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SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY ABSTRACTS - The ANIMAL World OF THE Taiga
The animal world of the taiga
The WOLVERINE is the only species of predatory animal of the wolverine genus of the marten family.
Body length up to 105 cm, tail up to 23 cm; weight up to 19 kg.
The body is massive, shortened; the paws are powerful, wide; the head is small, with small rounded ears.
The color is diverse, mostly dark brown; two light stripes stretch from the back of the head to the sides of the body.
The wolverine lives in the taiga and forest tundra of Eurasia and North America (in the tundra, the largest predator after the wolf).
Leads a solitary lifestyle.
Wide paws with webbed fingers allow the wolverine to easily move through the snow in search of prey.
At the same time, the wolverine perfectly climbs trees and can even descend from them upside down.
The basis of nutrition is carrion: moose, domestic and wild deer are the remains of the prey of wolves and bears.
It hunts less often on its own, more often on sick and wounded animals.
Part of the loot is hidden in reserve.
The rut lasts from April to October.
The duration of pregnancy is 8-10 months.
There are 1-4 (usually 2-3) cubs in the litter.
The wolverine plays an important role in natural communities, destroying inferior animals and their corpses, has some commercial significance.
SABLE is a species of predatory mammal of the genus marten.
The sable is more stocky than the marten, with a relatively short tail, shorter rounded ears, wide paws with completely covered with wool soles.
Winter sable fur is thick, fluffy, beautiful black brown color.
There is an indistinctly defined spot on the throat and chest.
The fur of the Burguzin sables is especially appreciated.
Sable is common in the mountain and lowland taiga from the Northern Urals to the Pacific Ocean.
Adults migrate 120-150 km.
Sable climbs well, but prefers to be on the ground.
This predator settles in places rich in rodents.
It feeds on a variety of animal and plant foods, which vary greatly in different regions.
Mouse like rodents, grouse birds, pine nuts, berries and insects make up the basis of food everywhere.
In the Far East, sable often hunts fish.
Often he eats carrion.
Cubs from 1-2 to 7 appear in April–May.
The eyes of the cubs are cut out for 30-36 days.
Sable is an object of fur trade and animal husbandry; it forms the basis of the national fur wealth of Russia.
The REINDEER is the only species of artiodactyl mammal of the reindeer subfamily.
Until the mid 20th century, it was believed that there were several species of reindeer.
This point of view is also common among modern scientists.
Most scientists agree that the reindeer forms 12-15 subspecies, including 5-7 subspecies on the territory of Russia.
Separately, domestic reindeer are distinguished.
The connections of the reindeer with other deer are not clear.
This is a peculiar species that developed at the beginning of the Pleistocene and finally formed in the middle of this period.
The body length of the reindeer is 150-220 cm, the height at the withers is 80-150 cm, the weight is up to 220 kg.
The hair cover is thick in winter, with a well developed undercoat, light with dark mottling.
A mane is formed on the neck.
In summer, the fur is short, brown with various shades of gray.
The horns of males, unlike other members of the family, are the same as those of females.
The two middle fingers bear broad hooves.
The lateral toes, which have hooves, touch the ground when walking.
The fingers are mobile and spread widely, allowing the animals to move through loose snow and swampy swamps.
They inhabit the forest tundra, taiga and high altitude areas of some mountain systems (Sayans, Altai), preferring open landscapes everywhere.
The Taimyr reindeer population is the most numerous in Russia.
In summer, deer feed on grass, leaves of various plants, berries and mushrooms, and in winter yagel, which is dug out by hooves from under the snow, and lichens growing on trees.
In autumn, the deer begin to migrate to the south — from the areas of the moss lichen tundra to the areas of woodlands and the northern taiga, where it is easier to get food in winter.
The length of their migration routes can be 300-500, and sometimes 700-800 km — these are the longest regular migrations among land mammals.
The autumn migrations of the reindeer of our north take place from September to November.
North American deer (caribou) migrate from the tundra to the forest zone in October and December.
Reindeer return to the tundra in May.
The first are herds of pregnant females and young animals, followed by males.
On their way, they often have to overcome water obstacles that deer swim across (even such wide ones as the Yenisei or fjords with a length of several kilometers).
Reindeer — both wild and domestic — plays a huge role in the life of the peoples of the North.
The capercaillie is a bird of the grouse family.
The largest representative of the family.
The weight of males is from 3.5 to 6.5 kg, females 1.7-2.3 kg.
Males are distinguished by a heavy body, a relatively long neck and a large head with a powerful yellowish beak.
The upper mandible is crocheted down.
The skull is elongated wedge shaped and flattened in the dorso ventral direction.
The" eyebrow " in males begins above the anterior edge of the eye and reaches the ear opening.
The wing is rounded, obtuse, its apex is formed by 6 or 7 flight feathers.
The tail is very long, the tops of the tail feathers are directly cut off.
The metatarsal is feathered to the bases of the fingers.
the 2 and 3 fingers are feathered laterally at their bases.
In winter, the growing plumage covers the fingers to the claws.
The fingers are wide, have side shields.
In winter, two rows of horny outgrowths are formed on the sides of the fingers.
Sexual dimorphism is pronounced.
In the male, the head, neck, back and sides are grayish gray with a dark trickle pattern.
The goiter is black with a green metallic luster.
The belly is dark with rare white spots.
The wings are brown, the tail is black with white spots and a trickle pattern.
The female is yellowish red with a transverse pattern of black, yellow and white stripes and spots.
The wings are brown with an indistinct transverse pattern.
The throat is ochreous, the goiter is red, sometimes with dark mottling.
The belly is almost white.
The tail is ochreous red with dark transverse stripes.
It takes off heavily and noisily, but it flies fast, although not far.
The range covers the taiga zone of Eurasia.
It lived before, but was exterminated in the British Isles (17th century) and in France (18th century).
Introduced in Scotland in 1837, it now inhabits most of it.
It prefers coniferous and mixed forests.
It feeds on trees.
In summer and autumn it feeds on leaves, berries, tree buds, various insects.
In winter, the basis of nutrition is pine needles.
Lives sedentary.
It migrates from purely deciduous forests to forests for the winter.
He spends the night in snow covered cells.
At the end of winter, it returns to its nesting site.
The mating season is in February and March.
Tokovanie begins even in the presence of a solid snow cover.
The current points are constant and represent trampled areas of 3-4 m2.
The current starts before sunrise.
While talking, the male raises and lowers his tail and throws his head back.
Moving to the right and left, he draws on the snow or the ground with lowered wings.
The song consists of clicking and scraping, during which the capercaillie does not hear anything (even a shot).
In the auditory canal, he has a fold, which during the current is filled with blood and closes the auditory canal.
Polygamous capercaillies.
Having fulfilled the mating duty, the male begins to molt, and the care of the offspring falls entirely on the female.
The nest, a small depression in the soil, lined with dry plant material, is arranged near the current.
The clutch contains 5-16 yellowish eggs with brown mottling, comparable in size to chicken eggs.
Incubation lasts 24 days.
The capercaillie leaves the nest strictly 3 times a day: early in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening.
Chicks of the downy type.
As soon as they are dry, they are able to follow their mother.
At the age of three days, they can not be found with a dog, since they do not leave a smell.
Young birds rise to the wing after a month, but the broods break up only at the end of summer.
Capercaillie is a valuable hog game, an object of sports and commercial hunting.
Currently, its number is decreasing, which is associated with the disappearance of remote forests suitable for nesting.
