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Buran (spaceship)
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* Buran* Buran The launch of the Energia — Buran complex on November 15, 1988 from the Baikonur cosmodrome General information *Country* Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
USSR *Purpose* Reusable Transport Spacecraft
* Developer* NGO "Molniya"
* Manufacturer* Tushinsky Machine building Plant
Main features *Number of steps* 2 * Length* 36.4 m * Diameter* * Launch weight* 105 t Launch history *Status* Program stopped *Launch sites* Site 110, Baikonur; landing: Yubileyny airfield, Baikonur
*Number of launches* 1 successful 1 unsuccessful 0 partially unsuccessful 0 *First launch* November 15
1988 Buran on Wikimedia Commons
* "Buran" *- an orbital rocket ship
the Soviet Reusable Space Transport System (MTCC) , created within the framework of the Energia — Buran program .
One of the two MTCC orbiters implemented in the world, the Buran was a response to a similar American Space Shuttle project.
Buran made its first and only space flight on November 15, 1988.
Content
[remove ]
* 1 History o 1.1 Airfields and flight tests
o 1.2 The first and only flight
o 1.3 Subsequent events
* 2 Technical Specifications
* 3 Differences from the Space Shuttle
* 4 Reasons and consequences of differences between the Energia — Buran and Space Shuttle systems
* 5 List of products
* 6 List of layouts
* 7 Crew * 8 In Philately
* 9 In culture * 10 See also * 11 Notes
* 12 Literature
* 13 Links
History[edit / edit wiki text ]
At the Le Bourget Air Show, 1989
An 225 and "Buran"…
Buran was conceived as a military system[1], which, however, was a response to, as it was then believed, the planned use of American shuttles for military purposes[2]. .
The tactical and technical task for the development of a reusable space system was issued by the Main Directorate of Space Assets of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and approved by D. F. Ustinov on November 8, 1976.
"Buran" was intended for:
* comprehensive counteraction to the activities of a potential enemy to expand the use of outer space for military purposes; * solving target tasks in the interests of defense, national economy and science; * conducting military applied research and experiments to ensure the creation of large space systems using weapons on known and new physical principles; * launching into orbit, servicing on them and returning to earth spacecraft, astronauts and cargo^[3] .
The program has its own background:^[4]
In 1972, Nixon announced that the "Space Shuttle"program was being developed in the United States.
It was announced as a national one, designed for 60 shuttle launches per year, it was supposed to create 4 such ships; the cost of the program was planned at 5 billion 150 million dollars in 1971 prices.
The shuttle put 29.5 tons into low Earth orbit and could lower up to 14.5 tons of cargo from orbit.
This is very serious, and we have begun to study for what purposes it is being created?
After all, everything was very unusual: the weight put into orbit with the help of disposable carriers in America did not even reach 150 t / year, and here it was planned to be 12 times more; nothing descended from orbit, and here it was supposed to return 820 t/year…
This was not just a program for creating some kind of space system under the motto of reducing transportation costs (our studies, our institute's studies showed that no reduction would actually be observed), it had an obvious military purpose.
- Director of the Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Yu.
A. Mozzhorin
Drawings and photos of the shuttle were first obtained in the USSR through the GRU in early 1975[5][6].
Two examinations on the military component were immediately conducted: at the military research institutes and at the Institute of Applied Mathematics under the leadership of Mstislav Keldysh.
Conclusions: "the future reusable spacecraft will be able to carry nuclear munitions and attack the territory of the USSR with them from almost anywhere in near Earth space" and " An American shuttle with a payload of 30 tons, if loaded with nuclear warheads, is capable of flying outside the radio visibility zone of the domestic missile attack warning system.
Having made an aerodynamic maneuver, for example, over the Gulf of Guinea, he can release them on the territory of the USSR" — they pushed the leadership of the USSR to create an answer — "Buran"[7]. .
And they say that we will fly there once a week, you know…
And there are no goals and cargo, and immediately there is a fear that they are creating a ship for some future tasks that we do not know about.
Is it possible to use military equipment?
Absolutely.
- Vadim Lukashevich cosmonautics historian, Candidate of Technical Sciences^[7]
And so they demonstrated this by the fact that they walked over the Kremlin on a "Shuttle", this was a surge of our military, politicians, and so a decision was made at the same time: working out a technique for intercepting space targets, high, with the help of aircraft.
- Magomed Tolboev, Hero of Russia, Honored Test Pilot of the Russian Federation^[7]
By December 1, 1988, there was at least one classified launch of a "Shuttle" with military tasks (the flight number according to the NASA codification is STS 27 )^[8] .
In 2008, it became known that during the flight on the assignment of the NRO
and the CIA launched the Lacrosse 1 all weather reconnaissance satellite into orbit. , who took pictures in the radio range using the radar method^[9] ^[10] .
In America, they said that the Space Shuttle system was created as part of the program of a civil organization — NASA.
Space Task Force led by Vice President S. Agnew
in 1969-1970, she developed several options for promising programs for the peaceful exploration of outer space after the end of the lunar program ^[11] .
In 1972, Congress, based on an economic analysis,^[12] supported the project of creating reusable shuttles to replace disposable rockets.
The Space Shuttle program was closed on July 21, 2011, including due to unprofitability, since the cost of each Space Shuttle flight was from 450 to 600 million dollars.
Moreover, it sounds paradoxical, but the Space Shuttle program, which was developed as a self supporting one, in the end not only did not pay for itself, but in general, in the history of cosmonautics, it turned out to be almost record unprofitable (in fact, the most unprofitable of all) the space program.
In the USSR, as in the United States, many space programs had either a military purpose or were based on military technologies.
So, the Soyuz launch vehicle is the famous royal "seven" - an intercontinental ballistic missile
(ICBM) P 7, and the Proton launch vehicle is an ICBM UR 500 .
According to the established decision making procedures in the USSR on rocket and space technology and on the space programs themselves, the initiators of the developments could be either the top party leadership (the "Lunar Program") or the Ministry of Defense.
In April 1973, the MIC with the involvement of the main institutes (TsNIIMash, NIITP, TsAGI, VIAM, 50 Central Research Institutes, 30 Central Research Institutes ) was developed and sent for consideration and approval to the IOM, MAP
and the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and a number of other related ministries draft a decision of the military Industrial Complex on problems related to the creation of a reusable space system.
Government Decree No.
P137 / VII of May 17, 1973, in addition to organizational issues, contained a clause obliging " Minister S. A. Afanasyev and V. P. Glushko to prepare proposals on a plan for further work within a four month period."
Reusable space systems had both strong supporters and authoritative opponents in the USSR.
Wanting to finally decide on the ISS, GUKOS decided to choose an authoritative arbitrator in the dispute between the military and industry, instructing the main institute of the Ministry of Defense for Military Space (CNII 50) to conduct research work (R & D) to justify the need for the ISS to solve problems for the country's defense capability.
But even this did not make it clear, since General Melnikov, who headed this institute, decided to play it safe, issued two "reports": one in favor of creating the ISS, the other against.
In the end, both of these reports, overgrown with numerous authoritative "Agreed" and "I Approve", met in the most inappropriate place — on the desk of D. F. Ustinov.
Irritated by the results of the "arbitration", Ustinov called Glushko and asked to bring him up to date, providing detailed information on the options of the ISS, but Glushko unexpectedly sent his employee , acting head of Department 162, Valery Burdakov, to a meeting with the secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, a candidate for Politburo membership, instead of himself — the General Designer — his employee, acting head of department 162.
Arriving at Ustinov's office on the Old Square , Burdakov began to answer questions from the secretary of the Central Committee.
Ustinov was interested in all the details: why the ISS is needed, what it can be, what we need for this, why the United States is creating its own shuttle, what it threatens us with.
As Valery Pavlovich later recalled, Ustinov was primarily interested in the military capabilities of the ISS, and he presented to D. F. Ustinov his vision of using orbital shuttles as possible carriers of thermonuclear weapons that can be based on permanent military orbital stations in immediate readiness to deliver a crushing blow anywhere on the planet[13] .
The prospects of the ISS presented by Burdakov so deeply excited and interested D. F. Ustinov that he prepared a decision in the shortest possible time, which was discussed in the Politburo, approved and signed by L. I. Brezhnev^[14] ^[15], and the topic of a reusable space system received the highest priority among all space programs in the party and state leadership and the military industrial complex.
In 1976, the head developer of the ship was a specially created NGO "Molniya".
The new association was headed by Gleb Yevgenyevich Lozino Lozinsky, already in the 1960s
he worked on the project of the reusable aerospace system "Spiral".
The production of orbiters was carried out at the Tushinsky Machine building Plant
since 1980 ; by 1984, the first full scale copy was ready.
From the factory, the ships were delivered by water transport (on a barge under an awning) to the city of Zhukovsky , and from there (from the Ramenskoye airfield) - by air transport (on a special VM T transporter aircraft) - to the Yubileyny airfield of the Baikonur cosmodrome .
Airfields and flight tests[edit / edit wiki text ]
For the landing of the Buran spaceplane, the Yubileyny airfield on Baikonur was specially built with a reinforced runway measuring 4500x84 m (the main landing airfield is the "Landing Complex of the Orbiter" [16]).
In addition, two spare airfields were prepared for the Buran ^[17] :
* "Western reserve airfield — - Simferopol airport
in Crimea, with a reconstructed runway measuring 3701x60 m (45°02'42" s. w. 33°58'37" v. d. / 45.04500° s. w. 33.97694° v. d. / 45.04500; 33.97694 ^(G)
^(O)
) ^[18] ; * "Vostochny reserve airfield" — a military airfield
Chorol
in the Primorsky Territory
with a runway size of 3700x70 m (44°27 ' 04 "s. w. 132°07'28" vd / 44.45111° s. w. 132.12444° vd / 44.45111; 132.12444 ^(G)
^(O) ).
At these three airfields (and in their areas), Complexes of radio technical systems for navigation, landing, trajectory control and air traffic control "Vympel" were deployed to ensure the regular landing of "Buran" (in automatic and manual mode).
According to some reports, in order to ensure readiness for an emergency landing of the Buran (in manual mode), runways were built or strengthened at fourteen more airfields, including outside the territory of the USSR (in Cuba , in Libya ).
A full size analog of the Buran, which had the designation BTS 002(GLI), was made for flight tests in the Earth's atmosphere .
There were four turbojet engines in its tail section, which allowed it to take off from a conventional airfield .
In 1985-1988, it was used in the M. M. Gromov LII
(the city of Zhukovsky, Moscow region ) for testing the control system and the automatic landing system, as well as for training test pilots before space flights.
On November 10, 1985, a full — size analog of the Buran (machine 002 GLI horizontal flight tests) made the first atmospheric flight at the Gromov Institute of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR.
The car was piloted by test pilots of the LII Igor Petrovich Volk
and R. A. Stankevicius .
Earlier, by order of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR No. 263 of June 23, 1981, the Branch Detachment of Test Cosmonauts of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR was created as part of: Volk I. P., Levchenko A. S., Stankevichus R. A. and Shchukin A.V. (the first set).
The first and only flight[edit / edit wiki text ]
Images.
png External images Image silk.png Detailed flight plan of Buran on November 15, 1988
Buran made its first and only space flight on November 15
in 1988 .
The spacecraft was launched into low Earth orbit by a launch vehicle
"Energia", launched from site 110 of the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
The flight duration was 205 minutes, the ship made two orbits around the Earth, after which it landed at the Yubileyny airfield on Baikonur.
The flight took place without a crew in automatic mode using an on board computer and on board software, unlike the American Shuttle, which traditionally performs pre landing maneuvers and landing on manual control (entering the atmosphere and braking to the speed of sound in both cases are completely computerized).
This fact the flight of the spacecraft into space and its descent to Earth in automatic mode under the control of an on board computer entered the Guinness Book of records. .
Over the water area of the Pacific Ocean, the Buran was accompanied by a ship of the measuring complex
The USSR Navy "Marshal Nedelin" and the research vessel of the USSR Academy of Sciences "Cosmonaut Georgy Dobrovolsky".
At the landing stage, there was an emergency, which, however, as a result, only emphasized the success of the creators of the program.
At an altitude of about 11 km, the Buran, which received information from the ground station about weather conditions at the landing site, unexpectedly made a sharp maneuver for everyone.
The ship described a smooth loop with a 180 ° turn (initially entering the runway from the northwest direction, the ship sat down, entering from its southern end).
As it turned out later, due to the stormy wind on the ground, the ship's automation decided to additionally extinguish the speed and go along the most favorable landing trajectory in the new conditions.
At the moment of the turn, the ship disappeared from the field of view of ground surveillance means, communication was interrupted for a while.
A panic began in the MCC, the responsible persons immediately offered to use the emergency system for detonating the ship (TNT charges were installed on it, provided for preventing the crash of a top secret ship on the territory of another state in case of loss of course).
However, the Deputy Chief Designer of NPO Molniya for Flight Tests, Stepan Mikoyan, who was responsible for controlling the ship at the descent and landing site, decided to wait, and the situation was resolved safely.
^[19]
During the work on the Buran project, several mock up samples were made for dynamic, electric, airfield
and other tests.
After the closure of the program, these products remained on the balance sheet of various research institutes and production associations.
It is known, for example, that the rocket and space corporation Energia and the NGO Molniya have mock up samples.
Despite the external similarity with the American "Shuttle", the Buran orbiter had a fundamental difference — it could land completely in automatic mode using an on board computer and a ground based Complex of radio technical systems for navigation, landing, trajectory control and air traffic control "Vimpel".
Initially, the automatic landing system did not provide for switching to manual control mode.
However, test pilots
and the astronauts demanded that the designers turn on the manual mode in the landing control system^[20] :
...the control system of the Buran ship was supposed to perform all actions automatically until the ship stopped after landing.
The participation of the pilot in the management was not provided.
(Later, at our insistence, they provided for a backup manual control mode on the atmospheric section of the flight when the ship returned.)
- S. A. Mikoyan
A number of technical solutions obtained during the creation of the Buran are still used in Russian and foreign rocket and space technology[21]. .
A significant part of the technical information about the course of the flight is not available to a modern researcher, since it was recorded on magnetic tapes
for BESM 6 computers, no serviceable copies of which have been preserved.
It is possible to partially recreate the course of the historical flight from the preserved paper rolls of printouts on the ADC 128 with samples from onboard and ground telemetry data^[22] .
Subsequent events[edit / edit wiki text ]
In 1990, work on the Energia Buran program was suspended, and on May 25, 1993[23] the program was finally closed by a decision of the Council of Chief Designers at NPO Energia. .
At the same time, there is an opinion that there was no official closure as such — allegedly, only the president of the Russian Federation can stop this program^[24] .
In 2002, the only Buran that flew into space (product 1.01) was destroyed when the roof of the assembly and test building on Baikonur collapsed, in which it was stored together with ready made copies of the Energia launch vehicle.
Technical specifications[edit / edit wiki text ]
Buran Donor.
svg
* The length is 36.4 m, * The wingspan is about 24 m, * The height of the ship when it is on the chassis is more than 16 m, * The starting weight is 105 tons, * The cargo compartment accommodates a payload weighing up to 30 tons during takeoff, up to 20 tons during landing.
A sealed all welded cabin for the crew and people, for carrying out work in orbit (up to 10 people) and most of the equipment, for providing flight as part of the rocket and space complex, autonomous flight in orbit, descent and landing, is inserted into the nose compartment of the Buran.
The volume of the cabin is over 70 m^3 .
Images.
png External Images Image silk.
png Space Shuttle Drawing (52 Mb)
Buran has a triangular wing
with a double sweep, as well as aerodynamic controls that work after returning to the dense layers of the atmosphere and during landing — the rudder, elevons
and an aerodynamic shield.
Two groups of engines for maneuvering are located at the end of the tail section and the front part of the hull.
A maneuver is performed to return or exit to a single turn trajectory.
For the first time in the practice of engine building, a combined propulsion system was created, including fuel tanks of oxidizer and fuel with means of refueling, thermostating, pressurization, fluid intake in zero gravity, control system equipment, etc.
The onboard control system consists of about fifty software systems based on the IBM System/370 computer .
Some of the system commands from the IBM S/370 set were not implemented, at the same time, many original general purpose commands were added that have no analogues in the IBM set.
On board the ship there were two sets of BTSVM "Beads 4" with four hardware parallel computers and a hardware comparator that allows automatic shutdown of two computers in a row in case of emergency results (4 main + 4 reserve).
By the way, KK
"Space Shuttle" has only a software reservation.
When developing software for spacecraft ground systems, the technology of structural design of programs using the DIPOLE language was used, and the LAX language was used to solve modeling problems.
The BCVM software and the Operating System (OS) were written in the languages PROL2 (based on the PROLOG language) and Assembler/370. .
The concept of R technology was widely used in software development
(R machine
and R language), using the SAPO programming and debugging automation system .
The use of computer technologies developed in the USSR made it possible to develop software complexes with a volume of about 100 MB in a short time.
In case of failures of the rocket blocks of the first and second stages of the launch vehicle, the control system of the orbiter ensures its emergency return to earth in automatic mode.
Its protective skin is of paramount importance for the successful overcoming of gravitationally caused thermal and pneumatic loads that occur during the passage of the ship in the dense layers of the atmosphere.[25]
A number of scientific research organizations of the country have received a task to develop refractory materials that meet these extreme technical conditions in the characteristics of resistance.
The Institute of Silicate Chemistry (St. Petersburg), among other institutions that performed these works, was entrusted with the role of their coordination, and the general management was carried out by the outstanding physical chemist M. M. Schultz. [26][27]
Differences from the "Space Shuttle"[edit / edit wiki text ]
Despite the general external similarity of the projects, there are also significant differences.
Soyuz, Space Shuttle and Energia Buran comparison
The Space Shuttle complex consists of a fuel tank (a cigar shaped object of red color in the center), two solid fuel accelerators and the space shuttle itself.
For 6.6 seconds before the start (separation from the launch table), three main stage oxygen hydrogen acceleration engines are started
RS 25, placed on the orbital rocket plane itself (the second stage), and only then (at the time of launch) — both accelerators (the first stage), simultaneously with the detonation of the mounting pyrobolts .
Due to the need to use the shuttle's own booster engines, the complex cannot be used to put other vehicles or cargo into orbit, even less mass in comparison with the shuttle.
The shuttle lands with its engines idle.
It does not have the ability to land several times, so there are several landing sites on the territory of the United States.
"Buran": the name of the complex "Energia Buran".
The complex consisted of the first stage (four side blocks with oxygen kerosene four chamber RD 170 engines , reusable), the second stage (a cigar shaped object of white color in the center; equipped with four oxygen hydrogen RD 0120 engines ) and the Buran return spacecraft.
At the start, both stages were launched.
After working out, the first stage (4 side rockets) was undocked and the second stage was carried out.
This scheme is universal, since it allowed the launch into orbit not only of the MTCC "Buran", but also of other payloads weighing up to 100 tons.
"Buran" entered the atmosphere and began to extinguish the speed (the angle of entry is about 30°, gradually the angle of entry decreased).
Initially, for controlled flight in the atmosphere, the Buran was to be equipped with two turbofan engines installed in the zone of the aerodynamic shadow
at the base of the keel.
However, by the time of the first (and only) launch, this system was not ready for flight, so after entering the atmosphere, the ship was controlled only by steering surfaces without using engine thrust.
Before landing, the Buran performed a speed dampening corrective maneuver (a flight in a descending eight), after which it was landing.
In this single flight, the Buran had only one attempt for landing.
During landing, the speed was 300 km/h, during re entry into the atmosphere it reached 25 sound speeds
(almost 30 thousand km/h).
Unlike the "Shuttles", the "Buran" had an emergency rescue system for the crew.
At low altitudes, the catapult worked
for the first two pilots; at a sufficient altitude, in case of an emergency situation, the Buran could separate from the launch vehicle and make an emergency landing.
The chief designers of the Buran have never denied that the Buran was partially copied from the American Space Shuttle.
In particular, the general designer Lozino Lozinsky
I spoke on the question of copying as follows:^[28]
General Designer Glushko considered that by that time there were few materials that would confirm and guarantee success, at a time when the Shuttle flights proved that the Shuttle like configuration works successfully, and there is less risk when choosing a configuration.
Therefore, despite the larger useful volume of the Spiral configuration, it was decided to perform the Buran in a configuration similar to the Shuttle configuration.
...
Copying, as indicated in the previous answer, was, of course, completely conscious and justified in the process of those design developments that were carried out, and in the process of which, as already mentioned above, many changes were made to both the configuration and the design.
The main political requirement was to ensure the dimensions of the payload compartment, the same as the payload compartment of the Shuttle.
... the absence of main engines on the "Buran" noticeably changed the alignment, the position of the wings, the configuration of the influx, well, and a number of other differences.
Buran 17D12 booster engine
Under the missing main engines
general designer Lozino Lozinsky
I understood exactly the acceleration engines.
But on the" Buran " there were marching pre acceleration engines
the combined propulsion system (ODE), which provided the ship's pre launch into orbit after separation from the launch vehicle, orbital maneuvers and braking before leaving orbit.
^[29] In the shuttle, the engines of the orbital maneuvering system were similar pre acceleration engines .
After the Columbia spacecraft disaster, and especially with the closure of the Space Shuttle program, the Western media has repeatedly expressed the opinion that the American space agency NASA is interested in reviving the Energia Buran complex and intends to make an appropriate order to Russia in the near future.
Meanwhile, according to the Interfax news agency, the director of TsNIIMash
G. G. Raikunov
he said that Russia could return to this program after 2018 and create launch vehicles capable of putting cargo up to 24 tons into orbit; its tests will begin in 2015.
In the future, it is planned to create rockets that will deliver cargo weighing more than 100 tons into orbit.
In the distant future, there are plans to develop a new manned spacecraft and reusable launch vehicles.
^[30] ^[31] ^[32]
Causes and consequences of differences between the Energia — Buran and Space Shuttle systems[edit / edit wiki text ]
The original version of the OS 120, which appeared in 1975 in volume 1B "Technical Proposals" of the "Integrated Rocket and Space Program", was almost a complete copy of the American space shuttle — three main oxygen hydrogen engines (11D122) were placed in the tail part of the ship
developments of KBEM with a thrust of 250 t.
s.
and specific impulse
353 seconds on the ground and 455 seconds in vacuum) with two protruding engine nacelles for orbital maneuvering engines.
The key issue turned out to be the engines, which were supposed to be equal or superior in all basic parameters to the characteristics of the onboard engines of the American SSME orbiter and the side solid fuel boosters .
The engines created in the Voronezh Chemical Automation Design Bureau were compared to their American counterpart:
* heavier (3450 vs. 3117 kg), * slightly larger in dimensions (diameter and height: 2420 and 4550 vs. 1630 and 4240 mm), * with slightly less thrust (at sea level: 156 vs. 181 t.s.), although the specific impulse characterizing the efficiency of the engine was somewhat superior to it.
At the same time, ensuring the reusable use of these engines was a very significant problem.
For example, originally created as reusable Space Shuttle engines
as a result, they required such a large volume of very expensive inter launch routine maintenance work that economically the Shuttle completely failed to meet the expectations for reducing the cost of putting a kilogram of cargo into orbit.
It is known that to put the same payload into orbit from the Baikonur cosmodrome, for geographical reasons, you need to have more thrust than from the Cape Canaveral cosmodrome .
To start the system, the space Shuttle uses two solid booster with a thrust of 1280 T. S. each (the most powerful rocket engines in history), with a total thrust at sea level 2560 TS, plus the overall thrust of the three engines SSME 570 T. S., that creates thrust by separation from the launch pad 3130 TS This is enough to port Canaveral to launch a payload of up to 110 tons, including the Shuttle (78 tons), up to 8 astronauts (up to 2 tons) up to 29.5 tonnes of cargo in the cargo compartment.
Accordingly, to put 110 tons of payload into orbit from the Baikonur cosmodrome, all other things being equal, it is required to create a thrust at separation from the launch table by about 15 % more, that is, about 3600 t.
s.
The Soviet orbiter OS 120 (OS means "orbital aircraft") was supposed to have a weight of 120 tons (add to the weight of the American shuttle two turbojet engines for flights in the atmosphere and a system for ejecting two pilots in an emergency).
^ [33] A simple calculation shows that to put a payload of 120 tons into orbit, a thrust on the launch table of more than 4000 t.
s.
is required.
At the same time, it turned out that the thrust of the main engines of the orbiter, if we use a similar configuration of the shuttle with 3 engines, is inferior to the American one (465 t.s. against 570 t. s.), which is completely insufficient for the second stage and the shuttle's re entry into orbit.
Instead of three engines, it was necessary to put 4 RD 0120 engines , but there was no space and weight reserve in the design of the glider of the orbiter.
The designers had to drastically reduce the weight of the shuttle.
So the project of the OK 92 orbiter was born, the weight of which was reduced to 92 tons due to the refusal to place the main engines together with the system of cryogenic pipelines, locking them when separating the external tank, etc.
As a result of the study of the project, four (instead of three) RD 0120 engines were transferred from the rear fuselage of the orbiter to the lower part of the fuel tank.
However, unlike the Shuttle, which was unable to perform such active orbital maneuvers, the Buran was equipped with 16 ton thrust maneuvering engines, which allowed it to change its orbit within a wide range if necessary.
On January 9, 1976, the General designer of NPO Energia, Valentin Glushko
utverd il "Technical reference" containing a comparative analysis of the new version of the OK 92 ship.
After the release of Resolution No. 132-51, the development of the orbiter glider, the means of air transportation of the ISS elements and the automatic landing system was entrusted to a specially organized NGO "Molniya", headed by Gleb Yevgenyevich Lozino Lozinsky .
The changes also affected the side accelerators.
In the USSR, there was no design experience, the necessary technology and equipment for the production of such large and powerful solid fuel accelerators that are used in the space shuttle system and provide 83% of thrust at launch.
The harsher climate required more complex chemicals to operate in a wider temperature range, solid fuel accelerators created dangerous vibrations, did not allow traction control and destroyed the ozone layer of the atmosphere with their exhaust.
In addition, solid fuel engines are inferior in specific efficiency to liquid ones — and the USSR needed more efficiency due to the geographical location of the Baikonur cosmodrome to output a payload equal to the Shuttle's technical specifications.
The designers of NPO Energia decided to use the most powerful of the available rocket engines the engine created under the leadership of Glushko, the four chamber RD 170, which could develop thrust (after refinement and modernization) of 740 t.
s .
However, it was necessary to use four 740 t.s.
instead of two side accelerators of 1280 t.
s.
The total thrust of the side boosters together with the engines of the second stage RD 0120 when separated from the launch table reached 3425 t.s., which is approximately equal to the starting thrust of the Saturn 5 system with the Apollo ships (3500 t. s.).
The possibility of re using side accelerators was an ultimatum requirement of the customer — the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Ministry of Defense
represented by D. F. Ustinov .
Officially, it was believed that the side accelerators were reusable, but in those two flights of "Energy" that took place, the task of preserving the side accelerators was not even set.
American boosters descend by parachute into the ocean, which provides a fairly "soft" landing, sparing the engines and accelerator hulls.
Unfortunately, in the conditions of the launch from the Kazakh steppe, there is no chance to "bring down" the accelerators, and the parachute landing in the steppe is not soft enough to preserve the engines and rocket hulls.
Although a planning or parachute landing with powder engines was designed, it was not implemented in the first two test flights, and further developments in this direction, including the rescue of both the first and second stage blocks with the help of wings, were not carried out due to the closure of the program.
The changes that became the differences between the Energia — Buran system and the Space Shuttle system had the following results:
* in the Energia Buran system, only the orbiter itself was a reusable element in the first flight, and the first stage blocks and the central block were lost during the launch process.
^[34]
* on the other hand, a universal space transport system was created, which, unlike the Americans, allowed to launch into space not only the Buran ,but also arbitrary heavy loads weighing up to 100 tons, while the US shuttle is an integral part of the transport system and the cargo is limited to 29.5 tons, and due to the peculiarities of the alignment of the orbiter, no flight with a full load was ever made.
In the United States, there were plans to create a one time only cargo system based on the Shuttle (Shuttle C ), but they were not implemented.
List of products[edit / edit wiki text ]
Flying into space * "Buran" 1.01* at the exhibition in Le Bourget, 1989
"Baikal" 2.01 in LII im.
Gromova
By the time the program was closed (the beginning of the 1990s), five flight copies of the Buran ship had been built or were being built:
* * Product 1.01 "Buran" * - the ship made a space flight in automatic mode.
It was located in the collapsed assembly and test building on the 112th site of the cosmodrome, completely destroyed
together with the layout of the RN "Energia"
during the collapse of the assembly and test building No. 112 on May 12, 2002 .
It was the property of Kazakhstan .
* Product 1.02 "Storm" - was supposed to make a second flight in automatic mode with docking with the manned station "Mir".
It is located at the Baikonur cosmodrome and is the property of Kazakhstan.
In April 2007
a mass dimensional model of the product, previously lying unattended in the open air, is installed in the museum's exposition
the Baikonur Cosmodrome (site 2).
The product 1.02 itself, together with the layout of the OK MT, is located in the installation and refueling case, and there is no free access to it.
Nevertheless, in May June 2015, blogger Ralph Mirebs managed to take a number of photos of the collapsing shuttle and the layout of the ship[35] .
* Product 2.01 "Baikal" — the degree of readiness of the ship at the time of termination of work was 30-50 %.
Until 2004, it was located in the workshops of the Tushinsky Machine building Plant , in October 2004 it was transported to the berth of the Khimki reservoir
for temporary storage.
^[36] ^[37] ^[38] 22-23 in June 2011, it was transported by river transport to the airfield in Zhukovsky, for restoration and subsequent display at the MAKS air show .
^[39] ^[40] * Product 2.02 - was ready for 10-20 %.
It was disassembled (partially) on the slipways of the Tushinsky Machine building Plant.
* Product 2.03 the reserve was destroyed in the workshops of the Tushinsky Machine building Plant .
List of layouts[edit / edit wiki text ]
BTS 002 at the Museum of Technology
Speyer
* BTS 002 OK GLI
(product 0.02).
After the closure of the Buran program in 1993, NPO Molniya demonstrated an analog aircraft of the Buran BTS 002 at the airshow of the International Aviation and Space Salon .
BTS 002 had 4 turbofan engines, which allowed it to take off from a conventional airfield.
It was used for passing horizontal flight tests in the atmosphere.
In 1999, it was leased
australian
a company to be shown at the Olympic Games
in Sydney, and then Singapore
the company that took him to Bahrain .
Now it is owned by the Museum of Technology
in Speyer
(Germany).
On April 2, 2008, the Buran arrived at the port of Rotterdam.
^[41] ^[42] It cost the owner of the museum, Herman Lair, 10 million euros.
^[43] ^[44] It is currently installed in the Speyer Technical Museum as an exhibit.
BTS 001 in Gorky Park
in Moscow
* BTS 001 OK ML 1
(product 0.01) was used for testing the air transportation of the orbital complex.
In 1993
the full size model was leased to the Cosmos — Earth Society (President cosmonaut German Titov).
Until June 2014, it was installed on the Pushkin Embankment
Moscow River in the Central Park of Culture and Recreation named after.
Gorky .
As of December 2008, a scientific and educational attraction was organized there.
On the night of July 5 to 6, 2014, the layout was moved to the territory of VDNH[45][46][47] to celebrate the 75th anniversary of VDNH.
* OK KS (product 0.03) is a full size integrated stand.
It was used for testing air transportation, complex software testing, electrical and radio engineering tests of systems and equipment.
Until 2012, he was located in the building of the control and testing station of RSC Energia , the city of Korolev .
It was moved to the territory adjacent to the building of the center, where it is currently undergoing conservation.
After conservation, it will be installed on a specially prepared site on the territory of RSC Energia^[48] .
* OK ML1 (product 0.04) was used for dimensional and weight fitting tests.
It is located in the museum of the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
* OK TWA
(product 0.05) was used for heat and vibration strength tests.
It is located in TsAGI .
As of 2011, all the compartments of the models were destroyed, with the exception of the left wing with a landing gear and with standard thermal protection, which were included in the layout of the orbiter.
* OK TVI
(product 0.06) was a model for heat and vacuum tests.
It is located in Niihimmash, Peresvet
Moscow region.
* OK MT (product 0.15) was used for testing pre launch operations (filling the ship, the fitting connecting works, etc.).
Currently located at the site of Baikonur 112A, (45°55'10" n 63°18'36" V. D. / 45.91944° n 63.31000° e / 45.91944; 63.31000 ^(G)
^(O)
) in the structure 80, together with the product 1.02 "Storm".
It is the property of Kazakhstan .
* 8M
(product 0.08) - the layout is only a model of the cabin with hardware stuffing.
It was used to test the reliability of ejection seats.
After the completion of the work, he was located on the territory of the 29th Clinical Hospital in Moscow, then he was transported to the Cosmonaut Training Center near Moscow.
Currently, it is located on the territory of the 83rd clinical Hospital of the FMBA (since 2011 the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the FMBA).
The crew[edit / edit wiki text ]
In 1984, crews were formed at the M. M. Gromov LII to test the Buran analogue BTS 02, which were carried out until 1988.
The same crews were also planned for the 1st manned flight of Buran.
Main crew
* Volk, Igor Petrovich commander.
* Stankevicius, Rimantas Antanas the 2nd pilot, died in a plane crash on September 9, 1990.
Backup crew
* Levchenko, Anatoly Semenovich commander, died on August 6, 1988 (from a brain tumor).
* Shchukin, Alexander Vladimirovich the 2nd pilot, died in a plane crash on August 18, 1988 while preparing for an aviation show in honor of the Day of the USSR Air Fleet.
In philately[edit / edit wiki text ]
*
Mail block
The USSR of 1988 (CFA (ITC "Marka")
№ 6036)
*
Buran on a postage stamp
Kazakhstan
in the mail block "50 years of the Baikonur cosmodrome"
*
Postage stamp of the USSR in 1991 (CFA (ITC "Marka")
№ 6300)
*
Postage stamp of Ukraine in 1996
In the Buran culture - a game on MSX, 1990 [1]
See also[edit / edit wiki text ]
* Storm (rocket)
* Baikal Angara
* Space Shuttle
* BOR 5 overall weight model of the Buran orbiter
Notes[edit / edit wiki text ]
↑ Show compactly
1.
*↑ * /Paul Marks.
/ Cosmonaut: Soviet space shuttle was safer than NASA's (English) (7 July 2011).
Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011 .
2. * ↑ * A quarter of a century without "Buran"
3.
* ↑ * Application of the Blizzard 4.
*↑ * The path to the Blizzard 5.
*↑ * http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/tsagi1.jpg 6.
*↑ * http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/markov.jpg 7.
↑ Go to: ^/*1*/ ^/*2*/ ^/*3*/ "Buran" .
Kommersant No. 213 (1616) (November 14, 1998).
Verified on September 21, 2010.
Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011 .
8. * ↑ * The mysterious flight of Atlantis
9.
* ↑ * /Vick C./ Lacrosse/Onyx (English).
GlobalSecurity.org (9 November 2008).
Verified on March 21, 2011.
10. * ↑ * Lacrosse 1 (English).
NASA .
Verified on March 21, 2011.
11. * ↑ * Agnew, Spiro, chairman.
September 1969.
The Post Apollo Space Program: Directions for the Future.
Space Task Group.
Reprinted in NASA SP 4407, Vol. I, pp.
522—543 12.
*↑ * 71-806.
July 1971.
Robert N. Lindley, The Economics of a New Space Transportation System 13.
*↑ * Application of "Buran — - Combat space complexes 14.
*↑ * History of the creation of the reusable orbiter "Buran" 15.
*↑ * Reusable orbiter OK 92, which became "Buran" 16.
* ↑ * Landing complex of the Baikonur cosmodrome
17.
* ↑ * Spare airfields for "Buran"
18.
* * * Layout of the facilities of the Vimpel Complex of radio technical systems for navigation, landing, trajectory control and air traffic control in the Crimea
19.
* ↑ * Flight of the orbiter 11F35 "Buran"
20.
* ↑ * /Mikoyan S. A. / Chapter 28.
At a new job / / We are the children of war.
Memoirs of a military test pilot.
- Moscow: Yauza, Eksmo, 2006.
- pp.
549-566.
21. * ↑ * Speech by Gen. const.
NGO "Molniya" by G. E. Lozino Lozinsky at the scientific and practical exhibition of the conference "Buran — a breakthrough to supertechnologies", 1998 22.
*↑ * /A. Ore/.
Cleaning the mold from the numbers / / Computerra, 2007 23.
*↑ * http://www.buran.ru/other/sgk 245-25_05-93.pdf 24.
* * * "Buran" will be needed again for the defense of Russia
25.
* * * The contact of any cosmic body with the atmosphere during acceleration is accompanied by a shock wave, the effect of which on the gas flows is expressed by an increase in their temperature, density and pressure — pulsed compacting plasma layers are formed with a temperature increasing exponentially, and reaching values that can withstand only special heat resistant silicate materials without significant changes.
26. * ↑ * Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg University; Series 4.
Issue 1.
March 2010.
Physics, chemistry (the chemical section of the issue is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of M. M. Schultz)
27.
* ↑ * Mikhail Mikhailovich Shultz.
Materials for the bibliography of scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Chemical sciences.
Issue 108.
Second edition, supplemented.
- Moscow: Nauka, 2004 — - ISBN 5-02-033186-4
28.
*↑ * Meets the General designer of the "Buran" Gleb E. Lozino Lozinski 29.
*↑ * In the same boat frost and flame / aerospace, No. 1/1991 / B. SOKOLOV, Deputy chief designer of NPO "Energy", doctor of technical Sciences; A. SANIN, candidate of technical Sciences 30.
*↑ * Russia To Review Its Space Shuttle Project / Propulsiontech''s Blog
31.
*↑ * /Douglas Birch.
/ Russian space program is handed new responsibility .
Sun Foreign (2003).
Checked on October 17, 2008.
Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011.
32. * ↑ * Russia To Review Its Space Shuttle Project .
Space Daily (???).
Verified on July 28, 2010.
Archived from the original source on October 15, 2012.
33. * ↑ * OS 120 34.
* ↑ * B. Gubanov.
Central Block C / / Triumph and Tragedy of Energy 35.
* ↑ * /Ralph Mirebs.
/ In the bedroom of God .
LiveJournal (June 3, 2015).
36. * ↑ * D. Melnikov.
"Buran" was left without wings and a tail to Lead.
<url>, September 2, 82010 37.
* * * The Tushinsky Machine building Plant, where the Buran space shuttle was built, disowned its brainchild of the Petersburg — Fifth Channel shopping mall, September 30, 2010.
* * * The remnants of the "Buran" are sold in pieces
REN TV, September 30, 2010 39.
* ↑ * "Buran" will be given a chance
40.
* ↑ * The "Buran" rotting in Tushino will be put in order and shown at the air show
41.
* ↑ * Russian space shuttle in Port of Rotterdam 42.
* ↑ * The End of the Buran Odyssey (14 photos)
43.
* ↑ * D. Melnikov.
The end of the odyssey of the "Buran" News.
<url>, April 5, 2008 44.
* * * The Soviet shuttle "Buran" sailed to the German Lenta Museum.
<url>, April 12, 2008 45.
* * * "Buran" is being transported from the Moscow Park named after.
Gorky (photo report), June 24, 2014 46.
* * * Several trolleybus and tram routes will be removed due to the transportation of "Buran"
47.
* ↑ * "Buran" was transported from Gorky Park to VDNH (VIDEO) 48.
* * * The poster model of the reusable ship "Buran" of RSC Energia is being moved to a new place in RSC Energia, November 15, 2012
Literature[edit / edit wiki text ]
* B. E. Chertok.
Rockets and people.
The lunar race M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1999.
Chapter 20 * The first flight.
- M.: Aviation and cosmonautics, 1990 — - 100 000 copies.
* / Kurochkin A.M., Shardin V. E.
/ The area closed for swimming.
- M.: OOO "Military book", 2008.
- 72 p — - (Ships of the Soviet Fleet).
— ISBN 978-5-902863-17-5 .
* / Danilov E. P.
/ The First.
And the only one...
/ / Obninsk .
- No. 160-161 (3062-3063), December 2008
Links[edit / edit wiki text ]
commons: Buran (spaceship)
on Wikimedia Commons^?
The Vikinovosti logo
Vikinovosti
by topic: *The last Soviet shuttle "Buran" was transported to Zhukovsky *
* Project "Buran 68" * About the creation of "Buran" Website of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR
(history, photos, memories and documents) * Buran and other reusable space transport systems (history, documents, technical specifications, interviews, rare photos, books) * English website about the ship "Buran" (English) * Emergency on Baikonur on May 12, 2002 * What did happen on Baikonur?
* The storm around the "Buran"
* Who gave birth to the "Shuttle" and "Buran"?
* Basic concepts and history of the development of the orbital complex "Buran" Baltic State Technical University "Voenmeh"
D. F. Ustinov, report on the first work of the UNIRS * Gleb Lozino Lozinsky led the development
* Gagarin and the prototype of the "Buran".
Photo from 1966
* Gagarin and the prototype of the "Buran".
Photo from 1965
* On a visit to the" Buran "Technik Museum Speyr, Germany * Pilots of the Buran Website of veterans 12 of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR Pilots of the "Buran" * "Buran".
The Constellation of the Wolf
d/f about the team of Buran pilots (Channel One, see the official website. TV projects ) * Takeoff of the "Buran" (video) * The last "Buran" of the Empire — a TV story by the Roscosmos studio
(video) * Map of Gorky Park with a clearly visible layout of OK TWA
* "Buran 1.02" at the storage site at the Baikonur Cosmodrome
(since the spring of 2007, it has been located 2 km south east of this place, in the Museum of the History of Baikonur) * The Tushinsky machine building plant, where the Buran space shuttle was built, disowned its offspring / / 5 tv.ru * Pharmacists dragged the "Buran" along the Moscow River
(video) * The Buran spacecraft was transported along the Moscow River (video) * "Buran" will return again (video).
The program Russian space, interview with O. D. Baklanov, December 2012.
* The full automatic machine won — Kommersant, 09.11.2015
Video
* Logo YouTube por Hernando.
svg Fairway for "Buran" (transportation of Buran from Tushino to Zhukovsky)
[hide] Viewing this template Space program "Energia Buran"
Components * * Buran** · Energy · World · Quantum 1 · Quantum 2 · Crystal · Androgynous peripheral docking assembly
RP1357 p189 Energia Buran.svg
Orbital instances **Buran 1.01** · *Buran 1.02 * · *Buran 2.01 * · *Buran 2.02 * · *Buran 2.03 * Test instances and devices OK 1 ML (0.01; OK M; BTS 01) · OK GLEE (0.02; BTS 02) · OK KC (0.03) · OK МЛ1 (0.04) · OK TWA (0.05) · OK TWI (0.06) · OK MT (0.15) · OK? (Product 0.08)
· BOR 4 · BOR 5 launch site Baikonur
Landing places main: Yubileyny
* reserve: Bagerovo · Vostochny (Khorol) · spare parts: other
Related topics Roof collapse of the installation and test building of the Baikonur Cosmodrome
[show] View this template Reusable Transport Spaceships
USFLAG of the United States.
svg USA : "X 20 Dyna Soar", launch on the PH (the project is not implemented)
SSRFLAG of the Soviet Union.
svg of the USSR : "Spiral", air start scheme
(the project is stopped) LKS, start at the PH (the project is not implemented)
Shuttle.svg
USFLAG of the United States.
svg USA: The "Space Shuttle" program *Is completed*
SSRFLAG of the Soviet Union.
svg USSR: The Buran program * Has been stopped*
RP1357 p189 Energia Buran.svg
* / Enterprise / (OV 101, atmospheric tests, decommissioned) * /Pathfinder / (OV 098, ground tests) * /Colombia / (OV 102, *burned while landing in 2003,*) * /Challenger / (OV 099, *exploded during launch in 1986 *) * /discovery / (OV 103, completed the flight 09.03.2011) * /Atlantis / (OV 104, has concluded the flight 21.07.2011) * /endeavour / (OV 105, completed the flight 01.06.2011)
* / OK ML 1 / (BTS 001, aerodynamic model, park attraction) * / OK GLI / (BTS 002, atmospheric aircraft analog, transferred to the museum) * / * Buran*/ (1.01, decommissioned, destroyed in 2002) * / 1.02 / (95-97% finished, transferred to the museum) * / 2.01 / (built by 30-50%, under restoration) * / 2.02 / (built by 10-20%, partially disassembled) * /2.03 / (disassembled)
EuropaFlag of Europe.
svg Europe : "Hermes" (project stopped), HOTOL (project stopped ), Skylon (project) Japanflag of Japan.
svg Japan: HOPE( project stopped), Kanko maru
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svg China: Shenlong
(project) Ukrainflag of Ukraine.
svg Ukraine: Sura
(project) Indyflag of India.
svg India: AVATAR/RLV (English)Russian.
and Hyperplane (English)Russian.
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USFLAG of the United States.
svg USA : NASP Program (X 30) (closed in 1992) USFLAG of the United States.
svg USA : VentureStar Program (closed in 2001)
SSRFLAG of the Soviet Union.
svg USSR: "Zarya" (1987-1989, the release of design documentation has been completed) RussiaFlag of Russia.
svg Russia : "Clipper" (the project was closed in 2006)
USA Flag of the United States.
svg USA: Constellation program with partially reusable Orion CC (closed in 2010)
USFLAG of the United States.
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(private project, stopped) USFLAG of the United States.
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(private project) USFLAG of the United States.
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[show] View this template Manned Space Flights
The USSR and Russia
BP 190
(1957-195912, ed.) * East
(1961-1963 • * Sunrise
(1964-1965 • * Union
(since 1967) • L1 /Probe
(1967-19701, ed.) • L3
(1971-19721, ed.) • TKS
(1977-19851) • / Zarya / • / Spiral / • /LKS / • * Buran* (19881) • /Clipper / • / MAX / • / Federation / (from 20211, from 2024)
USA
Mercury
(1961-1963) • North American X 15 2 (1963) • Gemini
(1965-1966 • * Apollo
(1968—1975) • /X 20 Dyna Soar / • Space Shuttle
(1981-2011) • / VentureStar / • /NASP (X 30) / • /Orion / (since 20141, since 2018)
China
/Shuguang / • / manned by FSW / * Shenzhou
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India
/ISRO Orbital Vehicle / (since 2016)
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/ Hermes / • /Sanger 2 / (Germany) • / HOTOL / (UK) • /CRV / (from 2018) • /ACTS / (from 20??)
Japan
/HOPE / • /Fuji / • /Kanko maru / • /ASSTS / • / manned HTV / (from 20??)
private
SpaceShipOne 2 (2004) • /SpaceShipTwo /2 (since 2012) • /SpaceX Dragon / (since 20101, c 201?)
• /CST 100 / (since 201?)
• /Excalibur Diamond / (since 201?)
• /ROTON / (since 201?)
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• /Kistler K 1 / (since 201?)
• /Silver Dart / (since 201?)
• /Dream Chaser / (since 201?)
• /Tycho Brahe /2 (from 201?)
• /Stabilo /2 (from 201?)
• /M 55 (Geophysics) /2 (from 201?)
1 Only unmanned flights, although the ship was created for manned flights 2 Only suborbital flights
[show] View this template Soviet and Russian rocket and space technology Historical RN
BP 190
* Satellite
• East
* The Moon
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• Cyclone
* Wave
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• Start
Soyuz TMA 5 launch.jpg
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Proton
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Soyuz 2-3 * Angara
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RN based on the SLBM
Wave
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Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buran_ (spaceship)&oldid=77887543 »
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