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Literature: Analysis of the creative work of writers TOLSTOY L. N. RUSSIAN LITERATURE "WAR AND PEACE" ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL
"WAR AND PEACE" ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL
"WAR AND PEACE" ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL
The sixties - the time of Tolstoy's work on the novel "War and Peace" (1864-1869) were a period of intense class struggle that unfolded around the peasant question.
The reform of 1861 did not resolve the essence of the question of the peasant, about his relationship with the landowner.
The numerous uprisings with which the peasantry responded to the reform clearly showed the discontent and indignation caused by the reform in the peasant mass.
The problem of the "man" was still in the center of public attention.
In journalism and fiction, the problems of the peasantry and the further development of the country were raised and highlighted with particular acuteness.
There is a special interest in works that pose acute political, philosophical and historical questions.
In the light of the historical past, the most important issues of the era are considered.
It is in this social and literary atmosphere that L. Tolstoy has the idea of a historical novel, but one that, based on the material of history, would give an answer to the burning questions of our time.
Tolstoy planned to push two epochs together: the era of the first revolutionary movement in Russia - the era of the Decembrists, and the 60s - the era of the revolutionary democrats.
Tolstoy approached the epic " War and Peace "from the novel"The Decembrists".
In 1856, after the death of Nicholas I, the surviving Decembrists were granted amnesty.
Their return from Siberia aroused a natural interest in them in Russian society.
In this regard, the theme of the novel "The Decembrists"is born in Tolstoy.
In it, Tolstoy intended to describe the family of a Decembrist who returned from Siberia.
But soon he gave up what he had begun and moved on to 1825, the era of "errors and misfortunes" of his hero, and then " another time he gave up what he had begun and began to write from the time
1812", wanting to show the youth of the Decembrist, which coincided with the Patriotic War.
But he, as he himself notes, was "ashamed" to write about the triumph of Russia in the fight against Bonaparte, and he goes to the era of 1805-1806, the time of" failures "and" shame " of Russia.
Thus, having moved away from 1856 to 1805, Tolstoy intends to " spend not one, but many... heroes and heroines through the historical events of 1805, 1807, 1812, 1825 and 1856."
Tolstoy did not realize this grandiose plan.
But due to the introduction of historical events into the novel, its scope has significantly expanded.
There were historical figures of the era Alexander I, Napoleon, Kutuzov, Speransky and others; the life path of the main characters of the novel - Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov became more complex; the people entered the novel as one of the main characters.
This is how the writer's ideological plan deepened in the process of work.
Having decided at first to show only landowner Russia, the nobility, Tolstoy in the final version of the novel drew the widest picture of the life of landowner and peasant Russia, gave an image of the people's struggle for freedom in the first quarter of the XIX century.
Working on the epic "War and Peace", Tolstoy, according to him, "loved the people's thought because of the war of 12 years."
"I tried," he said, " to write the history of the people."
Having shown the decisive role of the people in historical events of national significance, Tolstoy created a special genre of the novel, a realistic epic that is grandiose in terms of the scope of life and the scale of the narrative.
The novel shows very widely the life of the landowner Capital of Russia and the world of aristocratic nobility.
Here the nobility is represented by representatives of various strata of the nobility: on the one hand - the highest bureaucratic and court nobility (Kuragins, Scherer, etc.), on the other - the Moscow ruinous barstvo (Rostovs), and finally - an independent, oppositional aristocracy (old Bolkonsky, Bezukhov).
A special group is the "nest of staff influential people".
Tolstoy paints all these layers of the nobility in different light, depending on how close they are to the people - to their spirit and worldview.
People like Vasily Kuragin are particularly disliked in Tolstoy.
A secular man, a careerist and egoist, Prince Kuragin aspires to become one of the heirs of a dying rich nobleman - Count Bezukhov, and when he fails, he catches a rich heir - Pierre - and marries him to his daughter - a soulless coquette Helene.
Having arranged this wedding, he dreams of another: to marry his" restless fool " Anatole to the rich Princess Bolkonskaya.
Kuragin does not have strong convictions, firm moral principles.
Tolstoy shows this surprisingly aptly and vividly in the behavior and statements of Prince Vasily in the Scherer salon, when it was about the possibility of appointing Kutuzov as commander in chief.
Predation, callousness, unscrupulousness, mental limitations, or rather, lack of intelligence are characteristic features of the Kuragins father and children.
Shchedrin emphasized the irresistible power of Tolstoy's denunciation of high society nobles: "But our so called high society Count (Tolstoy.- Ed.) famously picked up".
In the satirical coverage, the regulars of the salon of the lady in waiting Scherer are also given, led by the hostess herself.
Intrigues, court gossip, career and wealth these are their interests, this is what they all live by.
Everything in this salon is disgusting to Tolstoy, as if it is soaked through with lies, falsehood, hypocrisy, callousness, acting.
There is nothing truthful, simple, natural, direct in this circle of secular people.
Their speeches, gestures, facial expressions and actions are determined by the conditional rules of secular behavior.
Tolstoy emphasizes this calculating posturing of people of the secular environment by comparing the Scherer salon with a spinning workshop, with a machine mechanically performing its work: "Anna Pavlovna... with a single word or movement, she started up a uniform decent conversational machine again."
Or else: "Anna Pavlovna's evening was launched.
The spindles from different sides made a steady and incessant noise."
Such careerists as Boris Drubetskoy and Berg belong to the same category of secular people, whose goal in life is to be visible, to be able to get a "warm place", a rich wife, to create a prominent career for themselves, to get to the "top".
Tolstoy is merciless to administrators like Rastopchin, who were alien to the people, despised the people and were despised by the people.
Referring to the representatives of the authorities - both civil and military Tolstoy shows the anti populism of this power, the bureaucracy and careerism of the overwhelming majority of its bearers.
Such, for example, is Arakcheev - the right hand of Alexander I, this " faithful performer and guardian of order and bodyguard of the sovereign... serviceable, cruel and unable to express his loyalty except by cruelty."
Otherwise, the writer draws the local nobility, represented in the novel by Rostov and Akhrosimova.
Without hiding the mismanagement and carelessness of Ilya Andreevich Rostov, which led the family to ruin, Tolstoy with great force emphasizes the positive family qualities of the members of this family: simplicity, cheerfulness, cordiality, hospitality, kind attitude to the servants and peasants, love and affection for each other, honesty, lack of narrow egoistic interests.
The old count's extravagance and mismanagement disappear from his children.
His son Nikolai, having married Marya Bolkonskaya, becomes an economic master, admiring the hardworking peasants.
The secret of Nikolai Tolstoy's success wants to see in his attention to the peasant, in the ability to adopt the economic experience of a peasant.
"He loved this Russian people and their way of life with all the strength of his soul, and therefore only understood and assimilated to himself the only way and method of economy that brought good results."
He ran the farm in the old way, not recognizing any innovations, especially English ones, and the peasants, according to Tolstoy, loved him: "... for a long time after his death, the people kept a pious memory of his management.
"The owner was ... in advance the peasant, and then his own.
Well, he didnot give me a fight either.
One word master."
Tolstoy obscures the cruel system of landlord serf management and puts forward the life of the patriarchal peasantry as an ideal.
Tolstoy shows with undoubted sympathy the independent and proud Bolkonsky family: a stubborn and domineering old man who does not bow his head to anyone, not devoid of features of tyranny and heavy in family life, but educated, honest, oppositional to court circles and career bureaucrats (the scene of his reception in the Bald Mountains of Prince Kuragin is magnificent); a man of strong will, intelligent, looking for the meaning of life, Prince Andrew and the meek Princess Mary.
Tolstoy lovingly describes the local nobility.
In the Rostov and Bolkonsky families, and even in Pierre Bezukhov and Akhrosimova, an intelligent, direct, warm hearted woman, Tolstoy sees Russian folk principles, which he sharply contrasts with the bourgeois European principles embodied in the representatives of the urban nobility.
These families of local nobles are closer to the people, to their truth.
In Tolstoy's huge epic, there are several heroes whose fate he reveals especially carefully.
First of all, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov belong to them.
List of characters in the novel "War and Peace":
ВОЙНА WAR AND PEACE IMAGE OF ANDREY BOLKONSKY
THE DEATH OF TOLSTOY →
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