Mayan Tribes
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Mayan Tribes
Maya is a civilization of Central America, known for its writing, art, architecture, mathematical and astronomical systems.
It began to form in the pre classical era (2000 BC 250 AD), most of its cities reached the peak of their development in the classical period (250 AD 900 AD).
It continued to exist until the arrival of the conquistadors.
The Maya built stone cities, many of which were abandoned long before the arrival of Europeans, others were inhabited even after.
The calendar developed by the Maya was also used by other peoples of Central America.
The hieroglyphic writing system was used, partially deciphered.
Numerous inscriptions on the monuments have been preserved.
They created an effective system of agriculture, had deep knowledge in the field of astronomy.
The descendants of the ancient Maya are not only the modern Maya peoples who have preserved the language of their ancestors, but also part of the Spanish speaking population of the southern states of Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras.
Some Mayan cities are included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites: Palenque, Chichen Itza, Uxmal in Mexico, Tikal and Quirigua in Guatemala, Copan in Honduras, Hoya de Seren in El Salvador — a small Mayan village that was buried under volcanic ash and is now being excavated
Currently (2010), the territory where the development of the Maya civilization took place is part of the following states: Mexico (Chiapas, Campeche, Yucatan, Quintana Roo), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras (western part).
About 1000 Mayan settlements have been found (at the beginning of the 80s of the XX century), but not all of them have been excavated or studied by archaeologists, as well as 3000 settlements.
At the early preclassic stage of the Maya development, settlements appeared and agriculture developed in the areas of settlement.
The first buildings attributed to the Mayan civilization in Cueyo (Belize) are dated to about 2000 BC .
From this place, the Mayan tribes settled north to the Gulf of Mexico.
In Copan (Honduras), hunters settle around 1100 BC .
At the early preclassic stage, the city of Lamanay (Belize) was founded, which belongs to the oldest cities of the Maya civilization.
Cajal Pech (Belize) was founded around 1000 BC, which existed until the VII century AD.
The image of the earliest Mayan solar calendar, carved in stone, dates back to about 400.
The Maya accept the idea of a hierarchical society ruled by kings and persons of royal blood.
The foundation of the city of Teotihuacan also dates back to the late preclassic period.
Teotihuacan will be the cultural, religious and commercial center of Mesoamerica for several centuries, exerting a cultural influence on the regions and the entire Maya civilization.
The earliest stele in Tikal, dating back to 292 AD, depicts the figure of the ruler of Kinich Eb Shok.
Around the year 500, Tikal becomes a "superpower", the citizens of Teotihuacan settle in it, bringing new customs, rituals and human sacrifices.
In 562, a war breaks out between the cities of Kalakmul and Tikal, as a result of which the ruler of Kalakmul captures the ruler of Tikal, Yash Eb Shok II, and sacrifices him.
The Maya civilization of the classical period is the territory of city states, each of which has its own ruler.
The Maya culture, which has spread to the whole of Yucatan, is experiencing its heyday, during this period the cities of Chich'en Itza (circa 700), Uxmal and Koba were founded.
The cities are connected by roads, the so called sacbé (sacbé).
The Mayan cities have more than 10,000 inhabitants, which exceeds the population of the central European cities that existed at that time
In 1517, the Spaniards appeared in Yucatan under the command of Hernandez de Cordoba [1] .
The Spaniards import diseases previously unknown to the Maya from the Old World, including smallpox, influenza and measles.
In 1528, the colonists under the command of Francisco de Montejo begin the conquest of northern Yucatan.
However, due to the geographical and political disunity, it will take about 170 years for the Spaniards to completely subdue the region.
In 1697, the last independent Maya city of Tayasal was subordinated to Spain.
Mayan art, which has found expression in stone sculpture and bas reliefs, works of fine plastic, paintings on walls and ceramics, is characterized by religious and mythological themes embodied in stylized grotesque images.
The main motifs of Maya art are anthropomorphic deities, snakes and masks; it is characterized by stylistic elegance and sophistication of lines.
The main building material for the Maya was stone, primarily limestone.
Typical for Mayan architecture were false arches, upward pointing facades and roofs with a ridge.
These massive facades and roofs, crowning palaces and temples, created an impression of height and grandeur.
Writing The exceptional intellectual achievements of the pre Columbian New World were the systems of writing and numbering of time created by the Maya people.
Mayan hieroglyphs served both for ideographic and phonetic writing.
They were carved on stone, painted on ceramics, they wrote folding books on local paper, called codes.
These codices are the most important source for the study of the Maya script.
They were first translated by the German scientist E. Verstemann in the 1880s.
The fixation of time became possible thanks to a combination of writing and thorough astronomical knowledge.
In addition to this, the Maya used "tsolkin" or "tonalamatl" - counting systems based on the numbers 20 and 13.
The tsolkin system, common in Central America, is very ancient and was not necessarily invented by the Maya people.
The Olmecs and the Zapotec culture of the formative era had similar and sufficiently developed time numbering systems even earlier than the Maya.
However, the Maya advanced much further in improving the numerical system and astronomical observations than any other indigenous people of Central America.
The Maya religion was polytheistic.
At the same time, the gods were mortal beings similar to humans.
This version is supported by Mayan art objects, which depict infant gods, as well as deeply old gods.
In this regard, human sacrifice was considered by the ancient Maya as an act that contributes to a certain extent to prolong the life of the gods.
Ruins Among the ruins of Mayan cities, buildings of a religious nature dominate.
It is assumed that religion, together with the servants of the temples, played a key role in the life of the Maya.
In the period from 250 A.D. to 900 A.D. (the classic period of Maya development), the city states of the region were headed by rulers who embodied, if not the highest, then at least a very important religious function.
Archaeological excavations suggest that representatives of the upper strata of society also took part in religious rituals.
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