THE WORLDWEAPON CATALOG OF WORLD WEAPONS.RU
By Type Helicopters Ships Planes Tanks Infantry Weapons Mines
By country Russia USSR USA Ukraine
News Articles Articles Topography Tactics Other
Video Gallery
To find:
Articles Topography Tactics Other
Sniper (3) Soldier (5) Engineer (4) Knife (5) Motorized rifle squads (1) Scout (15) Civil Defense (10)
ORIENTATION ON THE TERRAIN WITHOUT A MAP
Weapons and Armament > Tactics > Civil Defense > Orientation on the terrain without a map
The essence and methods of orientation on the terrain
When performing many combat tasks, the actions of squad commanders (crews, calculations) and soldiers are inevitably associated with orientation on the terrain.
The ability to navigate is necessary, for example, on the march, in combat, in reconnaissance to maintain the direction of movement, target designation, drawing landmarks, targets and other objects on the map (terrain scheme), controlling the unit and fire.
The knowledge and skills in orienteering secured by experience help to perform combat tasks more confidently and successfully in various combat conditions and on unfamiliar terrain.
To navigate the terrain means to determine your location and directions to the sides of the horizon relative to the surrounding local objects and landforms, to find the specified direction of movement and accurately maintain it on the way.
When orienting in a combat situation, they also determine the location of the unit relative to their troops and enemy troops, the location of landmarks, the direction and depth of actions.
Local objects and landforms, relative to which they determine their location, the position of goals (objects) and indicate the direction of movement, are called landmarks.
They are usually distinguished by their size, shape, color and are easily identified when viewing the surrounding area.
Selection and use of landmarks.
Landmarks are divided into areal, linear and point based ones.
Areal landmarks include localities, individual woodlands, groves, lakes, swamps and other objects that occupy large areas.
Such landmarks are easily recognized and remembered when studying the terrain.
Linear landmarks are local objects and landforms that have a large length with a relatively small width, for example, roads, rivers, canals, power lines, narrow valleys, etc.
They are used, as a rule, to maintain the direction of movement.
Point landmarks include pipes of factories and factories, tower type buildings, repeaters, road intersections, overpasses, peaks of mountain peaks, pits and other local objects that occupy a small area.
These landmarks are usually used to accurately determine their location, the position of targets, indicate fire sectors, and observation lanes.
Confident orientation on the terrain largely depends on the correct choice of landmarks.
So, to maintain the direction of movement during the day, they choose landmarks that can be easily identified even when approaching them, for example, tower type buildings, individual trees, i.e. point landmarks.
However, at night, such landmarks differ slightly from a distance, so with limited visibility, mainly linear and areal landmarks are used.
Thus, when choosing landmarks, it is always necessary to take into account the conditions in which the unit will operate on the ground.
In a combat situation, along with determining their location and direction of movement, landmarks are used for target designation, unit control and fire in combat.
They are appointed by the senior supervisor.
If necessary, the unit commanders choose additional reference points.
As landmarks, you should choose the most stable local objects and landforms, such as heights, embankments, road forks, etc., which can be preserved on the battlefield.
Landmarks are selected as evenly as possible along the front and depth to ensure a quick and accurate indication of the target's location.
The selected landmarks are numbered from right to left and along the boundaries from themselves towards the enemy.
For the convenience of memorization, each landmark is given a conditional name corresponding to its external distinctive features, for example, in addition to the number: the height is flat, a yellow cliff, a house with a red roof.
The numbers and names of the landmarks assigned by the senior supervisor do not change.
According to the landmarks, the unit commander sets tasks for subordinates, for example: "Observe in the sector: on the right, landmark two is a yellow cliff, on the left, landmark three is a flat height" or "Fire sector on the right, landmark four is a broken tree, on the left, landmark one is a house with a red roof".
Methods of orientation on the terrain.
You can navigate the terrain using a topographic map, aerial photographs and ground navigation devices.
A topographic map (aerial view) allows you to quickly understand the situation on a relatively large area of the terrain, which makes it easier to navigate.
Ground navigation devices allow you to accurately determine your location on the ground in any conditions and confidently maintain the desired direction of movement.
At the same time, the simplest methods of orientation on the terrain are also widely used: by compass, by celestial bodies and by signs of local objects.
Topographic orientation consists in orienting subordinates on the ground.
It helps subordinates quickly understand the location of landmarks, boundaries, goals and their combat tasks.
Topographic orientation precedes tactical orientation and is an important primary stage of the work of the unit commander when setting combat tasks to subordinates.
In topographic orientation, first indicate the direction to one of the sides of the horizon, usually to the north, then the location of the subdivision and the position of the surrounding local objects, the shape of the terrain and the distance to them.
For example (Fig. 9): "North railway bridge, we are at the height of "Round"; on the right, 3 km Ivanovka; straight, 3 km Bezhitsa River, then, 6 km the city of Kamensk; on the left, 3 km - Lake "Shirokoe".
After that, the commander indicates landmarks and conducts tactical orientation of subordinates.
Topographic orientation can be used when reporting on your location by means of communication in cases where there is no map or orientation on the terrain is lost.
For example: "I am on the mound.
2 km to the north railway bridge; 900 m to the southwest forest; 5 km to the south is a ruined village of a rural type."
According to the specified landmarks (local subjects), the senior chief determines the location of the unit on the topographic map.
Therefore, when topographic orientation is selected, the most characteristic areal and linear landmarks are selected, which can be easily and quickly found on the map.
Orientation on the terrain can be general and detailed.
General orientation consists in approximate determination of your location, direction of movement and the time required to reach the final point of movement.
Such orientation is most often used on the march, when the crew of the car does not have a map, but uses only a pre compiled scheme or a list of settlements and other landmarks along the route.
To maintain the direction of movement in this case, it is necessary to constantly monitor the driving time, the distance traveled, determined by the speedometer of the car, and monitor the passage of settlements and other landmarks according to the scheme (list).
Detailed orientation consists in accurately determining your location and direction of movement.
It is used when navigating on a map, aerial photographs, ground navigation devices, when moving along the azimuth, drawing on a map or diagram of explored objects and targets, when determining the boundaries reached, and in other cases.
Target designation on the ground
General rules and methods of targeting.
The ability to quickly and correctly indicate targets, landmarks and other objects on the ground is important for controlling the unit and fire in battle.
Target designation can be performed both directly on the ground, and on a map or an aerial photograph.
When targeting, the following basic requirements are met: indicate the location of the targets quickly, briefly, clearly and accurately; indicate the targets in a strictly prescribed manner, using the accepted units of measurement; the transmitter and receiver must have common landmarks and firmly know their location, have a single area coding.
Target designation on the ground is carried out from a landmark or by azimuth and distance to the target.
Targeting from a landmark is the most common method.
First, the landmark closest to the target is called, then the angle between the direction to the landmark and the direction to the target in thousandths and the distance of the target from the landmark in meters.
For example: "Landmark two, forty five to the right, then a hundred, there is an observer at a separate tree."
If the transmitting and receiving target have observation devices, then instead of removing the target from the landmark, the vertical angle between the landmark and the target in thousandths can be indicated.
For example: "Landmark four, thirty to the left, below ten is a combat vehicle in a trench."
In some cases, especially when issuing targets for inconspicuous targets, local objects located near the target are used.
For example: "Landmark two, thirty separate trees to the right, two hundred ruins further on, twenty to the left, a machine gun under a bush."
Target designation by azimuth and range to the target.
The azimuth of the direction to the appeared target is determined using a compass in degrees, and the distance to it in meters using binoculars (an observation device) or by eye.
After receiving this data, they transmit it, for example: "Thirty two, seven hundred combat vehicle."
Determining the directions to the sides of the horizon
Directions to the sides of the horizon are determined by a magnetic compass, celestial bodies and by some signs of local objects.
A magnetic compass device.
When navigating the terrain, the Adrianov compass and the artillery compass (AK) are most widely used.
The Adrianov compass (Fig.10) consists of a case 1, in the center of which a magnetic arrow 3 is placed on the tip of the needle.
When the arrow is not slowed down, its northern end is set in the direction of the North Magnetic Pole, and the southern end is set in the direction of the South Magnetic Pole.
In the non working state, the arrow is fixed by the brake 6.
Inside the compass case there is a circular scale (limb) 2, divided into 120 divisions.
The price of one division is 3°, or 50 small divisions of the goniometer (0-50).
The scale has a double digitization.
The internal digitization is applied clockwise from 0 to 360° through 15° (5 scale divisions).
The external digitization of the scale is applied counterclockwise through 5 large divisions of the goniometer (10 divisions of the scale).
For sighting on local objects (landmarks) and taking readings on the compass scale, a sighting device (front sight and rear sight) 4 and a reference pointer 5 are fixed on the rotating compass ring.
The northern end of the magnetic needle, the indicators of counts and divisions on the scale after 90° are covered with glow in the dark paint, which makes it easier to use the compass at night.
The AK artillery compass (Fig.11) consists of a body and an angle scale 3, placed in the body 2 of the limb.
The goniometer scale is divided into 60 divisions.
The price of one division is equal to 100 small divisions of the goniometer.
The number of divisions increases clockwise.
A sighting device (a slot and a front sight) is fixed motionlessly on the compass body.
The rotation of the limb body allows, without changing the position of the compass, to quickly combine the zero division of the scale with the northern end of the magnetic arrow.
A metal mirror a is placed on the inner side of the folding cover 4 of the compass, which makes it possible to simultaneously control the position of the magnetic arrow and count on the scale when sighting an object.
On the lid there is a cutout b for sighting and a latch.
The compass "Tourist 2"is arranged in a similar way.
The inscriptions of the limbo scale in this compass are given in degrees.
The price of one division is 5°.
When working with a compass, you should always remember that strong electromagnetic fields or closely located metal objects deflect the arrow from its correct position.
Therefore, when determining directions by compass, it is necessary to move away 40-50 m from power lines, railway tracks, combat vehicles and other large metal objects.
Determining the directions to the sides of the horizon by the compass is performed as follows.
The front sight of the sighting device is placed on the zero division of the scale, and the compass is placed in a horizontal position.
Then release the brake of the magnetic needle and turn the compass so that its northern end coincides with the zero count.
After that, without changing the position of the compass, a remote landmark is noticed by sighting through the rear sight and the front sight, which is used to indicate the direction to the north.
The directions to the sides of the horizon are interconnected (Fig. 12), and if at least one of them is known, the rest can be determined.
In the opposite direction with respect to the north, there will be south, east on the right, and west on the left.
Determination of the direction to the sides of the horizon by the celestial bodies.
In the absence of a compass or in areas of magnetic anomalies, where the compass can give erroneous readings (readings), the sides of the horizon can be determined by celestial bodies: during the day by the Sun, and at night by the Polar Star or the Moon.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun is approximately at 7.00 in the east, at 13.00 in the south, at 19.00 in the west.
The position of the Sun at these hours will indicate the directions to the east, south and west, respectively.
For a more accurate determination of the sides of the horizon by the Sun, a wristwatch is used.
In a horizontal position, they are installed so that the hour hand is directed at the Sun.
The angle between the hour hand and the direction to the number 1 on the watch face is divided in half by a straight line that indicates the direction to the south.
Before noon, it is necessary to divide in half the arc (angle) that the arrow must pass before 13.00 (Fig. 13, a), and after noon, the arc that it passed after 13.00 (Fig. 13,6).
The North star is always located in the north.
At night, in a cloudless sky, it is easy to find it by the constellation Ursa Major.
Through the two extreme stars of the Big Dipper, you need to mentally draw a straight line (Fig. 14) and put on it five times a segment equal to the distance between the extreme stars.
The end of the fifth segment will indicate the position of the Polar Star, which is located in the constellation Ursa Minor (the final star of the small bucket).
The Polar star can serve as a reliable reference point for maintaining the direction of movement, since its position in the sky practically does not change over time.
The accuracy of determining the position of the Polar Star is 2-3°.
According to the moon, the sides of the horizon are determined more accurately when its entire disk is visible (full moon).
Table 1 shows the sides of the horizon on which the Moon is located in various phases.
Table 1
Moon Phase Time
The first quarter (visible, the right half of the moon's disk)Full moon (the entire disk of the moon is visible)The last quarter (the left half of the moon's disk is visible) 19.00 Southeast 1.00 west Southeast 7.00 West
Determination of the sides of the horizon by the signs of local objects (Fig. 15).
If there is no compass and the heavenly bodies are not visible, then the sides of the horizon can be determined by the signs of local objects:
- moss or lichen covers tree trunks, rocks and stumps on the north side; if moss grows all over the trunk of the tree, then on the north side, especially at the root, it is more; - the bark of trees on the northern side is usually rougher and darker than on the southern side; - in spring, the grass grows thicker on the northern edges of forest clearings and clearings, as well as on the southern side of individual trees, stumps, large stones; - anthills, as a rule, are located to the south of the nearest trees and stumps; the southern side of the anthill is more gentle than the northern one; - snow melts faster on the southern slopes in spring than on the northern ones.
There are other signs by which you can determine the sides of the horizon.
For example, clearings in woodlands are usually cut in the north south and east west directions, and blocks are numbered from west to east.
Measuring angles on the ground
When orienting and targeting on the ground, horizontal (vertical) angles between directions to local objects and targets are measured using observation devices or by eye.
Many devices used in the military have scales digitized in the divisions of the goniometer.
The circle is divided into 60 large or 6000 small divisions of the goniometer.
One small division of the goniometer is called a thousandth.
This name is explained by the fact that the length of the segment of the arc of a circle corresponding to one small division is equal to a thousandth of the radius of this circle.
The unit of measurement of the angle here is a linear segment equal to a thousandth of the distance.
This allows you to quickly and easily switch from angular measurements to linear measurements and back using the simplest arithmetic operations.
When measuring angles in thousandths, it is customary to name and write first the number of hundreds, and then tens and units of thousandths.
If there are no hundreds or tens at the same time, zeros are called and written instead (Table 2).
Table 2
The angle in thousandths is Written Read 1250155351 12-501-550-350-01 Twelve fifty fifty five thirty five zero one
For the transition from the divisions of the goniometer to the degree measure of the angle, the following relations are used and so: one small division (0-01) is equal to 3.6', and one large division (1-00)is -6°.
Let's look at some ways to measure angles.
Measurement of angles using a tower goniometer.
On tanks and combat vehicles, there is an angle measuring device for measuring the angle of rotation of the turret (Fig. 16, a).
The main scale 1 of the device is divided into 600 divisions, the division price is 0-10.
The reference scale 2 has 10 divisions of 0-01.
The device allows you to take readings of the angle of rotation of the turret with an accuracy of 0-01.
The optical sight 3 is installed in such a way that when counting 0-00 or 30-00, its optical axis is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the machine.
In Fig. 16, b, the reading of the goniometer device is 8-33.
This means that the optical axis of the sight is deflected from the longitudinal axis of the machine by an angle equal to this reading.
When measuring the horizontal angle between the directions of two local objects (objects), first point the square or crosshair in the field of view of the visor at one object and remove the count, then sight at the second object and remove the count.
The value of the angle between the directions of objects (objects) is equal to the difference of two counts.
Measurement of angles using observation and aiming devices.
In the binocular telescope there are two mutually perpendicular scales (grids) for measuring horizontal and vertical angles with the price of the large division 0-10, and the small one 0-05.
To measure the angle between two objects, it is necessary to combine any stroke of the scale with one of them and count the number of divisions against the image of the second.
Multiplying the number of divisions by the price of one division, we get the value of the measured angle in thousandths.
In Fig. 17 the horizontal angle (between two separate trees is 0-45, and the vertical angle between the base and the top of an individual tree is 0-15.
Observation and aiming devices have scales similar to those of binoculars, so the angles are measured using these devices in the same way as with binoculars.
Measuring angles with a compass.
First, the front sight of the compass sighting device is set to the zero reading of the scale.
Then, by turning the compass in the horizontal plane, the line of sight is combined through the rear sight and the front sight with the direction to the left object (landmark).
After that, without changing the position of the compass, the sighting device is transferred to the direction of the right object and a countdown is taken on the scale, which will correspond to the value of the measured angle in degrees.
When measuring the angle in thousandths, the line of sight is first combined with the direction to the right object (landmark), since the count of thousandths increases counterclockwise.
Measuring angles with a ruler.
Using a ruler with millimeter divisions, you can measure angles in the divisions of the goniometer and degrees.
If the ruler is held in front of you at a distance of 59 cm from the eye (Fig. 18), then one millimeter on the ruler will correspond to two thousandths (0-02).
When measuring the angle, it is necessary to count the number of millimeters between objects (landmarks) on the ruler and multiply by 0-02.
The resulting result will correspond to the value of the measured angle in thousandths.
In Fig. 18 the angle between the pillars is 0-32, and the height of the tree is 0-21.
To measure the angle in degrees, the ruler is placed in front of itself at a distance of 60 cm.
In this case, 1 cm on the ruler will correspond to 1°.
The accuracy of measuring angles with a ruler depends on the accuracy of its removal at a distance of 50 cm in front of you.
Measuring angles with the help of improvised objects.
To measure angles, you can use small improvised objects (a matchbox, a pencil, a cartridge, etc.), the dimensions of which are known in millimeters, and therefore in thousandths at a distance of 50 cm from the eye.
For approximate measurement of angles on the ground, the fingers of a hand extended at a distance of 50 cm from the eye can serve.
The angle between the lines of sight for the closed index, middle and ring fingers is 1-00 (Fig. 19), and for the thumb and index fingers that are separated to the point of failure is 2-50.
Determining directions on the ground
The direction to the object (target) is determined and indicated by the value of the horizontal angle between the initial direction and the direction to the object (target) or the magnetic azimuth.
In this case, the initial direction can be taken to one of the sides of the horizon or to a clearly visible remote local object (landmark).
Magnetic azimuth is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from the north direction of the magnetic meridian to the direction of the object.
Its values can be from 0 to 360°.
The magnetic azimuth of the direction is determined using a compass.
At the same time, release the brake of the magnetic arrow and turn the compass in the horizontal plane until the northern end of the arrow is set against the zero division of the scale.
Then, without changing the position of the compass, set the sighting device so that the line of sight through the rear sight and the front sight coincides with the direction of the object.
The reading of the scale against the front sight corresponds to the value of the determined magnetic azimuth of the direction to the local object.
In Fig. 20 the magnetic azimuth for a single tree is 330°.
The azimuth of the direction from the point of standing to the local object is called the direct magnetic azimuth.
In some cases, for example, to find the return path, the reverse magnetic azimuth is used, which differs from the direct one by 180°.
To determine the reverse azimuth, you need to add 180° to the direct azimuth if it is less than 180°, or subtract 180° if it is more than 180°.
In Fig. 20 the reverse azimuth is 150°.
To determine the direction on the ground according to a given magnetic azimuth, it is necessary to set a reading on the compass scale against the front sight that is different from the value of the given magnetic azimuth.
Then, releasing the brake of the magnetic arrow, turn the compass in the horizontal plane so that the northern end of the arrow is set against the zero division of the scale.
After that, without changing the position of the compass, notice some remote landmark on the ground along the line of sight through the rear sight and the front sight.
The direction to the landmark will be the determined direction corresponding to the specified azimuth.
Distance measurement
Distances on the ground, depending on the situation and the nature of the problem being solved, are measured by eye, by the speedometer of the car, by the angular and linear dimensions of objects, by measuring steps, by the ratio of the speeds of light and sound, by ear, by time and speed of movement, by geometric constructions on the ground.
The distance is determined visually by comparing it with a segment known on the ground.
The accuracy of the ocular distance determination is influenced by the illumination, the size of the object, its contrast with the surrounding background, the transparency of the atmosphere and other factors.
The distances seem smaller than in reality when observed through water spaces, hollows and valleys, when observing large and separately located objects.
Conversely, the distances seem larger than in reality when observed at dusk, against the light, in fog, in cloudy and rainy weather.
All these features should be taken into account when determining distances by eye.
The accuracy of the ocular determination of distances also depends on the training of the observer.
By an experienced observer, distances up to 1000 m can be determined by eye with an error of 10-15%.
When determining a distance of more than 1000 m, errors can reach 30%, and with insufficient experience of the observer, 50%.
Determination of distances by the speedometer.
The distance traveled by the car is defined as the difference between the speedometer readings at the beginning and end of the journey.
When driving on paved roads, it will be by 3-5%, and on viscous soil by 8-12% more than the actual distance.
Such errors in determining the distances on the speedometer arise from wheel slippage (slipping of tracks), wear of tire treads and changes in tire pressure.
If it is necessary to determine the distance traveled by the car as accurately as possible, it is necessary to make an amendment to the speedometer readings.
Such a need arises, for example, when driving in azimuth or when orienting using navigation devices.
The value of the correction is determined before the march.
To do this, select a road section that is similar to the upcoming route by the nature of the terrain and soil cover.
This section is driven at a marching speed in the forward and reverse directions, taking the speedometer readings at the beginning and end of the section.
According to the obtained data, the average value of the length of the control section is determined and the value of the same section is subtracted from it, determined on the map or on the ground with a tape (tape measure).
Dividing the result by the length of the section measured on the map (on the ground), and multiplying by 100, we get the correction factor.
For example, if the average value of the control section is 4.2 km, and the measured value on the map is 3.8 km, then the correction factor for=((4,2-3,8)/3,8)*100 = 10%
Thus, if the length of the route measured on the map is 50 km, then the speedometer will count 55 km, i.e. 10% more.
The difference of 5 km is the value of the correction.
In some cases, it can be negative.
The determination of distances by the angular dimensions of objects is based on the dependence between angular and linear values.
The angular dimensions of objects are measured in thousandths using binoculars, observation devices and aiming.
The distance to objects in meters is determined by the formula
D=(B/Y)*1000,
where In the height (width) of the object in meters;
the angular magnitude of the object in thousandths.
For example (see Fig. 17), the angular size of a landmark observed in binoculars (a separate tree), whose height is 12 m, is equal to three small divisions of the binocular grid (0-15).
Therefore, the distance to the landmark
D=(12/15)*1000=800 m.
The definition of distances based on the linear dimensions of objects is as follows.
Using a ruler located at a distance of 50 cm from the eye, the height (width) of the observed object is measured in millimeters.
Then the actual height (width) of the object in centimeters is divided by the measured ruler in millimeters, the result is multiplied by a constant number 5 and the desired height of the object in meters is obtained.
For example, a telegraph pole with a height of 6 m (fig. 21) closes a segment of 10 mm on the ruler.
Hence, the distance to it
d=(600/10)*5=300 m.
The accuracy of determining distances by angular and linear values is 5-10% of the length of the measured distance.
To determine the distances by the angular and linear dimensions of objects, it is recommended to remember the values (width, height, length) of some of them, given in Table.
3.
Subject
Dimensions, m
Height
Length
Width
Medium tank
2-2,5
6-7
3-3 5
Armored personnel carrier
2
5-6
2-2,4
Motorcycle with sidecar
1
2
1,2
Cargo truck
2-2,5
5-6
2-3,5
Passenger car
1,6
4
1,5
Four axle passenger car
4
20
3
Four axle railway tank
3
9
2,8
Wooden communication Line post
5-7
-
-
A man of average height
1,7
-
-
Measuring distances in steps.
This method is usually used when moving along the azimuth, drawing up terrain maps, drawing individual objects and landmarks on the map (scheme), and in other cases.
The steps are counted, as a rule, in pairs.
When measuring a long distance, it is more convenient to count steps in threes alternately under the left and right foot.
After every hundred pairs or triples of steps, a mark is made in some way and the countdown begins again.
When translating the measured distance in steps into meters, the number of pairs or triples of steps is multiplied by the length of one pair or three steps.
For example, there are 254 pairs of steps between the turning points on the route.
The length of one pair of steps is 1.6 m.
Then D =254X1, 6=406.4 m.
Usually, the step of a person of average height is 0.7 - 0.8 m.
The length of your step can be determined quite accurately by the formula
D=(P/4)+0.37,
where D is the length of one step in meters
P is the height of a person in meters.
For example, if a person's height is 1.72 m, then the length of his step
D=(1,72/4)+0,37=0,8 m.
More precisely, the step length is determined by measuring some flat linear area of the terrain, for example, a road, with a length of 200-300 m, which is measured in advance with a measuring tape (tape measure, rangefinder, etc.).
With an approximate measurement of distances, the length of a pair of steps is assumed to be equal to 1.5 m.
The average error of measuring distances in steps, depending on traffic conditions, is about 2-5% of the distance traveled.
The step count can be performed using a pedometer (Fig. 22).
It has the appearance and dimensions of a pocket watch.
A heavy hammer is placed inside the device, which is lowered when shaken, and under the influence of a spring returns to its original position.
In this case, the spring jumps over the teeth of the wheel, the rotation of which is transmitted to the arrows.
On the large scale of the dial, the arrow shows the number of units and tens of steps, on the right small hundreds, and on the left small thousands.
The pedometer is suspended vertically to the clothes.
When walking, due to oscillation, its mechanism comes into action and counts each step.
Determination of the distance by time and speed of movement.
This method is used to approximate the value of the distance traveled, for which the average speed is multiplied by the driving time.
The average pedestrian speed is about 5, and when skiing 8-10 km/h.
For example, if the scout
