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News
25.04.2012
Some experts believe that the growth of the euro (by 2.95% in the first quarter of this year) was a temporary phenomenon.
15.04.2012
The Ministry of Finance intends to prepare a bill that will reduce the turnover of cash in Russia.
The head of the Ministry of Finance A. Siluanov referred to the world experience, which supports this proposal of his.
07.04.2012
The economy of the CIS countries did not give up to the crisis.
The Eurasian Development Bank held an annual "Macro monitoring of the CIS".
The main indicators of the current study were pleasantly surprised.
The experts were particularly pleased with the high growth rates in agriculture.
01.01.2012
Russia is becoming a world leader in trade.
According to the forecast of HSBC bank, Russian trade will overtake the world in terms of growth rates: until 2017, it will grow by 6% per year, and after that — by 7.56%.
02.12.2011
The market turnover of the Russian segment of forex brokers is at least $ 500 billion.
Several hundred thousand people work in this market.
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THE WAR OF THE ROSES
After the end of the Hundred Years ' War, thousands of people who had fought in France returned to England, disappointed by its defeat.
The situation in England sharply worsened, any weakening of the royal power threatened internal turmoil.
Under King Henry VI of the Lancaster dynasty, his wife, Queen Margaret of Anjou, a Frenchwoman, really ruled the country.
This caused the displeasure of the Duke of York, the king's closest relative.
The Lancasters (in their coat of arms a scarlet rose) were a side branch of the royal Plantagenet dynasty (1154-1399) and relied on the barons of the north of England, Wales and Ireland.
The Yorks (in their coat of arms a white rose) relied on the feudal lords of the economically more developed south east of England.
The middle nobility, merchants and wealthy citizens also supported the Yorks.
The war that broke out between the supporters of the Lancasters and the Yorks was called the War of the Roses.
Despite the romantic name, this war was characterized by rare cruelty.
The chivalrous ideals of honor and loyalty were forgotten.
Many barons, pursuing personal gain, violated the oath of vassal loyalty and easily moved from one warring party to another, depending on where they were promised a more generous reward.
The war was won by the Yorks, then the Lancasters.
Richard, Duke of York, defeated the Lancastrian supporters in 1455, and in 1460 captured Henry VI and forced the Upper House of Parliament to recognize himself as the protector of the state and heir to the throne.
Queen Margaret fled to the north and returned from there with an army.
Richard was defeated and died in battle.
By order of the queen, his severed head, crowned with a crown of gilded paper, was displayed above the gates of the city of York.
The chivalrous custom of sparing the vanquished was violated — the Queen ordered the execution of all Yorkist supporters who surrendered.
In 1461, Edward, the eldest son of the murdered Richard, defeated the Lancastrian supporters with the support of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.
Henry VI was deposed; he and Margaret fled to Scotland.
The winner was crowned in Westminster as King Edward IV.
The new king also ordered the heads of all the noble prisoners to be cut off.
The head of the king's father was removed from the city gates of York, replacing it with the heads of the executed.
By the decision of the parliament, the "living and dead" Lancastrians were declared traitors.
However, the war did not end there.
In 1464, Edward IV defeated the Lancastrian supporters in the north of England.
Henry VI was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London.
The desire of Edward IV to strengthen his power and weaken the power of the barons led to the transition of his former supporters, led by Warwick, to the side of Henry VI.
Edward was forced to flee England, and Henry VI was restored to the throne in 1470.
In 1471, Edward IV, who returned with an army, defeated the troops of Warwick and Margaret.
Warwick himself and Henry VI's young son Edward, Prince of Wales, fell in battle.
Henry VI was again deposed, captured and brought to London, where he died (presumably killed) in the Tower of London.
Queen Margaret survived, finding refuge outside the country — a few years later she was bought out of captivity by the French king.
The closest associate of Edward IV was his younger brother Richard of Gloucester.
Short in stature, with a sedentary left arm from birth, he nevertheless fought bravely in battles and commanded troops.
Richard remained loyal to his brother even in the days of defeat.
After the death of Edward IV in 1485, the eldest of his sons, the twelve — year old Edward V, was supposed to inherit the throne, but Richard removed him from power and first declared himself the protector of the young king, and later declared his nephews illegitimate and himself took the crown under the name of Richard III.
Both princes Edward V and his ten year old brother were imprisoned in the Tower of London.
At first, the boys were still seen playing in the courtyard of the Tower, but when they disappeared, rumors began to spread that they were killed by order of the king.
Richard III did nothing to refute these rumors.
Richard III tried to pursue a reasonable policy, began to restore the country ravaged by war.
However, his attempts to strengthen his power caused the discontent of large feudal lords.
Supporters of the Lancastrians and Yorks united around a distant relative of the Lancastrians Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who lived in exile in France.
In 1485, he landed with an army on the British coast.
Richard III hastily gathered his troops and moved to meet him.
At the decisive moment of the battle of Bosworth in 1485, Richard III was betrayed by his entourage, and his personal courage could no longer affect anything.
When a horse was brought to him to escape, Richard refused to run, saying that he would die a king.
Already surrounded by enemies, he continued to fight.
When he was dealt a fatal blow on the head with a battle axe, the crown fell off his helmet, and immediately on the battlefield it was placed on the head of Henry Tudor.
Thus ended the War of the Roses, which lasted three decades (1455-1485).
Most of the ancient noble families died in the battles.
England was ruled by Henry VII, the founder of the new Tudor dynasty (1485-1603).
Trying to reconcile the Lancasters and the Yorks, Henry VII married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth and combined both roses in his coat of arms.
When he came to power, Henry VII did everything to discredit his former enemy, presenting him as an evil hunchback who paved the way to the throne over the corpses of his relatives.
When he came to power, Henry VII did everything to discredit his former enemy, presenting him as an evil hunchback who paved the way to the throne over the corpses of his relatives.
The accusation of the cold blooded murder of his young nephews fell especially heavily on Richard.
There is no direct evidence of his guilt, and the death of the offspring of the House of York was much more profitable for Henry VII himself than for Richard The mystery of the disappearance and death of the young princes remains unsolved to this day.
The history of the War of the Roses became the source of the historical chronicles of W. Shakespeare "Henry VI" and "Richard III", as well as the novel"Black Arrow" by R. L. Stevenson.
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