The War of the Roses
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The War of the Roses
Representation of an unreliable scene in the Temple Garden in part I of the play "Henry VI", where supporters of warring factions choose red and white roses Date May 22, 1455-1485
Place England, Wales, Calais
The result is the coming to power of the Tudors
Opponents
Lancasters
and their supporters are Yorks
and their supporters
Commanders
Henry VI (1453-1471)
Margaret of Anjou (1453-1471)
Edward of Westminster † (1471)
Henry Tudor (1483-1485) Richard of York † (1453-1460)
Edward IV (1460-1483)
Richard III † (1483-1485)
Forces of the parties
unknown unknown
Losses
unknown unknown
Audio, photo, video on Wikimedia Commons
This term has other meanings, see the English Civil War.
The War of the Roses[1] or the War (s) of the Roses [2] (English War(s) of the Roses) is a series of armed dynastic conflicts between groups of the English nobility in 1455-1485 in a power struggle between supporters of two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty — Lancasters and Yorks.
Despite the chronological framework of the conflict established in the historical literature (1455-1485), some war related clashes took place both before and after the war.
The war ended with the victory of Henry Tudor of the house of Lancaster, who founded a dynasty that ruled England and Wales for 117 years.
The war brought significant destruction and disasters to the population of England, during the conflict a large number of representatives of the English feudal aristocracy died.
Content
1 The causes of war 2 Names and symbols 3 The social composition of the participants in the conflict.
Armed forces of the parties 4 Main events of the war 4.1 Chronology of battles
5 Results of the war 6 Chronicles 7 Family Tree 8 The War of the Roses in Art 9 Notes 10 Literature 11 References
The reasons for the war[edit / edit wiki text]
The reason for the war was the dissatisfaction of a significant part of English society with the failures in the Hundred Years ' War and the policy pursued by the wife of King Henry VI, Queen Margaret and her favorites (the king himself was a weak willed person, moreover, sometimes fell into madness).
The opposition was led by Duke Richard of York, who demanded for himself first the regency over the incapacitated king, and later the English crown.
The basis for this claim was that Henry VI was the great grandson of John of Gaunt, the fourth son of King Edward III, and the Duke of York was the great great grandson of Lionel, the third son of this king (in the female line, in the male line he was the grandson of Edmund, the fifth son of Edward III); in addition, Henry VI's grandfather Henry IV seized the throne in 1399, forcibly forcing King Richard II to abdicate, which made the legitimacy of the entire Lancaster dynasty questionable.
The fuel element was numerous professional soldiers who, after the defeat in the war with France, were out of work and, being in large numbers within England, posed a serious danger to the royal power.
War was a familiar trade for these people, so they willingly hired themselves into the service of large English barons, who significantly replenished their armies at their expense.
Thus, the authority and power of the king were significantly undermined by the increased military power of the nobles.
Names and symbols[edit / edit wiki text]
Emblems
Lancasters
Yorkies
The Tudors
The name "war of the Roses" was not used during the war.
Roses were the distinctive badges of the two warring parties.
It is not known exactly who used them for the first time.
If the White rose, symbolizing the Virgin, was used as a distinctive sign by the first Duke of York Edmund Langley in the XIV century,then nothing is known about the use of Scarlet by Lancastrians before the war.
Perhaps it was invented in contrast to the enemy's emblem.
The term came into use in the XIX century, after the publication of the story "Anna of Geierstein" by Sir Walter Scott, who chose the name based on a fictional scene in part I of William Shakespeare's play "Henry VI", where the opposing parties choose roses of different colors in the Temple Church.
Although roses were sometimes used as symbols during the war, most participants used symbols associated with their feudal lords or protectors.
For example, Henry's forces in Bosworth fought under the banner of the red dragon, while the York army used the personal symbol of Richard III the white boar.
Evidence of the importance of rose symbols increased when King Henry VII at the end of the war combined the red and white roses of the factions into a single red and white Tudor Rose.
The names of the competing factions have little in common with the cities of York and Lancaster, or the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire, even though cricket or rugby league matches between these two counties are often described using the cliche "War of the Roses".
In fact, the provinces and castles belonging to the dukes of Lancaster were mainly in Gloucestershire, North Wales and Cheshire, while the Yorkist possessions were widespread throughout England, although many were in the Welsh Mark (which Richard of York inherited when he became Earl of March).
The social composition of the participants in the conflict.
Armed forces of the parties[edit / edit wiki text]
The conflict involved mainly representatives of the English feudal aristocracy with detachments of their servants and supporters, as well as a small number of foreign mercenaries.
Support for the opposing sides was largely determined by dynastic factors.
The so called system of "bastard feudalism" was one of the main factors that influenced the decline of the authority and influence of the royal power and the escalation of the armed conflict.
Service to the seigneur in exchange for lands and gifts remained as important as before, but it was determined not by the feudal tradition, but by the support of the feudal lord of any of the opposing factions, which, in turn, patronized him for this.
The transition to the service of feudal lords to large magnates due to personal ambitions, thirst for profit and profitable marriages gave rise to the growth of treason and betrayal, which often decided the outcome of many battles.
The armies of the parties were represented by numerous feudal detachments of professional soldiers, as well as detachments of soldiers called up for war by special royal orders, which gave the right to the bearer of the document to summon and arm soldiers on behalf of the king or a major magnate.
The warriors from the lower social strata were mainly archers and bilmen (warriors armed with traditional English weapons a kind of guizarma).
The number of archers traditionally exceeded the number of men at arms in the proportion of 3:1.
According to tradition, the soldiers fought on foot, the cavalry was used only for reconnaissance and collecting provisions and forage, as well as for movement.
In battles, military leaders often also dismounted to inspire their supporters.
Artillery, including hand held firearms, began to appear in large numbers in the armies of the factions.
The main events of the war[edit / edit wiki text]
Main events and participants
The confrontation turned into an open war in 1455, when the Yorkists celebrated the victory in the First Battle of St. Albans, after which the English Parliament declared Richard York the protector of the kingdom and the heir of Henry VI.
However, in 1460, Richard York died at the Battle of Wakefield.
The White Rose Party was led by his son Edward, who in 1461 was crowned in London as Edward IV.
In the same year, the Yorkists won victories at Mortimer Cross and at Towton.
As a result of the last battle, the main forces of the Lancastrians were defeated, and King Henry VI and Queen Margaret fled the country (the king was soon caught and imprisoned in the Tower).
Active hostilities resumed in 1470, when the Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Clarence (the younger brother of Edward IV), who had defected to the Lancastrians, returned Henry VI to the throne.
Edward IV and his other brother, the Duke of Gloucester, fled to Burgundy, from where they returned in 1471.
The Duke of Clarence again defected to his brother's side — and the Yorkists won victories at Barnet and Tewkesbury.
In the first of these battles, the Earl of Warwick was killed, and in the second, Prince Edward, the only son of Henry VI, was killed, which, together with the death (probably murder) of Henry himself in the Tower of London in the same year, was the end of the Lancastrian dynasty.
Edward IV, the first king of the York dynasty, reigned peacefully until his death, which followed unexpectedly for everyone in 1483, when his son Edward V became king for a short time.
However, the Royal Council announced his illegitimate (the late king was a great lover of the female gender and, in addition to the official wife was secretly engaged to another woman or even several; in addition, Thomas more and Shakespeare mentions went in society rumours that Edward was not the son of the Duke of York, and a simple Archer), and brother of Edward IV, Richard of Gloucester was crowned in the same year as Richard III.
His short and dramatic reign was filled with a struggle with overt and hidden opposition.
In this struggle, the king was initially lucky, but the number of opponents only increased.
In 1485, a Lancastrian force (mostly French mercenaries) led by Henry Tudor (John of Gaunt's great great grandson in the female line) landed in Wales.
In the battle of Bosworth, Richard III was killed, and the crown passed to Henry Tudor, who was crowned as Henry VII — the founder of the Tudor dynasty.
In 1487, the Earl of Lincoln (Richard III's nephew) tried to return the crown to the Yorks, but was killed at the Battle of Stoke Field.
Chronology of battles[edit / edit wiki text]
Date Battle Forces of the Parties / Warlords Losses Lancasters Yorks Lancasters Yorks
22 May 1455 First Battle of St Albans 2000-3000 men
Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset 7,000
Richard, Duke of York
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick less than 100 people
Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland
Thomas Clifford less than 100 men 23 September 1459 Battle of Blore Heath 6000-8000 men
James Touchett, Baron Audley
John Sutton, Baron Dudley 3000-4000 people
Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury about 2000 people
James Touchett, Baron Audley about 1000 men 12 October 1459 Battle of Ludford Bridge unknown
Henry VI 20,000-30,000 people
Richard, Duke of York unknown
(the battle did not take place) January 1460 Battle of Sandwich unknown
Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset unknown unknown unknown 10 July 1460 Battle of Northampton 10,000-15,000 men
King Henry VI
Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 20,000-30,000
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick about 300 people
Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham
Thomas Percy, Baron Egremont unknown 30 December 1460 Battle of Wakefield about 18,000 men
Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland 5000-9000 people
Richard, Duke of York about 200 people to 2500 people
Richard, Duke of York
Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury
Edmund, Earl of Rutland 2 February 1461 Battle of Mortimer's Cross unknown
Owen Tudor
Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke unknown
Edward, Earl of March up to 4000 people
Owen Tudor unknown 17 February 1461 Second Battle of St Albans about 15,000 men
Queen Margaret about 10,000 people
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick about 2,000 men about 4,000 men 28 March 1461 Battle of Ferrybridge unknown
John Clifford
John Neville unknown
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick unknown
John Clifford about 3,000 men 29 March 1461 Battle of Towton about 42,000 men
Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland about 36,000 people
Edward IV
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick
William Neville, Baron Fauconberg about 20,000 people
Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland
Richard Percy
John Neville 8,000-12,000 men 25 April 1464 Battle of Hedgley Moor 5,000 men
Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
Ralph Percy 6000 people
John Neville, Marquess of Montagu unknown
Ralph Percy unknown 15 May 1464 Battle of Exham unknown
Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset 4,000
John Neville, Marquess of Montagu unknown
Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset unknown 29 July 1469 Battle of Edgecote Moor unknown
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick unknown
William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke unknown unknown
William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke
Richard Herbert 12 March 1470 Battle of Loscot Field 30,000 men
Robert Wells unknown
Edward IV unknown unknown 14 April 1471 Battle of Barnet 9,000 men
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick
John de Vere, Earl of Oxford 7,000-15,000
King Edward IV
Richard, Duke of Gloucester about 1000 people
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick
John Neville, Marquess of Montagu about 500 men 4 May 1471 Battle of Tewkesbury 3000-5000 men
Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset 3500-4000 people
King Edward IV
Richard, Duke of Gloucester about 2000 people
Edward, Prince of Wales
John Beaufort, Marquess of Dorset unknown 22 August 1485 Battle of Bosworth 11,000 men
Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond
William Stanley 10,000 people
King Richard III more than 100 people 1000 people
King Richard III 16 June 1487 Battle of Stoke Field 12,000 men
King Henry VII 8000 people
John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 3,000 men 4,000 men
John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
The results of the war[edit / edit wiki text]
Although historians are still debating the true extent of the conflict's impact on medieval English life, there is little doubt[3] that the War of the Roses led to a political upheaval and a change in the established balance of power.
The most obvious result was the collapse of the Plantagenet dynasty and its replacement by the new Tudors, who changed England over the following years.
In the following years, the remnants of the Plantagenet factions, left without direct access to the throne, dispersed into different positions, as the monarchs continuously pushed them against each other.
King Louis XI of France, who supported the Lancasters.
The War of the Roses actually drew a line under the English Middle Ages.
It continued the changes in feudal English society initiated by the appearance of the Black Death, which included the weakening of the feudal power of the nobility and the strengthening of the position of the merchant class, as well as the growth of a strong, centralized monarchy under the leadership of the Tudor dynasty.
The accession of the Tudors in 1485 is considered the beginning of a New Time in English history.
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, who supported the Yorks.
On the other hand, it is also suggested that the terrible impact of the war was exaggerated by Henry VII in order to extol his achievements in ending it and ensuring peace.
Of course, the effect of the war on the merchants and working classes was much less than in the protracted wars in France and elsewhere in Europe, which were filled with mercenaries directly interested in continuing the war.
Although there were several long sieges, they were in relatively remote and sparsely populated areas.
In heavily populated areas belonging to both factions, the opponents, in order to prevent the collapse of the country, sought a quick solution to the conflict in the form of a general battle.
The war was disastrous for the already diminishing influence of England in France, and by the end of the struggle there were no possessions left except Calais, and eventually lost during the reign of Mary I.
Although later English rulers continued to campaign on the continent, the territory of England did not increase in any way.
Various European duchies and kingdoms played an important role in the war, especially the kings of France and the dukes of Burgundy, who helped the Yorks and Lancasters in their struggle against each other.
By providing them with armed forces and financial assistance, as well as offering refuge to the defeated nobility and pretenders, they thereby wanted to prevent the emergence of a strong and united England, which would become their opponent.
The post war period was also a "funeral march" for the permanent baronial armies that fueled the conflict.
Henry VII, fearing further struggle, kept the barons under strict control, forbidding them to train, hire, arm and supply armies, so that they could not start a war with each other or with the king.
As a result, the military power of the barons decreased, and the Tudor court became a place where baronial quarrels were resolved by the will of the monarch.
On the battlefields, scaffolds and in prison casemates, not only the descendants of the Plantagenets died, but also a significant part of the English lords and chivalry.
For example, in the period from 1425 to 1449, before the outbreak of war, many noble dynasties disappeared, which continued during the war from 1450 to 1474[4].
The death in battles of the most ambitious part of the nobility led to a decrease in the desire of its remnants to risk their lives and titles.
Chronicles[edit / edit wiki text]
The most important places of the War of the Roses
During the war, the following chronicles were kept:
Benet's Chronicle Gregory's Chronicle (1189-1469) Short English Chronicle (-1465) Harding's Chronicle: first version for Henry VII (1457) Harding's Chronicle: second version for Richard, duke of York and Edward IV (1460 and c. 1464) Harding's Chronicle: second 'Yorkist' version revised for Lancastrains during Henry VI's Readeption (see Peverley's article).
Capgrave (1464) Commynes(1464—1498) Chronicle of the Lincolnshire Rebellion (1470) History of the arrival of Edward IV in England (1471) Vaurin (-1471) English Chronicle, also known as the Davies Chronicle (1461) Brief Latin Chronicle (1422-1471) Fabian (-1485) Rouse (1480/86) Croyland Chronicle (1149-1486) Warkworth Chronicle (1500?)
Family tree[edit / edit wiki text]
People who have taken the side of the conflict are painted red for Lancasters, and blue for Yorks
Edward III
Edward the Black Prince
Edmund Langley
Lionel Antwerp
John Gaunt
Philippa Plantagenet
Richard II
Roger Mortimer
Elizabeth Mortimer
Joanna Beaufort
Henry IV Bolingbroke
John Beaufort
Richard Conisburg
Anna Mortimer
Henry Percy
Eleanor Neville
William Neville
Richard Neville
Henry V
Catherine of Valois
Owen Tudor
John Beaufort
Edmund Beaufort
Richard Plantagenet
Henry Percy
Cecilia Neville
Thomas Neville
Richard Neville
John Neville
Marguerite of Anjou
Henry VI
Edmund Tudor
Margaret Beaufort
Henry Beaufort
Edmund Beaufort
Edward IV
Richard III
George Plantagenet
Isabella Neville
Anna Neville
Edward of Westminster
Edward V
Elizabeth of York
Henry VII Tudor
The Tudors
The War of the Roses in art[edit / edit wiki text]
In world fiction, this significant event is reflected in the story "The Black Arrow" by R. L. Stevenson, Shakespeare's plays "Henry VI, part two", "Henry VI, part three" and "Richard III", the novel" Betrothed to a Rose " by Simone Vilar.
The war also had a great influence on the plot of George Martin's epic "A Song of Ice and Fire", where fictional Lannisters and Starks appear instead of Lancasters and Yorks, and the course of the war differs from reality.
There is a computer game War of the Roses based on the events.
Philippa Gregory's The Cousins'book series War ("The War of the Cousins") illustrates the events during the War of the Roses.
On July 16, 2013, BBC1 started showing the series " The White Queen "based on the book of the same name from the series"The War of the Cousins".
This part tells the story of three women who were close to power: Elizabeth Woodville (wife of King Edward IV), Margaret Beaufort, Anne Neville (daughter of the Earl of Warwick).
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Война The War of the Roses (1455-1485).
Lopatin V. V., Nechaeva I. V., Cheltsova L. K. Uppercase or lowercase?
Spelling dictionary.
- Moscow: Eksmo, 2009.
- p. 108 — - 512 p. Уст Ustinov V. G.
The Hundred year War and the Wars of the Roses.
- p.
5. ↑ BBC War of the Roses discussion, In our Time Radio 4 18 May 2000.
Accessed 1 May 2010 ↑ Terence Wise and G.A. Embleton.
The Wars of the Roses, Osprey Men at Arms series, p.4, from K.B. MacFarlane.
The Nobility of Later Medieval England, Oxford University Press
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
The War of the Roses on Wikimedia Commons?
White and scarlet roses // Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 vols.
(82 volumes and 4 supplements).
- St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Norwich d.
The history of England and Shakespeare's kings.
- M.: Astrel, 2012 — - 414, [2] p.
— ISBN 978-5-271-43630-7.
Ustinov V. G. Wars of Roses.
Yorkies vs Lancasters.
- Moscow: Veche, 2012 — - 432 p.
— (History files).
- 2000 copies.
— ISBN 978-5-9533-5294-9.
Ustinov V. G.
The Hundred year war and the Wars of Roses.
- Moscow: AST: Astrel, Keeper, 2007 — - 637 p.
— (Historical Library).
- 1500 copies.
— ISBN 978-5-17-042765-9.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Brown, Elena.
The Wars of the Roses.
postnauka.ru (28.06.2013).
The War of the Roses
The Scarlet Rose of Lancaster · The White Rose of York
Key
figures English monarchs Henry VI · Edward IV · Edward V · Richard III · Henry VII Lancasters
Margaret of Anjou · Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland · Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland · Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick · Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset · Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset · Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset · George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence · Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford · John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford · Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham · Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent
Yorkies
Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York * Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick · Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury · John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu · William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent · Thomas Neville · Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham · Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent
Battles of the Lancastrian Victory
Battle of Ludford Bridge · Battle of Wakefield · Second Battle of St Albans · Battle of Ferrybridge (draw) · Battle of Edgecote Moor · Battle of Bosworth · Battle of Stoke Field
Yorkist Victories
The First Battle of St Albans · The Battle of Blore Heath · The Battle of Sandwich · The Battle of Northampton · The Battle of Mortimer's Cross · The Battle of Ferrybridge (draw) · Battle of Towton · Battle of Hegley Moor · Battle of Hexham · Battle of Lusecote Field · Battle of Barnet · Battle of Tewkesbury
See also The Act of Consent · The enmity of the Percy and Neville families · The heirs of Edward III
History of England Heptarchy · Kingdom of England · Kingdom of Great Britain · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Ancient Britain
Prehistoric Britain * Celtic Britain · Roman Conquest · Roman Britain · Ancient North
Medieval England
The Anglo Saxon period · The Norman Conquest · The Anglo Norman Monarchy · The Plantagenet Era · The War of the Roses · The Tudor Period
New time
The Reformation · The Elizabethan Era · The Jacobean Era · The Carolingian Era · The English Revolution · The English Republic · The Stuart Restoration · The Glorious Revolution
History of Great Britain
Education of Great Britain · The British Empire · The Georgian Era · The Regency · Victorian Era · Edwardian Era · The Windsor Dynasty
Portal "England" • Portal "Great Britain"
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The War of the Roses&oldid=75029645"
Categories: The War of the Roses Wars of the XV century Civil wars
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