see, hear, remember, remember, imagine, solve more at the same time.
Productivity should not be confused with efficiency.
A person who has highly productive (in the specified sense of the word) cognitive processes does not necessarily have an increased working capacity, i.e. the ability to maintain a given pace of work for a long time.
Excitability, inhibitability and switchability characterize the speed of occurrence, termination or switching of a cognitive process from one object to another, the transition from one action to another.
For example, some people need more time than others to engage in mental work or switch from thinking about one topic to another.
Some people remember information or recall it faster than others.
It should also be borne in mind that these differences do not determine the abilities of people.
In relation to the subject activity, activity means the strength and amplitude of the movements associated with it.
They are instinctively wider in an active person than in a less active one.
For example, increased temperamental activity in sports generates broader and stronger movements in an athlete included in various exercises than in someone who has this property of temperament poorly expressed.
A more active person has a more sweeping handwriting, his letters are higher, and the distance between them is more significant than that of a less active individual.
It is more difficult for a person with increased activity to perform weak, thin, small amplitude movements, while it is more difficult for a person with reduced activity to perform strong and sweeping movements.
The pace of work in the subject activity is determined by the number of operations, actions, movements performed per unit of time.
One person prefers to work at a fast pace, the other at a slow pace.
The productivity of actions related to movements depends on the activity and pace of work, if there are no additional requirements, except for frequency and intensity, for the corresponding actions.
In the communication of people, the discussed properties of temperament are similar, only in this case they relate to the verbal and non verbal interaction of a person with a person.
In an individual with increased activity, speech, facial expressions, gestures, pantomimics are more pronounced than in a person with reduced activity.
More active people usually have a stronger voice.
The pace of their speech, as well as the pace of emotionally expressive movements, is quite high.
The communication style of highly and slightly excitable people differs significantly.
The former react faster, make contact easier, adapt better in communication than the latter.
Inhibited individuals are easier to stop communicating, less talkative than those whose inhibitory reactions are slowed down.
These latter are often distinguished by the fact that they talk a lot, do not let go of the interlocutor and create the impression of annoyance.
They hardly switch in communication from one topic to another, from one person to another.
The "productivity" of their communication, i.e. the ability to communicate and perceive information per unit of time, is also greater than that of people of the opposite type - inactive and having a low pace.
Types of temperament
I. Kant divided the human temperaments (the manifestations of temperament can also be seen in higher animals) into two types: the temperaments of feeling and the temperaments of activity.
In general, "only four simple temperaments can be established: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic."
Of these four types of temperament, the sanguine and its opposite, the melancholic, belong to the temperaments of feeling.
The first is characterized by the fact that with it, sensations arise in the nervous system and in the human mind quite quickly and are externally manifested strongly, but internally they are not deep enough and long enough.
With a melancholic temperament, the external manifestations of sensations are less vivid, but internally they are quite deep and long lasting.
The sanguine temperament of activity characterizes a person of a very cheerful disposition.
He seems to be an optimist, full of hope, a humorist, a joker, a joker.
He quickly ignites, but just as quickly cools down, loses interest in" what quite recently he was very excited and attracted to himself.
A sanguine person promises a lot, but does not always keep his promises.
He easily and with pleasure comes into contact with strangers, is a good conversationalist, all people are friends to him.
He is distinguished by kindness, willingness to help.
Strenuous mental or physical work quickly tires him out.
According to Kant, the melancholic temperament of activity is characteristic of a person of the opposite, mostly gloomy mood.
Such a person usually lives a complex and intense inner life, attaches great importance to everything that concerns him, has increased anxiety and a vulnerable soul.
Such a person is often reserved and especially controls himself when making promises.
He never promises what he is not able to do, he suffers greatly from the fact that he cannot fulfill this promise, even if its fulfillment directly depends little on himself.
The choleric temperament of activity characterizes a hot tempered person.
About this h eloveka is told that he is too hot, unrestrained.
At the same time, such an individual quickly cools down and calms down if they give in to him, go towards him.
His movements are impetuous, but short lived.
The phlegmatic temperament of activity refers to a cold blooded person.
It expresses a tendency to inactivity rather than to strenuous, active work.
Such a person slowly comes to a state of excitement, but for a long time.
This replaces the slowness of entering the work for him.
Popular
News
Emotions.
The main functions and types of emotions.
The concept of feelings.
Types of feelings.
Personality, its structure.
Activity and orientation of the personality.
Features of age related personality development during adulthood.
Psychology of child development from birth to 3 years
Psychology of health.
Psychodiagnostics of intelligence.
Tests of D. Wexler, R. Amthauer, J. Ravenna.
SHTUR and ASTUR tests.
Our elderly parents.
Sand Therapy
Violation of the dynamics of mental activity.
Video
Savva Gallery
Sasha's Gallery
Home About us News Children Students Lectures Abstracts Course Tickets General psychology Clinical psychology Pedagogical Psychology Philosophy Psychodiagnostics
Diplomas Postgraduate studies Articles
Adult Links Search
Voting
Which section of the site should I pay special attention to?
News
For children
For students
For adults
Results
Briefly
...the relationship between brothers and sisters in the same family largely depends on the relationship of their parents, and on how adults treat children... the aggravation of contradictions between parents emotionally brings brothers and sisters closer, the aggravation of the father children pair increases the conflicts between brothers and sisters... and the warm attitude of the mother makes the children more friendly...
Who is Online
Now 515 guests are online
Russia sent a note of protest to Ukraine because of the attacks on diplomatic missions
Poll: the number of supporters of joining the EU and NATO has decreased in Ukraine
Vladimir Putin announced the disruption of a number of state defense order contracts
Site Map Old site
Reset settings
Top
© 2016 www.psyworld.ru.
All rights reserved.
hosting
