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Taiga
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Taiga forest in Norway
Jack London Lake in the larch taiga.
Magadan region
This term has other meanings, see Taiga (meanings).
Taiga is a biome characterized by the predominance of coniferous forests formed mainly by boreal species of spruce, fir, larch and pine.
The word "taiga" also refers to one of the geographical subzones of the northern temperate zone.
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Content
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1 History of the term 2 Location of the taiga 3 Flora 4 Fauna 5 Types of taiga 6 Protection of the taiga 7 Taiga in culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Literature 11 References
The history of the term[edit / edit wiki text]
For the first time, a detailed analysis of the concept of "taiga" (a word of Mongolian origin) was given in 1898 by the Russian botanist P. N. Krylov, who defined the taiga as a dark coniferous boreal closed forest and contrasted it with pine forest, larch, pine and small leaved forests[2].
Location of the taiga[edit / edit wiki text]
Taiga
The taiga is located in a temperate humid geographical zone.
The basis of the plant life of the taiga is coniferous trees.
The taiga is characterized by swamps they cover northern Siberia and the mainland parts of Canada.
The Taiga is the largest land biome in the world, its area is 15 million km2.
The Taiga is the largest landscape zone in Russia by area.
Its width in the European part reaches 800 km, and in Western and Eastern Siberia — 2150 km.
The taiga zones of Russia began to form even before the onset of glaciers.
In Europe, taiga forests occupy almost the entire Scandinavian Peninsula and Finland.
In Russia, the southern border of the taiga passes approximately through Pskov, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Tomsk, Chita, Komsomolsk on Amur and Sredny Sikhote Alin in the Far East[3], where it is replaced by mixed forests.
Most of Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East, the mountain ranges of the northern and middle Urals, Altai, Sayan, Baikal, northern Sikhote Alin, northern Bolshoy Khingan are covered with taiga forests.
The taiga is divided (in the direction from south to north) it is divided into three subzones according to the nature of vegetation: southern, middle and northern.
In the northern taiga, low growing and sparse spruce and pine trees dominate, in the middle taiga, blueberry spruce trees mainly grow.
The vegetation of the southern taiga is much more diverse.
The extreme southern border of the taiga is located on the 42nd parallel (the northern part of the island of Hokkaido in Japan), the extreme northern up to the 72nd parallel (Taimyr).
According to its latitudinal length, it is one of the longest climatic zones in the world.
Flora[edit / edit wiki text]
Pinezhsky Forest
The taiga is characterized by the absence or weak development of undergrowth (since there is little light in the forest), as well as the monotony of the grass shrub layer and moss cover ("green mosses").
Species of shrubs (juniper, honeysuckle, currant, etc.), shrubs (blueberries, lingonberries, etc.) and herbs (sour, pear) are not numerous both in Eurasia and in North America.
In the north of Europe (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Russia), spruce forests predominate, in North America (Canada, Alaska) — spruce forests with an admixture of American larch.
The taiga of the Urals is characterized by light coniferous forests of ordinary pine.
In Siberia and the Far East, the rare coniferous larch taiga dominates with an undergrowth of cedar elfin, Daurian rhododendron and other plants.
Fauna[edit / edit wiki text]
The fauna of the taiga is richer and more diverse than the tundra, but poorer than the fauna of broad leaved and mixed forests.
Lynx, wolverine, wolf, fox, brown bear, otter, sable, weasel, ermine, etc. are widely distributed; hares, brown teeth, rodents are numerous: beavers, chipmunks, mice, voles, squirrels and flying squirrels.
Of the ungulates, there are northern and red deer, elk, roe deer, musk deer (in Siberia), forest bison (in Canada) and wapiti (in North America and the Far East).
Many areas of the taiga are penetrated by forest and forest meadow species, which are mainly characteristic of deciduous forests with a less severe climate: kutor, European hedgehog, hare hare, yellow throated, forest and field mice, baby mouse, common vole, marten, black polecat, mink, red deer, roe deer.
Endemic to the Siberian taiga are sable, forest lemming,Altai mole, flat headed, dark toothed, tiny brown toothed.
More than 300 species of birds nest in the taiga.
Common are capercaillie, common grouse, cedar wood, mites, several species of woodpeckers and owls.
Such taiga bird species as the Siberian thrush, the white necked zonotrichia, and the green forest warbler migrate to the south for the winter.
For the taiga of North America, American species of the same genera as in Eurasia are typical (Canadian lynx, American sable, sable marten, American hare, Pennsylvania vole).
For the spread of cold blooded animals, frosty winters in the taiga are a significant obstacle.
Reptiles are practically absent (there are three species in Eurasia the common viper, the common garter snake and the viviparous lizard), the Siberian anglerfish, salamanders, the forest frog, the leopard frog, and the American toad are common among amphibians.
Insects are numerous (there are about 32,000 species of insects in Canada); the midge is abundant.
In the taiga forest, compared to the forest tundra, the conditions for animal life are more favorable.
There are more sedentary animals here.
Nowhere in the world, except for the taiga, there are so many fur bearing animals.
During the winter period, the overwhelming number of invertebrate species, all amphibians and reptiles, as well as some species of mammals are immersed in suspended animation and hibernation, the activity of a number of other animals decreases.
The change of the taiga by man (deforestation, fires, mining) causes significant changes in the fauna — a reduction in the number of traditional species, the introduction of new ones (black grouse, common hamster).
Types of taiga[edit / edit wiki text]
Dark coniferous taiga from blue spruce, Alaska
According to the species composition, there are light coniferous (common pine, some American pine species, Siberian and Daurian larch) and more characteristic and widespread dark coniferous taiga (spruce, fir, cedar pine, Korean cedar).
Tree species can form pure (spruce, larch) and mixed (spruce fir) stands.
The soil is usually sod podzolic.
The moisture content is sufficient.
The humus content is 1-6 %.
Protection of the taiga[edit / edit wiki text]
Autumn taiga in the Eastern Sayan Mountains, Buryatia, Russia
The taiga of Eurasia, mainly the massifs of the Siberian taiga, is called the green "lungs" of the planet (by analogy with the South American hylaea), since the oxygen and carbon balance of the surface layer of the atmosphere depends on the state of these forests.
To protect and study the typical and unique natural landscapes of the taiga in North America and Eurasia, a number of nature reserves and national parks have been created, including the Buffalo Wood, the Barguzin Reserve, etc.
Industrial timber reserves are concentrated in the taiga, large mineral deposits (coal, oil, gas, etc.) are discovered and developed.
Traditional occupations of the population are hunting for fur bearing animals, collecting medicinal raw materials, wild fruits, nuts, berries and mushrooms, fishing, forestry (extraction and processing of wood), cattle breeding.
Taiga in culture[edit / edit wiki text]
The owner of the taiga Border.
Taiga novel Sibiriada Taiga dead end an essay about hermits who settled in the Sayan Mountains Piranha hunting (film) Taiga.
Survival Course (TV series) Ringing Cedars of Russia (book series) Efrosinya (TV series) The End of Emperor Taiga (film) The song of A. Pakhmutova, S. Grebennikov and N. Dobronravov "The main thing, guys, is not to grow old with your heart" (1962) The song of A. Babajanyan and R. Rozhdestvensky "Blue Taiga" The song of Yuri Kukin "Beyond the Fog" The song of A. Dulov and I. Zhdanov " Taiga "("The Raw weight of the boot") The song "Taiga" by the group Pilot The song "Brennende Taiga" by the group Dschinghis Khan The song "Fabulous Taiga" by Agatha Christie
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Light coniferous taiga Dark coniferous taiga Swamp and swampy forests of the temperate zone of Parma
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Тай Taiga (coniferous forests) - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. (Verified on April 2, 2014)
Ерм Ermakov N. B. Diversity of boreal vegetation of Northern Asia.
Hemiboreal forests.
Classification and ordination.
- Novosibirsk: Publishing House of the SB RAS, 2003.
- C. 9-232.
↑ A. G. Isachenko.
Ecological Atlas of Russia: map of landscapes.
Archived from the original source on June 7, 2013.
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Alexandrova V. D., Yurkovskaya T. K. (ed.) Geobotanical zoning of the Non Chernozem region of the European part of the RSFSR.
- L.: Nauka, 1989.
- 64 p. Zmitrovich I. V.
The Middle taiga of the Karelian Isthmus: zonal, intrazonal and extrazonal phenomena.
- Bulletin of Ecology, Forestry and Landscape Studies.
- 2011.
- No. 12. - pp.
54-76.
Krylov I. P. Taiga from a natural historical point of view.
- Scientific essays of the Tomsk Region.
- 1898.
- p. 1-15.
Krylov I. P.
On the question of phytogeographic zoning.
- Izvestiya TSU, 1925.
- Vol. 75. - pp.
232-239.
Parmuzin Yu.
P. Taiga of the USSR.
- M.: Mysl, 1985 — - 303 p. Piavchenko N. I. Peat bogs, their natural and economic significance.
- Moscow: Nauka, 1985 — - 152 p.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Animal world: Animals of the taiga.
Inhabitants of the northern forests Flora: Plants of the taiga
[show] Natural areas Land Arctic desert | Antarctic desert | Tundra | Forest tundra | Coniferous forest Taiga | Subtaiga / Mixed forest | Deciduous forest: broad leaved forests and small leaved forests | Forest steppe | Steppe | Semi desert | Desert | Savanna | Subtropical Forest | Rain Forest | Tropical Forest | Variably humid tropical forest | Jungle | Dry Tropical Forest | Tropical rainforests: Mangroves, Selva | Alpine | Subalpine | Nival | Mediterranean | High altitude zone / Coastal and swampy: Swamps, Floodplains, Swamps, Salt Marshes, Marshes, Swamp and swampy forests of the temperate zone | Pond | Caves World Ocean Supralitoral zone | Littoral zone: Mangroves | / Sublittoral zone | Neritic
zone | Open Ocean Zone | Bathial Zone | Pseudobathial zone | Pseudoabyssal zone | Thalassobatic zone | Abyssal Zone | Ultraabyssal Zone | Coral reefs | Continental shelf | Pelagic zone | Ocean bed | Depressions: trough and rift | Hydrothermal vents of mid ocean ridges | Pack ice / Brown algae forests | Estuary: delta and estuary Biology Geography Ecology
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