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DETERMINING DISTANCES ON THE GROUND
Weapons and Weapons > Topography > Determining distances on the ground
Very often, the scout is required to determine the distances to various objects on the ground, as well as to assess their size.
The distances are determined most accurately and quickly by means of special devices (rangefinders) and rangefinder scales of binoculars, stereo tubes, sights.
But due to the lack of devices, distances are often determined using improvised means and by eye.
Among the simplest ways to determine the distance (distances) to objects on the ground are the following:
visually; by the linear dimensions of objects; by the visibility (distinctness) of objects; by the angular magnitude of known objects: by sound.
By eye this is the easiest and fastest way.
The main thing in it is the training of visual memory and the ability to mentally postpone a well represented constant measure (50, 100, 200, 500 meters) on the ground.
Having fixed these standards in memory, it is not difficult to compare with them and estimate distances on the ground.
When measuring the distance by successive mental postponement of a well studied constant measure, it must be remembered that the terrain and local objects seem to be reduced in accordance with their removal, that is, when removed twice, the object will appear twice as small.
Therefore, when measuring distances, the mentally postponed segments (measures of the terrain) will decrease accordingly to the distance (Fig. 200).
At the same time, it is necessary to consider the following: the closer the distance, the clearer and sharper the visible object seems to us; the closer the object, the larger it seems; larger objects seem closer to small objects at the same distance; an object of brighter color seems closer than an object of dark color; brightly lit objects seem closer to dimly lit objects at the same distance; during fog, rain, twilight, cloudy days, when the air is saturated with dust, the observed objects seem farther away than on clear and sunny days; the sharper the difference in the color of the object and the background on which it is located for example, in winter, a snow field seems to bring darker objects closer to it; objects on flat terrain seem closer than on hilly terrain, especially the distances determined through vast water spaces seem to be reduced;
folds of the terrain (river valleys, depressions, ravines), invisible or not completely visible to the observer, hide the distance; when observing lying down, objects seem closer than when observing standing; when observing from the bottom up – from the bottom of the mountain to the top, objects seem closer, and when observed from top to bottom – further.
when the sun is behind the scout, the distance is hidden; it shines in the eyes it seems larger than in reality; the fewer objects in the area under consideration (when observed through a water space, a flat meadow, steppe, arable land), the distances seem smaller.
The accuracy of the eye meter depends on the training of the scout.
For a distance of 1000 m, the usual error ranges from 10-20%.
By linear dimensions.
To determine the distance in this way, you need to: hold a ruler in front of you at arm's length (50-60 cm from the eye) and measure the visible width or height of the object to which you want to determine the distance from it in millimeters; - the actual height (width) of the object, expressed in centimeters, divided by the apparent height (width) in millimeters, and the result multiplied by b (a constant number), we get the distance.
For example, if a pole with a height of 4 m (400 cm) is closed using a ruler of 8 mm, then the distance to it will be 400 x 6 = 2400; 2400: 8 = 300 m (the actual distance).
To determine distances in this way, you need to know well the linear dimensions of various objects, or have this data at hand (on a tablet, in a notebook).
The sizes of the most frequently encountered objects should be remembered by the scout, since they are also required for the method of measuring by angular magnitude, which is the main one for scouts (see Table).
Linear dimensions of some items
Name of items
Height
Length
Width
The height of the average person (in shoes)
1,65-1,75
The shooter from the knee
1,05-1,20
Telegraph pole
6,00
Ordinary mixed forest
6,50-8,40
Railway booth
4,00
One storey house with a roof
6-8
meters
The rider on horseback
2,20-2,30
Tanks
2,30-2,70
6,8-7,7
3,1-3,7
BTR and BMP
1,8-2,0
4,6-6,5
2,5-2,7
One floor of a residential capital
at home
4-4
One floor of industrial
5-6
buildings
The distance between the poles of the communication line
50-60
-
Distance between supports
high voltage power supply networks
100
voltage levels
Factory pipe
30
-
-
All metal passenger car
4,25
24-25
2,75
Freight cars’
biaxial
3,8
7,2
2,75
multi axis
4
13,6
2,75
Railway tank cars:
biaxial
3
6,75
2,75
four axis
3
9
2,75
Railway platforms:
biaxial
1,6
9,2
2,75
four axis
1,6
13
2,75
Cars:
two axle cargo trucks
2
5-6
2-2,5
passenger cars
1,5-1,8
4-5
1,5
Heavy heavy machine gun
0,75
1,65
0,75
Heavy machine gun
0,5
1,5
0,5
Motorcyclist on a motorcycle with a sidecar
1,5
2
1,2
By the visibility (distinctness) of objects.
With the naked eye, you can approximately determine the distance to the targets (objects) by the degree of their visibility.
A scout with normal visual acuity can see and distinguish some objects from the following maximum distances indicated in the table.
It should be borne in mind that the table shows the maximum distances from which certain objects begin to be visible.
For example, if a scout saw a pipe on the roof of a house, it means that the house is no more than 3 km away, and not exactly 3 km.
It is not recommended to use this table as a reference.
Each scout must individually clarify this data for himself.
Determination of distances by visibility (distinctness) of some objects
Objects and features
Maximum visibility (in km)
Bell towers, towers, large houses against the sky
15-18
Localities
10-12
Windmills and their wings
11
Villages and individual large houses
8
Factory pipes
6
Separate small houses
5
Windows in houses (without details)
4
Pipes on roofs
3
Planes on the ground, tanks on the spot
1,2-1,5
Tree trunks, communication line poles, people (in the form of
1,5
points), carts on the road
The movement of the legs of a walking person (horse)
0,7
Heavy machine gun, mortar, portable PU,
ATGM, stakes of wire barriers,
0,5
bindings in the windows
The movement of the hands, the head of a person stands out
0,4
Hand held machine gun, color and parts of clothing, face oval
0,25-0,3
Roof tiles, tree leaves, wire
0,2
on stakes
Buttons and buckles, details of weapons
0,15-0,17
a soldier
Facial features, hands, details of small arms
0,1
Human eyes in the form of a dot
0,07
Whites of the eyes
0,02
When determining distances by eye, it is desirable to use landmarks, the distances to which are already precisely known.
By the angular value.
To use this method, you need to know the linear magnitude of the observed object (its height, length or width) and the angle (in thousandths) at which this object is visible.
Then the distance to the observed object is determined by the formula: P=(Bx100)/Y where P is the distance to the object; B is one of the linear quantities; Y is the angle at which the linear magnitude of the object (object) known to the observer is visible; 1000 is a constant coefficient.
For example, the height of a railway booth is 4 meters, the scout sees it at an angle of 25 thousandths (the thickness of the little finger).
Then the distance to the booth will be 4 x 1000 = 4000, divided by 25, that is, 160 meters.
Or the scout sees the Leopard 2 / tank at a right angle from the side.
The length of this tank is 7 meters 66 centimeters.
Let's assume that the viewing angle is 40 thousandths (the thickness of the thumb).
Therefore, the distance to the tank is 191.5 meters.
To determine the angular value, you need to know that a segment of 1 mm, 50 cm away from the eye, corresponds to an angle of two thousandths (written: 0 - 02).
From here, it is easy to determine the angular value for any segments (Fig. 201).
For example, for a segment of 0.5 cm,the angular value will be 10 thousandths (0-10), for a segment of 1 cm – 20 thousandths (0-20) , etc.
The easiest way is to memorize the standard values of thousandths.
Angular values (in thousandths of the distance)
Item Name Size in thousandths:
The thickness of the thumb 40 The thickness of the index finger 33 The thickness of the middle finger 35 The thickness of the little finger 25 The cartridge along the width of the muzzle of the sleeve (7.62 mm) 12 The sleeve along the width of the case 18 A simple pencil 10-11 A matchbox along the length 60 A matchbox along the width 50 A matchbox along the height 30 The thickness of the match 2
Orientation by sounds At night and in fog, when observation is limited or impossible at all (and on very rough terrain and in the forest both at night and during the day), hearing comes to the aid of vision.
Scouts must learn to determine the nature of sounds (that is, what they mean), the distance to the sources of sounds and the direction from which they come.
If different sounds are heard, the scout must be able to distinguish them from one another.
The development of this ability is achieved by long term training (in the same way a professional musician distinguishes the voices of instruments in an orchestra).
Almost all sounds that mean danger are produced by humans.
Therefore, if a scout hears even the faintest suspicious noise, he should freeze in place and listen.
It is possible that an enemy is hiding not far from him.
If the enemy starts moving first, thereby giving away his location, then he will be the first to die.
If a scout does this, such a fate will befall him.
In the same way, an inexperienced or impatient hunter betrays his presence to the animal he is hunting.
A skilled hunter surpasses animals with his endurance.
on a quiet summer night, even an ordinary human voice in an open space can be heard far away, sometimes half a kilometer away.
On a frosty autumn or winter night, all kinds of sounds and noises can be heard very far away .
This applies to speech, and steps, and the clinking of dishes or weapons.
In foggy weather, sounds can also be heard far away, but their direction is difficult to determine.
On the surface of calm water and in the forest, when there is no wind, the sounds are carried for a very long distance.
But the rain greatly muffles the sounds.
The wind blowing in the direction of the scout brings sounds closer, and removes them from it.
It also takes the sound to the side, creating a distorted idea of the location of its source.
Mountains, forests, buildings, ravines, gorges and deep hollows change the direction of sound, creating an echo.
They also generate echoes in water spaces, contributing to its spread over long distances.
The sound changes when its source moves on soft, wet or hard soil, on a street, on a country or field road, on a pavement or leafy soil.
It should be borne in mind that dry land transmits sounds better than air.
Therefore, they listen with their ear to the ground or to the trunks of trees.
At night, sounds are well transmitted through the ground.
There are certain ways to help you listen at night, namely:
lying down: put your ear to the ground;
Average range of hearing of various sounds during the day on flat terrain, km (in summer)
Sound source (enemy actions)
Audible sound
Characteristic sound signs
The noise of a moving train
10
Steam locomotive or steamship horn,
7-10
factory siren
Firing bursts of rifles and
5
machine guns
Shot from a hunting rifle
3,0
Car signal
2-3
The sound of horses trotting on soft ground
soft ground
0,6
on the highway
1,0
The cry of a man
1-1,5
Horses neighing, dogs barking
2-3
Colloquial speech
0,1-0,2
The splash of water from the oars
0,25-0,5
The clink of pots, spoons
0,5
Crawling over
0,02
Steps
0,03
Cough
0,04-0,05
A sharp command with a voice
0,5-1
Infantry movement in the ranks:
on the ground
0,3
A steady dull noise
on the highway
0,6
The clatter of oars on the side of the boat
1-1,5
Excerpt of trenches manually
0,5-1
Shovel strikes on
stones
Driving in wooden stakes:
A dull sound evenly
manually
0,3-0,6
alternating
by mechanical means
0,8
strikes
Felling and cutting of trees:
The sharp thud of an axe,
by hand (with an axe)
0,3-0,4
the screech of a saw, an intermittent knock
chainsaw tree fall
0,7-0,9 0,8-1,0
a gasoline engine, a thud on the ground
a sawn tree
1
2
3
Car traffic:
Smooth noise
motors
on a dirt road
0,5
on the highway
1-1,5
Sharp noise
Movement of tanks, self propelled guns, IFVs:
2-3
engines simultaneously
on the ground
on the highway
3-4
metal
the clang of tracks
Engine noise of a standing tank, BMP
1-1,5
Movement of towed artillery:
Sharp jerky
on the ground on the highway
1-2
2-3
the roar of metal and the noise of engines
Firing of an artillery battery
10-15
(division)
A shot from a gun
6
Firing from mortars
3-5
Shooting from large caliber
3
machine guns
Automatic rifle shooting
2
A single shot from a rifle
1,2
standing: one end of the stick should be leaned against the ear, the other end should rest on the ground; standing, slightly leaning forward, shifting the center of gravity of the body on one leg, with the mouth half open the teeth are the conductor of sound.
A trained scout, when sneaking up, if only his life is dear to him, lies down on his stomach and listens lying down, trying to determine the direction of sounds.
This is easier to do by turning one ear in the direction from which the suspicious noise is coming.
To improve audibility, it is recommended to attach bent palms, a bowler hat, a piece of pipe to the auricle.
For better listening to sounds, the scout can put his ear to a dry board placed on the ground, which acts as a sound collector, or to a dry log dug into the ground.
If necessary, you can make a homemade water stethoscope.
To do this, a glass bottle (or a metal flask) is used, filled with water up to the neck, which is buried in the ground to the water level in it.
A tube (plastic) is tightly inserted into the cork, on which a rubber tube is put on.
The other end of the rubber tube, equipped with a tip, is inserted into the ear.
To check the sensitivity of the device, hit the ground with your finger at a distance of 4 m from it (the sound from the impact is clearly audible through the rubber tube).
When learning to recognize sounds, it is necessary to reproduce the following for educational purposes:
1. Excerpt of trenches
2.
Dropping sandbags.
3. Walking on a boardwalk.
4. Clogging of the metal pin.
5. Sound when the shutter of the machine is working (when opening and closing it).
6. Setting a sentry on duty.
7. The sentry lights a match and lights a cigarette.
8. Normal conversation and whispering.
9. Blowing your nose and coughing.
10. The crackling of breaking branches and bushes.
11. The friction of the barrel of the weapon on the steel helmet.
12. Walking on a metal surface.
13. Cutting barbed wire.
14. Mixing of concrete.
15. Shooting from a pistol, submachine gun, machine gun with single shots and bursts.
16. The noise of the engine of the tank, BMP, APC, car on the spot
17.
Noise when they move on a dirt road and on a highway.
18. Movement of small military units (squad, platoon)in formation.
19. Barking and yelping of dogs.
20. The noise of a helicopter flying at different heights.
21. Sharp voice commands, etc. sounds
See also:
Orientation on the terrain on the map
The map is the main means of orientation.
The topographic map was and remains a reliable guide to an unfamiliar area.
With the help of the map, you can quickly and accurately determine your location, specify the detected targets, and confidently withstand the set one ...
FURTHER
Aerial photos of the area
8.1.
General information about aerial photographs Currently, along with topographic maps, photographs obtained by photographing the terrain from an airplane or are widely used for studying the terrain and orienting on it ...
FURTHER
Orientation on the terrain without a map
The essence and methods of orientation on the ground When performing many combat tasks, the actions of squad commanders (crews, calculations) and soldiers are inevitably associated with orientation on the ground.
The ability to navigate is necessary, for example, on ...
FURTHER
Study of the terrain by the unit commander
The study of the terrain includes determining its general character, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of individual elements (local objects and landforms), as well as determining the degree of influence of this area on the organization and ...
FURTHER
Orientation on the terrain by
Aerial photos of the area
Orientation on the terrain without
Study of the terrain by the unit commander
... back again ...
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