History of Russia History of 1965-1985 History of Russia 1985-1990 History of Russia XVII century History of Russia XVIII century Russia in the XVIII century History of Russia XIX century History of Russia XX century History of Russia in the middle of the 20th century Mongol Tatar Yoke and the Golden Horde Moscow Rus The Formation of Kievan Rus The Primitiveness of the Slavs The Reign of Khrushchev The Time of Troubles from 1598 to 1613 The Stages of the Troubles
Feudal fragmentation
Russian history Lectures on the history of the Second World War Military operations 1941-1945 Course of the history of Russia briefly A short course on the history of the state and law of Russia A course of lectures on the national history of the 9th early 20th century Russia in modern times World War II
Course of lectures History after the middle of the 20th century Russia after the reign of Peter I Culture of Russia in the Time of Troubles Lectures on the history of Russia Peoples and the oldest states The Russian centralized state
For Historians of the 17-19 century The History of the USSR A detailed course Culture in the 20-30 years The situation before the Second World War
Periods All materials Dictionary of terms of the Unified State Exam on the History of the Unified State Exam Questions and answers to part C
Audio lectures Questions and answers on the History of Russia The history of Russia and the post Soviet peoples in antiquity Brief characteristics of rulers and the most important events The history of culture of ancient Russia and its neighbors Tables on the history of Russia in the maps of the History of the Russian state Byzantine and Ottoman civilizations The history of new Russia Literature and art of the second half of the 18th 19th centuries Books and textbooks on the history of Russia Schemes and tables on the history of the national state and law Ukrainian historiography
Culture in the second half of the 60s late 90s
Conditions of cultural life (1965-1984).
The development of culture in the period after the Khrushchev "thaw"was contradictory.
New schools and universities, cinemas and cultural centers were opened, research institutes were created.
Only during the period from 1965 to 1980, more than 570 new museums began to operate.
The mass media developed: radio, television.
Fiction and scientific literature was published in 89 languages of the peoples of the USSR and 66 languages of the peoples of other countries.
At the same time, subsidizing culture from the state budget was constantly insufficient; by the beginning of the 80s, it was conducted on a "residual" principle.
The administrative impact on culture and its management by state authorities, primarily the Ministry of Culture, has increased.
In the resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU ("On literary and artistic criticism", "On working with creative youth", etc.) the tasks of literature, art and science were determined, successes and miscalculations in their development were evaluated.
The guardianship by the party and state bodies caused protests by many cultural figures.
The strengthening of ideological pressure and the tightening of censorship led to the emergence of two types of artistic creativity.
Only literary works that did not deviate from the principles of socialist realism and contributed to the communist education of workers in accordance with the guidelines from above were published and became known to a wide range of readers.
Works that contradicted these principles, regardless of their artistic merits, did not receive official permission for publication.
Unable to be published in the USSR, some writers published their books abroad.
All such publications were considered by the official authorities as "betrayal".
This is how the appearance in the West of the stories of writers A.D. Sinyavsky and Yu.
M. Daniel was regarded (the works of both were published under pseudonyms).
They were arrested, tried, and then sent abroad.
The trial of Yu.
M. Daniel and A.D. Sinyavsky caused a wave of public protest in the Soviet Union.
The end of the "thaw" in the spiritual life of society was evidenced by the condemnation of the book by the historian A.M. Nekrich "June 22, 1941" organized by the authorities.
In it, the author tried to show the reasons for the heavy defeats of the Soviet Union in the first months of the Patriotic War.
The book was subjected to undeservedly harsh criticism, and its author was expelled from the ranks of the CPSU (1967).
In the 70s, the confrontation between the party and state leadership and representatives of science, literature and art intensified.
The deepening of conservative principles in the management of culture contributed to the growth of opposition sentiments among some of the intelligentsia.
The party leadership of the country regarded the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1970 to the writer A. I. Solzhenitsyn as a" provocative act".
The cellist M. L. Rostropovich and the singer G. P. Vishnevskaya, who were deprived of Soviet citizenship in 1978, were called" Ideological rebirths " in the official press.
The role of censorship has increased.
The publication of works, the staging of theatrical performances and the demonstration of films in which a special opinion was expressed, different from the official opinion about the events taking place in the country, was prohibited.
The writers V. N. Voinovich, V. P. Nekrasov and the poet I. A. Brodsky, the theater director Yu.
P. Lyubimov turned out to be outside their country.
Culture and perestroika.
At the turn of the 80-90s, there were changes in government policy in the spiritual life of society This was expressed, in particular, in the refusal of the cultural management bodies from administrative methods of managing literature and art, The arena of acute public discussions was the periodical press the newspapers "Moscow News", "Arguments and Facts", the magazine "Ogonyok".
The authors of the published articles made attempts to understand the causes of the" deformations " of socialism, to determine their attitude to the perestroika processes.
The publication of previously unknown facts of the national history of the post October period caused the polarization of public opinion.
A significant part of the liberal minded intelligentsia actively supported the reformist course of Mikhail Gorbachev.
But many groups of the population, including specialists and scientists, saw the ongoing reforms as "treason" to the cause of socialism and actively opposed them.
The different attitude to the transformations taking place in the country led to conflicts in the governing bodies of creative associations of the intelligentsia.
At the end of the 80s, several Moscow writers formed the committee "Writers in Support of Perestroika" ("April"), an alternative to the Union of Writers of the USSR.
An identical association was formed by Leningrad writers ("Commonwealth").
The creation and activity of these groups led to the split of the USSR Writers ' Union.
The "Union of Spiritual Revival of Russia", created on the initiative of scientists and writers, expressed support for the democratic transformations taking place in the country.
At the same time, some representatives of the intelligentsia negatively met the course of perestroika.
The views of this part of the intelligentsia were reflected in an article by a teacher of one of the universities, N. Andreeva, "I canot give up my principles", published in March 1988 in the newspaper "Soviet Russia".
The beginning of the "perestroika" brought to life a powerful movement for the liberation of culture from ideological pressure.
Education and science.
In the 70s, preparatory work was launched in the country for the introduction of universal secondary education.
New schools were being built in the city and in the countryside, their number exceeded 140 thousand.
The number of teaching staff increased.
In order to improve the general education of students, changes were made to the curricula.
Starting from the fourth year of study, students were introduced to study the basics of sciences.
In the years of the tenth five year plan, the transition to compulsory universal secondary education was completed.
However, according to experts, school graduates were poorly prepared for independent work.
In this regard, the Law on the Restructuring of the school was adopted in 1984.
It provided for measures to supplement universal secondary education with universal vocational education.
Mandatory computer training of schoolchildren was planned.
The reform, according to the plan of its initiators, brought students closer to physical labor, to subsequent work in factories.
The weakness of the material and technical base of the schools did not allow the implementation of the planned fully.
In addition, public education workers opposed the reform, fearing a decrease in the level of general education training of students.
The higher school developed in complex ways.
The network of universities was expanding; many institutes were transformed into universities.
To assist working youth in enrolling in universities, work departments were re created.
The network of evening and correspondence education has increased.
In the mid 80s, 33 million specialists worked in the branches of the national economy.
But the level of training of many of them did not always meet the requirements of the time.
At the same time, as the number of university graduates grew, difficulties arose with their employment.
Many young specialists did not work in their specialty.
During the years of perestroika, contractual obligations between universities and enterprises for the training of specialists of a certain profile began to enter into practice.
This innovation did not lead to positive changes in the development of higher education and its relations with production.
Domestic science was developing uneasily.
Since the late 60s, there has been a lag in some of its industries.
This is what a group of Soviet scientists drew attention to in a letter sent to L. I. Brezhnev.
One of the reasons for the lag of science was called the lack of freedom of creativity and obtaining information necessary for the activities of scientists.
Its development was also hindered by the weak material base, the underdevelopment of scientific instrumentation.
In the 70s, investments in science were increased, which made it possible to overcome the backlog in some of its areas.
The development of scientific programs started in the previous years continued.
In particular, space research was actively conducted.
Long term flights of people into space have become a practice.
The results of space surveys were widely used in the national economy, in particular in geology and fishing.
Research was conducted in the field of electronics and laser technology.
Several nuclear reactors were built.
The works of Soviet researchers in the field of radio engineering and electronics (V. A. Kotelnikov), thermodynamics (V. A. Kirillin), applied mechanics and automation (A. Yu.Ishlinsky) were widely recognized.
In 1978, academician P. L. Kapitsa was awarded the Nobel Prize for scientific discoveries in the field of physics.
The solution of national economic problems required a closer connection of science with production.
The main form of their merger was scientific and production associations (NGOs).
They were created both in industry (for example, the Leningrad Optical and Mechanical Association) and in agriculture (for example, "Ethermaslo").
NGOs united industrial enterprises, research organizations, design bureaus, experimental farms in a single inter farm complex.
By the mid 80s, there were about 250 NGOs operating in industry and almost 400 scientific production systems in the agricultural sphere of the economy.
Perestroika and the collapse of the USSR led to the scrapping of most of the existing scientific and industrial structures.
In the conditions of transition to market relations, many scientists have changed the nature of their activities, moving to work in entrepreneurial and commercial organizations.
Some representatives of the exact sciences left the country in order to continue working in foreign research centers.
Literature and art.
In the literature and art of the second half of the 60s — the end of the 80s, two lines of development are clearly visible.
The first one is officially recognized.
It was represented by published novels and short stories, art canvases exhibited at exhibitions, dramatic and musical works performed from the scenes.
In addition, there was an unknown or little known work of cultural figures, created not within the framework of the traditional method of socialist realism, unknown to most readers and viewers.
Some of the works of official art, highly appreciated at the time by the governing bodies of culture, turned out to be "one dayers".
Conversely, many works of the second, previously unrecognized direction have taken a prominent place in Russian culture.
In the works of many representatives of literature and art in the period under review, the theme of the Great Patriotic War was occupied.
Films about the war (including "Ordinary Fascism" by M. I. Romm) were shown on the screens of cinemas.
Monuments to the heroes and victims of the war were built in cities and workers ' settlements (for example, the memorial to the "Heroic Defenders of Leningrad" by the sculptor M. K. Anikushin).
At the turn of the 60-70s, a large group of prose writers entered the literature, the theme of whose creativity was the modern village.
In the works of V. P. Astafyev, B. P. Mozhaev, V. G. Rasputin, V. M. Shukshin, the fate of the Russian peasantry, the relationship between the village and the city took a central place.
A. N. and B. N. Strugatsky worked in the genre of science fiction.
The interest of writers in the historical past of the country has increased.
The memoir literature was replenished with the memories of famous military leaders of the period of the Patriotic War (the books of G. K. Zhukov "Memories and Reflections", A.M. Vasilevsky "The Whole Life's Work", etc.).
However, many talented works written during this period could not overcome censorship prohibitions and saw the light after a long time.
The ideologization of public life had a hard impact on the development of painting and cinema.
The organizers of the exhibitions of one of the most talented artists, I. S. Glazunov, had to overcome great difficulties.
As before, paintings by avant garde artists of the 30s were gathering dust in the storerooms of museums.
Paintings and literary works on historical topics could see the light only if they corresponded to the established official views on the events of the past.
At the same time, the "green street" was opened for the publication of works that are obviously weak, but correspond to the ideological foundations of socialist culture.
In the second half of the 70s, the books of L. I. Brezhnev "Malaya Zemlya"were published in multimillion copies.
"Virgin land" and "Rebirth".
The books of memoirs, written on the instructions of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, were of a journalistic nature and were intended mainly for study in the network of party studies.
However, the board of the USSR Writers 'Union considered it possible to accept L. I. Brezhnev into the ranks of the Writers' Union.
Literary works banned by the authorities were published, as a rule, in samizdat.
This is the way the books of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago", A. P. Platonov "Chevengur", B. L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago"came to the reader for the first time.
The years of perestroika transformed the artistic life of the country.
The works of poets and prose writers who died during the revolution and during the repressions appeared on the pages of the magazines "New World", "October", "Znamya" and other periodicals.
The poems of N. S. Gumilev and O. E. Mandelstam were published.
The works of Russian foreign writers who left Russia in the 20s (I. A. Bunin, G. V. Ivanov, D. S. Merezhkovsky, V. F. Khodasevich, V. V. Nabokov, etc.) were published.
More than 40 years after the adoption, the resolution of the Central Committee of the party on the magazines "Zvezda" and "Leningrad"was recognized as erroneous,
Non state (cooperative) publishing houses and publishing groups appeared.
Through their efforts, the works of people whose fate was tragically formed in the conditions of Soviet Russia were returned to literature and philosophy.
Books of religious philosophers of the first third of the XX century were published— N. A. Berdyaev, V. V. Rozanov, P. A. Florensky.
V. Grossman's novel "Life and Fate", once confiscated from him by the state security agencies, was published.
The desire for a philosophical understanding of the past touched the art of cinema (T. Abuladze's film "Repentance").
Numerous studio theaters have sprung up.
New theater groups tried to find their way in art.
Exhibitions of artists little known to a wide range of viewers of the 80s — P. N. Filonov, V. V. Kandinsky, D. P. Shterenberg were organized.
With the collapse of the USSR, the all Union organizations of the creative intelligentsia ceased their activities.
The results of perestroika for the national culture turned out to be polysyllabic, ambiguous.
Cultural life has become richer and more diverse.
At the same time, the perestroika processes turned out to be significant losses for science and the education system.
Market relations began to penetrate into the sphere of literature and art.
Cultural life in Russia in the 90s.
The formation of new socio economic relations had a profound impact on the development of Russian culture.
The ideological dictate disappeared, and the censorship of the press was abolished.
The size of state allocations for the needs of the cultural sphere has been sharply reduced.
The legislation of the Russian Federation has assigned 2% of the federal funds and about 6% of the local budget to culture.
However, in reality, much less funds were allocated for it.
Private entrepreneurship is firmly established in all spheres of cultural life.
There was a reform of the public education system: the alternative educational system that emerged during the years of perestroika became stronger.
Non state gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges operated along with state ones.
Schools and universities gradually moved away from a unified system of education, from unified textbooks on the subjects studied.
New programs were developed, textbooks on social sciences were created.
The network of non state higher educational institutions increased.
By the end of the 90s, they accounted for more than 30% of the total number of operating universities in the higher education system.
5.5% of all students studied there.
Innovations in the system of higher and secondary education had contradictory consequences.
The lack of qualified teachers in non State educational institutions led to a drop in educational training for some school and university graduates.
Russian science was in a serious condition.
The Russian Academy of Sciences — the successor of the former USSR Academy of Sciences — experienced an acute shortage of funds necessary to support basic research.
Contacts with the former Union academies of sciences and scientific institutions of the former socialist countries were interrupted.
In such an environment, Russian scientists have developed and started implementing several dozen federal programs in the field of science and culture.
Since the beginning of the 90s, the federal program "Preservation and Development of Culture and Art" has been implemented.
The main attention was paid to the rescue of the most important objects of national culture.
In accordance with the program, restoration works were carried out to preserve and restore monuments of the past in Novgorod, Veliky Ustyug and other Russian cities.
The museums of S. A. Yesenin in Konstantinov and the Decembrists in Yaloturovsk, the estate of A. K. Tolstoy in the Bryansk region were restored.
The reconstruction of architectural and historical monuments in Moscow, the capital of the Russian Federation, has acquired a particularly wide scope.
Gostiny Dvor, an architectural monument of the late XIX — early XX centuries, residential and religious buildings of historical value, was restored.
By the end of the 90s, the restoration of the Grand Kremlin Palace, the residence of the Russian president, was completed.
Funds of private investors were widely attracted for the restoration of monuments of the past.
The transition to market relations of housing construction has begun.
This led to the appearance of office, business, retail and banking buildings in Russian cities.
Low rise residential buildings and cottages were built according to individual projects.
New moments have appeared in the art culture.
The democratization of society and ideological pluralism contributed to the emergence of various trends and styles in literature, painting, and sculpture.
But often the culture of everyday life penetrated into artistic creativity, which reduced and impoverished the level of created works.
A new phenomenon in art has become the creation of works of art with the financial support of foreign investors (for example, films by N. Mikhalkov and P. Lungin) In 1999 early 2000, there was a noticeable revival in the cultural life of Russia.
The 200th anniversary of the birth of Alexander Pushkin was widely celebrated in different parts of the country.
The annual Moscow International Film Festivals have resumed.
Foreign tours of leading theater groups, individual stage masters — singers, musicians have become more frequent.
Exhibitions of foreign artists have re entered the practice; for example, an exhibition of graphics from the collection of the Museum of Modern Art (New York School) aroused great interest among the audience.
Overcoming material difficulties, struggling with the dictates of the market and the westernization of culture, literary and artistic figures sought to preserve the best traditions of Russia's cultural heritage in their work.
26-10-2014 Histerl
Save
2
(3 votes, average: 4.33 out of 5)
Loading...
Similar entries: Russian culture in the second half of the XIX early XX in the culture and life of Russia in the second half of the XVIII century.
Education, enlightenment.
Science Internal Politics in Russia in the second half of the XIX century
Artem Ershov/Shatura/E 2 A 13.01.2016 at 14: 37
Thanks a lot
Reply ↓
Sandra 21.02.2016 at 15: 07
The need for education and the spread of evening schools was widely reflected in the Soviet filmography.
In such films as" Girls"," Big Change"," Spring on Zarechnaya Street", a responsible attitude to learning is shown, especially among working people who stood at the machine during the day and sat at the school desk in the evening.
Today, of course, this phenomenon is not so popular.
Reply ↓
Add a comment Cancel a response
Your e mail will not be published.
Comment Name
History "Course of lectures on the history of Russia" History after the middle of the 20th century
Histerl © 2014-2016 ::
Contacts :: Site Map :: Research papers :: Short course :: Full Course ::
Preparation for the Unified State Exam :: Practical use ::
<div><img src="//mc.yandex.ru/watch/25213217" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div>
Copying of the site materials is possible only if you specify a link to the site histerl.ru
Scroll to top
