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Secrets of the world "Secrets of history ""Buran": past, present and future
"Buran": past, present and future
Almost everyone who lived in the USSR and who is at least a little interested in cosmonautics has heard about the legendary Buran, a winged spacecraft that was launched into orbit in a complex with an Energia launch vehicle.
The pride of the Soviet space rocket industry, the Buran orbiter made its only flight during perestroika and was severely damaged when the roof of a hangar on Baikonur collapsed at the beginning of the new millennium.
What is the fate of this ship, and why the program of the reusable space system "Energia Buran" was frozen, we will try to figure out.
History of creation
"Buran" is a winged space orbiter of reusable aircraft configuration.
Its development began in 1974-1975 on the basis of the" Integrated Rocket and Space Program", which was the response of the Soviet cosmonautics to the news in 1972 that the United States had launched the Space Shuttle program.
So the development of such a ship was at that time a strategically important task to deter a potential enemy and preserve the Soviet Union's position as a space superpower.
The first Buran projects, which appeared in 1975, were almost identical to the American shuttles, not only in appearance, but also in the structural arrangement of the main components and blocks, including the main engines.
After numerous improvements, the Buran became the way the whole world remembered it after the flight in 1988.
Unlike the American shuttles, it could deliver a larger weight of cargo (up to 30 tons) to orbit, as well as return up to 20 tons to Earth.
But the main difference between the Buran and the shuttles, which determined its design, was a different placement and number of engines.
There were no main engines on the domestic ship, which were transferred to the launch vehicle, but there were engines for putting it into orbit.
In addition, they turned out to be somewhat heavier.
The first, only and completely successful flight of the Buran took place on November 15, 1988.
The launch into the orbit of the ISS "Energia Buran" was carried out from the Baikonur cosmodrome at 6.00 am.
It was a completely autonomous flight, not controlled from the Ground.
The flight lasted 206 minutes, during which the ship took off, entered Earth orbit, circled the Earth twice, returned safely and landed at the airfield.
It was an extremely joyful event for all developers, designers, everyone who somehow participated in the creation of this technical miracle.
It is sad that this particular ship, which made an "independent" triumphant flight, was buried under the rubble of the collapsed roof of the hangar in 2002.
In the 90s, state funding for space development began to decline sharply, and in 1991 the Energia Buran ISS was transferred from the defense program to the space program to solve national economic problems, after which, in the following 1992, the Russian Space Agency decided to stop working on the project of the reusable Energia Buran system, and the created reserve was preserved.
The device of the ship
The fuselage of the ship is conditionally divided into 3 compartments: the nose (for the crew), the middle (for the payload) and the tail.
The nose of the hull structurally consists of a nose cook, a sealed cabin and an engine compartment.
The interior of the cabin is divided by floors that form decks.
The decks together with the frames provide the necessary strength to the cabin.
In the front part of the cabin, there are portholes on top.
The cabin is divided into three functional parts: the command compartment, where the main crew is located; the household compartment - for accommodating additional crew, spacesuits, sleeping places, life support systems, personal hygiene products, five blocks with control system equipment, elements of the thermal control system, radio and telemetry equipment; the aggregate compartment that ensures the operation of thermoregulation and life support systems.
A spacious cargo compartment with a total volume of approximately 350 m3, a length of 18.3 m and a diameter of 4.7 m is provided for placing cargo on the Buran.
This compartment would fit, for example, the Kvant module or the main unit of the Mir station, while this compartment also allows you to service the placed cargo and monitor the operation of on board systems until the very moment of unloading from the Buran.
The total length of the Buran ship is 36.4 m, the fuselage diameter is 5.6 m, the height on the chassis is 16.5 m, the wingspan is 24 m.
The chassis has a base of 13 m, a track of 7 m.
The main crew was planned to consist of 2-4 people, but the spacecraft can take on board an additional 6-8 researchers to carry out various works in orbit, that is, the Buran can actually be called a ten person vehicle.
The duration of the flight is determined by a special program, the maximum time is set to 30 days.
In orbit, good maneuverability capabilities of the Buran spacecraft are provided thanks to additional fuel reserves of up to 14 tons, the nominal fuel reserve is 7.5 tons.
The combined propulsion system of the Buran spacecraft is a complex system that includes 48 engines: 2 orbital maneuvering engines for putting the spacecraft into orbit with a thrust of 8.8 tons, 38 motion control jet engines with a thrust of 390 kg and 8 more engines for precision movements (precise orientation) with a thrust of 20 kg.
All these engines are powered from single tanks with hydrocarbon fuel "cyclin" and liquid oxygen.
The orbital maneuvering engines are located in the tail compartment of the Buran, and the control engines are located in the blocks of the nose and tail compartments.
In the early projects, two air jet engines with a thrust of 8 tons were also provided for the possibility of flying with a deep side maneuver in landing mode.
These engines were not included in the later designs of the ship.
Buran engines make it possible to perform the following basic operations: stabilization of the Energia Buran complex before its separation from the second stage, separation and withdrawal of the Buran spacecraft from the launch vehicle, its re entry into the initial orbit, formation and correction of the working orbit, orientation and stabilization, interorbital transitions, rendezvous and docking with other spacecraft, departure from orbit and braking, control of the position of the apparatus relative to its center of mass, etc.
At all stages of the flight, the "Buran" is controlled by the electronic brain of the ship, it also controls the operation of all the bot systems and provides navigation.
At the pre launch site, it controls the exit to the reference orbit.
During an orbital flight, it provides orbit correction, de orbiting and immersion into the atmosphere to an acceptable height with subsequent return to the working orbit, program turns and orientation, interorbital transitions, hovering, rendezvous and docking with a cooperating object, twisting around any of the three axes.
During descent, it controls the descent of the ship from orbit, its descent in the atmosphere, the necessary lateral maneuvers, arrival at the airfield and landing.
The basis of the automatic control system of the ship is a high speed computing complex represented by four interchangeable computers.
The complex is able to instantly solve all tasks within its functions and, first of all, link the current ballistic parameters of the ship with the flight program.
The automatic control system of the Buran is so perfect that during future flights, the crew of the ship in this system is considered only as a link that duplicates the automation.
This was the fundamental difference between the Soviet shuttle and the American shuttles – our "Buran" could perform the entire flight in automatic unmanned mode, visit space, safely return to earth and land at the airfield, which was clearly demonstrated by its only flight in 1988.
This was the fundamental difference between the Soviet shuttle and the American shuttles – our "Buran" could perform the entire flight in automatic unmanned mode, visit space, safely return to earth and land at the airfield, which was clearly demonstrated by its only flight in 1988.
The landing of the American shuttles was carried out entirely on manual control with the engines not working.
Our car was much more maneuverable, more complex, "smarter" than its American predecessors and could automatically perform a wider range of functions.
In addition, Buran has developed a system for emergency rescue of the crew in emergency situations.
At low altitudes, a catapult was intended for this purpose for the first two pilots; if an emergency situation occurred at a sufficient height, the ship could detach from the launch vehicle and make an emergency landing.
For the first time in rocket engineering, a diagnostic system was used on a spacecraft, covering all the systems of the spacecraft, connecting backup sets of equipment or switching to a backup mode of operation in case of possible malfunctions.
The device is designed for 100 flights in both autonomous and manned modes.
Present
The cruise spacecraft "Buran" did not find peaceful use, since the program itself was defensive and could not integrate into the peaceful economy, especially after the collapse of the USSR.
Nevertheless, it was a great technological breakthrough, dozens of new technologies and new materials were worked out at Buran, and it is a pity that these achievements were not applied and developed further.
Where are now the famous "Burans" in the past, on which the best minds, thousands of workers worked, and on which so much effort was spent and so many hopes were pinned?
In total, there were five copies of the winged ship "Buran", including unfinished and started vehicles.
1.01 "Buran" - carried out the only unmanned space flight.
It was stored at the Baikonur cosmodrome in the assembly and test building.
At the time of destruction during the collapse of the roof in May 2002, it was the property of Kazakhstan.
1.02 the ship was intended for the second flight in autopilot mode and docking with the Mir space station.
It is also owned by Kazakhstan and installed in the museum of the Baikonur Cosmodrome as an exhibit.
2.01 the readiness of the ship was 30-50 %.
He was at the Tushinsky Machine building Plant until 2004, then spent 7 years at the berth of the Khimki reservoir.
And, finally, in 2011, it was transported for restoration to the Zhukovsky airfield.
2.02 - 10-20 % readiness.
It was partially dismantled on the slipways of the Tushinsky plant.
2.03 the reserve was completely destroyed.
Possible prospects
The Energia Buran project was closed, among other things, because it was not necessary to deliver large loads to orbit, as well as their return.
Built more for defense than for peaceful purposes, in the era of "star wars", the domestic space shuttle" Buran " was far ahead of its time.
Who knows, maybe his time will come yet.
When space exploration becomes more active, when cargo and passengers will often need to be delivered to orbit and, conversely, to Earth.
And when the designers finalize the part of the program that concerns the preservation and relatively safe return to earth of the launch vehicle stages, i.e. they will make the launch system more convenient, which will significantly reduce the cost and make reusable not only the use of the winged spacecraft, but also the Energia Buran system as a whole.
13 April 2014 /
Secrets of History / Editor's Choice
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