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Camera "Moscow 2"
Photography (French photographie from others Greek. φως / φωτος — light and γραφω I write; light painting the technique of drawing with light) - obtaining and saving an image using a photosensitive material or a photosensitive matrix in a camera.
Also, a photograph or a photograph, or simply a snapshot, is called the final image obtained as a result of a photographic process and viewed by a person directly (meaning both a frame of the developed film and an image in electronic or printed form).
In a broader sense, photography is the art of taking photographs, where the main creative process is to find and choose the composition, lighting and the moment (or moments) of the photograph.
Such a choice is determined by the skill and skill of the photographer, as well as his personal preferences and taste, which is also characteristic of any kind of art.
Content
1 Operating principle 2 Photographic equipment 2.1 Camera 2.2 Additional photographic equipment 2.3 Accessories for post processing
3 History of Photography 3.1 Black and White photography 3.2 Color Photography 3.3 Instant photography 3.4 Digital Photography
4 Genres of photography 4.1 Main genres of photography 4.2 Specific genres 4.3 Some non genre terms
5 Application of photography 5.1 Documentary photography 5.2 Legal aspect 5.3 Photographic method 5.4 Psychotherapy 5.5 Radiography 5.6 Photolithography
6 See also 6.1 Photo Contests 6.2 Other
7 Notes 8 Literature 9 References
The principle of operation[edit / edit wiki text]
The principle of operation of photography is based on obtaining images and fixing them with the help of chemical and physical processes obtained with the help of light, that is, electromagnetic waves emitted directly or reflected.
Images with the help of visible light reflected from objects were obtained in ancient times and used for painting and technical works.
The method, later called orthoscopic photography, does not require serious optical devices.
In those days, only small holes and, sometimes, cracks were used.
Images were projected onto the surfaces opposite from these holes.
Further, the method was improved with the help of optical devices placed in the place of the hole.
This served as the basis for creating a camera that restricts the received image from illumination by non image bearing light.
The camera was called a pinhole, the image was projected onto its rear matte wall and redrawn along the contour by the artist.
After the invention of methods of chemical image fixation, the pinhole camera became a constructive prototype of the photographic apparatus.
The name "photography" was chosen as the most euphonious of several options at the French Academy in 1839.
Depending on the principle of operation of the photosensitive material, it is customary to divide the photo[source not specified 2412 days] into three large subsections:
Film photography is based on photographic materials in which photochemical processes occur.
A kind of film is considered a snapshot, which allows you to get a ready made picture within a few seconds.
Digital photography — during the process of obtaining and storing an image, electric charges move (usually as a result of a photo effect and during further processing), but there are no chemical reactions or movement of matter.
It would be more correct to call such a photo electronic, since analog processes occur in a number of devices traditionally referred to as "digital" (this is the very first camera with an electronic matrix Sony ProMavica MVC 5000, these are many cheap video surveillance cameras).
Electrographic and other processes in which there are no chemical reactions, but the transfer of the substance forming the image occurs.
There is no special general name for this section, before the advent of digital photography, the term "silverless photography"was often used.
The following stable phrases are also used:
Silver halide photography for the silver halide photographic process.
Silverless photography is used for all other photographic processes[1].
Analog photography is synonymous with film photography, as opposed to digital photography.
Analog printing, optical printing — obtaining photographs by optical magnification from a negative or using a special projector (for optical printing of digital photos), in contrast to digital printing methods.
The production of moving images based on photographic principles is called cinematography.
Photography is based on the achievements of science, primarily in the field of optics, mechanics and chemistry.
The development of digital photography at the current stage is mainly due to electronic and information technologies.
Photo equipment[edit / edit wiki text]
As photography developed, a large number of different structures and auxiliary mechanisms for obtaining images were created.
The main device is a photographic apparatus, abbreviated as "camera" or "camera", and accessories to it.
Camera[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Photo camera
Canon EOS 40D Digital SLR Camera
A camera (photographic apparatus, camera) is a device for taking and fixing photographs, the design of which includes several components:
lens — an optical system that forms an optical image on a photosensitive material; a shutter that determines the time during which light falls on a photosensitive material (its role can be played by a lens cap, a rotating prism in ultra high speed photo and film cameras); a housing that protects the photosensitive material from illumination by extraneous light during shooting, together with the lens frame or objective board, the housing can serve for focusing; a cassette with photosensitive material (in disposable cameras, it serves as a housing) or a photosensitive the matrix with its accompanying equipment;
All other elements of the camera do not have a direct impact on the shooting process and may be either present in the design or absent.
There are photographic cameras without a lens (see stenop).
Additional photo equipment[edit / edit wiki text]
In addition to the camera itself, other photographic accessories can be used during the shooting process.
flashlights and reflectors used for shooting in low light conditions, built in flashes have become the most popular among photo accessories.
Studio lighting.
Traditional lighting systems continue to be used in studio conditions and during film and video shooting.
There are two types of studio lighting: pulsed lighting and permanent lighting.
During studio photography, a set of several flashbulbs(pulsed light) synchronized through a Hot Shoe can be used, as well as permanent lighting installed on special racks that can be moved around the set.
An exposure meter and a flash meter are devices for determining the light conditions of shooting.
In modern cameras, it is an option built into the camera.
However, independent external devices can also be used.
Tripods are used to prevent "smudging" in low light conditions, shooting panoramas, at high exposures, for installing additional lighting equipment, for multiple shooting per frame, etc.
Light filters are used to compensate for color (conversion) and spatial (gradient) lighting deficiencies, to obtain special effects.
Accessories for post processing[edit / edit wiki text]
In digital photography, there are image processing programs.
In digital photography, unlike film photography, post processing is not an obligatory part of the technical process, the image can be viewed on the monitor screen.
In film photography photoreactives, a tank, a photo enlarger, a framing frame, a laboratory lantern, a photographic cutter, etc.
Photo history[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Chronology of photography
An engraving from 1525 showing a device designed by a German artist for drawing and studying perspective
The chemical prehistory of photography begins in ancient times.
People have always known that the sun's rays darken human skin, opals and amethysts sparkle, the taste of beer spoils.
The optical history of photography goes back about a thousand years.
The very first camera obscura can be called "a room, part of which is illuminated by the sun".
The 10th century Arab mathematician and scientist Algazen from Basra, who wrote about the basic principles of optics and studied the behavior of light, noticed the natural phenomenon of an inverted image.
He saw this inverted image on the white walls of darkened rooms or tents set up on the sunny shores of the Persian Gulf — the image passed through a small round hole in the wall, in the open canopy of a tent or drapery.
Algazen used a pinhole camera to observe eclipses of the sun, knowing that it is harmful to look at the sun with the naked eye.
Black and white photo[edit / edit wiki text]
Black and white photo
Black and white photography is historically the first type of photography.
After the advent of color and then digital photography, black and white images retained their popularity.
Often, color photos are converted to black and white to obtain an artistic effect.
The first person who proved that light, not heat, makes silver salt dark, was Johann Heinrich Schulze (1687-1744), a physicist, professor at the University of Halle in Germany.
In 1725, while trying to prepare a luminous substance, he accidentally mixed chalk with nitric acid, which contained a little dissolved silver.
Schulze drew attention to the fact that when sunlight fell on a white mixture, it became dark, while the mixture, protected from sunlight, did not change at all.
Then he conducted several experiments with letters and shapes, which he cut out of paper and put on a bottle with a prepared solution — photographic prints were obtained on silver plated chalk.
Professor Schulze published the data obtained in 1727, but he had no idea of trying to make the images found in this way permanent.
He stirred the solution in the bottle, and the image disappeared.
This experiment, however, gave rise to a whole series of observations, discoveries and inventions in chemistry, which a little more than a century later led to the invention of photography.
In 1818, the German scientist X. I. Grothgus (1785-1822) continued his study and established the influence of temperature on the absorption and emission of light.
The first photo in the world, "View from the window", 1826
Postage stamp of the USSR, 1989.
The first fixed image was made in 1822 by the Frenchman Joseph Nicéphore Niepce ,but it has not survived to this day.
Therefore, the first photo in history is considered to be a picture of the View from the window, obtained by Niepce in 1826 with the help of a pinhole camera on a tin plate covered with a thin layer of asphalt.
The exhibition lasted eight hours in bright sunlight.
The advantage of the Niepce method was that the image turned out to be relief (after etching the asphalt), and it could easily be reproduced in any number of copies.
In 1839, the Frenchman Louis Jacques Mandet Daguerre (Jacques Daguerre) published a method for obtaining an image on a copper plate coated with silver.
The plate was treated with iodine vapors, as a result of which it was covered with a light sensitive layer of silver iodide.
After thirty minutes of exposure, Daguerre moved the plate to a dark room and held it for a while over the vapors of heated mercury.
Daguerre used table salt as a fixative for the image.
The picture turned out to be of quite high quality — well developed details both in the lights and in the shadows, but copying the picture was impossible.
Daguerre called his method of obtaining a photographic image daguerreotype.
Almost at the same time, the Englishman William Henry Fox Talbot invented a method for obtaining a negative photographic image, which he called calotype Talbot used paper impregnated with silver chloride as the image carrier.
This technology combined high quality and the ability to copy images (the positives were printed on similar paper).
The exhibition lasted about an hour, the picture shows the latticed window of Talbot's house.
In addition, in 1833, the method of obtaining photographs using silver nitrate was published by the Franco Brazilian inventor and artist Hercule Florence.
He did not patent his method and did not claim to be the first in the future.
The term "photography" itself appeared in 1839, it was used simultaneously and independently by two astronomers English, John Herschel, and German, Johann von Medler[2].
Both negative and reversible photographic materials were used in the photo.
Color photo[edit / edit wiki text]
Sergey Mikhailovich Prokudin Gorsky.
Self portrait.
Early color photography (1912)
Main article: Methods of color photography
Color photography appeared in the middle of the XIX century.
The first stable color photograph Tartan tape was made in 1861 by James Maxwell using the method of three color photography (the method of color separation).
To obtain a color image using this method, three cameras were used with color filters installed on them (red, green and blue).
The resulting images made it possible to recreate a color image during projection (and later, in print).
The second most important step in the development of the method of three color photography was the discovery in 1873 by the German photochemist Hermann Wilhelm Vogel of sensitizers, that is, substances that can increase the sensitivity of silver compounds to rays of different wavelengths.
Vogel managed to obtain a composition that is sensitive to the green part of the spectrum.
The practical application of three color photography became possible after Vogel's student, the German scientist Adolf Mite, developed sensitizers that make the photographic plate sensitive to other parts of the spectrum.
He also designed a camera for three color shooting and a three beam projector for displaying the obtained color images.
This equipment in action was first demonstrated by Adolf Mite in Berlin in 1902.
A great contribution to the further improvement of the method of three color photography was made by Adolf Mitya's student Sergey Prokudin Gorsky, who developed technologies that allow reducing the shutter speed and increasing the possibilities of replicating the image.
Prokudin Gorsky also discovered in 1905 his own recipe for a sensitizer that created maximum sensitivity to the red orange part of the spectrum; in this he surpassed his teacher.
Along with the method of color separation, other processes (methods) of color photography have been actively developing since the beginning of the XX century.
In particular, in 1907, the Autochrome photographic plates of the Lumiere Brothers were patented and went on free sale, making it relatively easy to obtain color photographs.
Despite numerous disadvantages (rapid fading of paints, fragility of plates, graininess of the image), the method quickly gained popularity, and until 1935, 50 million autochromic plates were produced in the world.
Alternatives to this technology appeared only in the 1930s: Agfacolor in 1932, Kodachrome in 1935, Polaroid in 1963.
Instant photo[edit / edit wiki text]
The term "instant photography" has been understood in different ways at different times.
Modern digital images are theoretically instantaneous, but in fact they are not considered as such.
Main Article: Instant Photo
The device of the photo kit "Moment" of Soviet production.
1 roll of photosensitive material; 4 capsule with a revealing fixing paste; 5 — the surface of the emulsion, bounded by the frame frame of the paper racord
The first patent for a camera suitable for instant photography was obtained in 1923 by Samuel Schlafrock.
The device was a cumbersome combination of a shooting camera and a portable darkroom, which only slightly reduces the time to get a finished negative.
The solution to the problem was the photo materials of a complex design with integrated photoreactives and the possibility of immediate positive reception.
Their development was started by Agfa in the late 1930s, but mass production was established by Polaroid only in November 1948, simultaneously with the appearance of the Polaroid Land 95 camera[4][5].
A patent for a photo process with image transfer was registered by the company's founder Edwin Land in 1947[6][7].
In the future, the name of the company Polaroid, which had almost monopoly rights to the production of photographic materials of a single stage photo process, became synonymous with instant photography.
In the USSR, attempts were made to produce similar photo kits "Moment", for the camera" Moment "(1952-1954) and" Photon " (1969-1976).
But these models were not popular, due to the lack of a special film for them [8][9].
The one step process was widely used in amateur photography before the advent of digital technologies.
The lower image quality compared to the traditional photo process limited the scope of use, which was mainly applied: photo for documents, medicine and scientific research.
However, some features of the technology have had a great impact on photography[10].
Digital photography[edit / edit wiki text]
Nikon digital camera and film scanner
Main article: Digital Photography
Digital photography is a relatively young but popular technology that originated in 1981, when Sony launched the Sony Mavica camera with a CCD Matrix that records images to disk.
This device was not digital in the modern sense (an analog signal was recorded on the disk), but it allowed to abandon the photographic film.
The first full — fledged digital camera — the DCS 100 was released in 1990 by Kodak.
The principle of operation of a digital camera is to fix the light flux with a matrix and convert this information into digital form.
Currently, digital photography is replacing film photography everywhere in most industries.
Genres of photography[edit / edit wiki text]
In the XX century, when the technique of photography was sufficiently improved, sufficiently sensitive photographic materials and convenient cameras appeared, photography turned from a technical curiosity into one of the types of fine art related to painting, but different from it.
The special place and importance of photography in art culture is associated with the technical, scientific essence of photography.
The most important property of photography is its authenticity, the authenticity of the captured events.
At the same time, the image, as in painting or drawing, carries an artistic generalization, the disclosure of the inner meaning of the situation shown, the character of the person depicted, and much more.
In essence, a photographer is an artist who has certain "colors" — photographic equipment and photographic materials.
The photographer uses the visual means of photography: (shooting point, angle, linear composition, plan, perspective, lighting) - related to the visual means of painting.
An additional tool is post processing.
[11].
Some of the modern genres of photography repeat the corresponding genres of painting, while some are specific only for photography.
Photography is one of the disciplines in the category "Visual Arts" at the International Delphic Games (IBC)[12][13], as well as one of the nominations at the Youth Delphic Games of Russia.
The main genres of photography[edit / edit wiki text]
The genres currently existing are rather conventional.
They describe the subject of shooting, without reflecting the specifics of the photographer's work and the choice of shooting conditions.
Despite the fact that the photographer, to create a complete image, it is necessary to choose the appropriate visual means.
For example, a photographer can interpret a picture of a group of people in a home environment as a genre or as a group portrait.
Although these genres require a choice of different visual means.[14][15]
Photography borrowed the main division of genres from painting: Landscape, Still Life and Portrait they became the first established genres at the dawn of the invention of photography.
[14].
Also among the main genres are: Genre, Reportage and Architectural Photography[15].
Specific genres[edit / edit wiki text]
In total, over the history of the development of photography, many genres have developed.
Some come from others.
Others appeared in contrast to the existing ones (direct photography and pictorialism).
Still others were formed due to the imperfection of photographic equipment: lomography, pictorialism, pinhole, monocle.
Any photo can belong to several genres at once.
So, a photo of a person can be taken simultaneously in three genres: portrait, nude and plein air.
Aquafotography Astrophotography Aerial photography Genre Image Photography Luminography Pictorial Photography Pinhole Plein Air Direct Photography Food photography Newborn Photography (newbornphotography) Photo for documents Light graphics
Scanography Sports photography Stereoscopic photography Street photography or street photography Strobism Theatrical photography Travel photography, travel photography Photo history (photostory) Sketch Photographic editing Photo Collage Photogram Fluorography Black and white photography
Some non genre terms[edit / edit wiki text]
Amateur photography, amateur photography is one of the types of mass amateur creativity using methods and means of photography.
In addition to self study photography, the photographer's need for growth and training leads to the creation of photo clubs and photo clubs.
The magazine "Soviet Photo" has always paid great attention to amateur photographers.
In 1980, there were about 450 photo clubs in the USSR.
In 1975-77, the 1st All Union Festival of Amateur Artistic Creativity was held.
On it, amateur photography was presented as an independent type of amateur creativity.
The result of this festival was the All Union Exhibition of works by amateur photographers held in October and December 1977 in Moscow, where about 800 of the best photographs were shown[16].
Stock photography — buying and selling photos in high resolution[17][18].
Photographers provide their photos to special websites, photo banks.
Magazines, various companies and just people interested in purchasing photos in high quality, turn to these sites.
The introduction of photo banks allows you to simplify the process of buying photos.
A special feature of this industry is the high quality of photos.
Photo application[edit / edit wiki text]
Documentary photography[edit / edit wiki text]
The invention and mass use of photography, and later cinema, changed the idea of historical events recorded on film, no less than the invention of writing[19].
See also: Photo opportunity
Legal aspect[edit / edit wiki text]
Before the advent of copiers, photocopy of documents was widely used in law.
A notarized photocopy of the" Death Certificate " of Academician G. N. Gorelov
The mass use of photographic equipment, explicitly and implicitly used, has given rise to changes in the legislation of many countries (see, for example, Freedom of Panorama), changes people's attitudes, changes society[20].
The use of photography, both film and digital (and now the development of image recognition and processing techniques), allowed us to fundamentally change the activities of investigative bodies, made a number of already developed judicial norms more objective and allowed us to develop new ones based on the documentary properties and functions of photography, on its ability to objectively capture the image of an event.
However, the advent of digital photography and the development of image editing programs have made it extremely difficult to prove the authenticity of photos.
The compromise today is the recognition (by default) of the authenticity of a film photograph and a digital one taken under controlled conditions.
Before the advent of copiers, photocopy of documents was widely used in law.
The approach to maintaining documentation has changed (today almost all documents: passport, driver's license, visa, personal files, resume, etc.) are required with a photo.
The photographic method[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: The photographic method
Astronomy, microscopy, nuclear physics, biology, cartography: in these areas, the use of photography has led to a huge leap in the objectivity of the results obtained, expanding the possibilities and accelerating research.
The transition of astronomers from observations to photography with long exposures has completely changed this science and the spaces available for research The asteroid (443) Fotografika, discovered in 1899 by Max Wolf, the pioneer of this method in astronomy, is named after the photographic method.
Psychotherapy[edit / edit wiki text]
Within the framework of art therapy in the 1970s, a direction was formed — phototherapy (art therapy), which can be used both within the framework of complexes of psychotherapeutic techniques, and as an independent psychotechnics[22].
Radiography[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Radiography
Example of an X ray of a hand
A type of study of the internal structure of objects that are projected using X rays on a special film or paper.
It is used in medicine (for the diagnosis of various organs for the presence of fractures, diseases), industry (X ray flaw detection) and science.
The lens is not needed for X ray examination.
Fluorography is an X ray study consisting of a photo graph of a visible image formed on a fluorescent screen using a special purpose camera.
Photolithography[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Photolithography
It was photography and related processes that allowed the electronic industry to develop, made the current world semiconductor and "digital".
This section is not completed.
You will help the project by correcting and supplementing it.
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Photo contests[edit / edit wiki text]
Silver Camera Contest World Press Photo Press Photo of Russia Robert Kapa Gold Medal Golden Turtle Golden Camera Photo Contest Smena World Karl Bulla Photo Contest "Epochs visible features" International Prestigio Photo Contest HIPA (Hamdan International Photography Award)
Other[edit / edit wiki text]
Optical image Film photography Photographic art Photographer List of photographers Photobank Photon News Manufacturers of photographic equipment Vintage (photography) Staged photography News photography Chronophotography
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Кра Kraush, L. Ya.
Silverless photography / / Fotokinotekhnika: Encyclopedia / Editor in chief E. A. Iofis.
- M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1981.
Et Etymology of "photography".
↑ Samuel Shlafrock.
The camera (English).
Patent US1559795.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (December 5, 1923).
Verified on March 9, 2014.
↑ History of the Polaroid Company (Russian).
History of photography.
Print Service.
Verified on April 18, 2014.
Edwin Land patented the Polaroid camera (Rus.).
July 17, 1970.
Calendar.
Verified on March 9, 2014.
Фото Fotokinotekhnika, 1981, p. 81 ↑ Development of a single stage diffusion process (Rus.).
Phototechnics.
Hitech.
Verified on March 9, 2014.
Фото "Photons" (Russian).
Photo equipment.
Zenit Camera.
Verified on March 9, 2014.
Момент Moment photo kit (Russian).
Black and white photo materials.
The website "Photo art".
Verified on March 9, 2014.
Кат Katya Kozhevnikova.
Art on Polaroid (Russian).
Culture.
Il De Beaute (July 11, 2012).
Verified on March 14, 2014.
Ды Dyko, L. P. Fotoiskusstvo / / Fotokinotekhnika: Encyclopedia / Editor in chief E. A. Iofis.
- M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1981 .
Дельф Delphic Games of the new time.
// delphic games.com.
Verified on June 12, 2012.
Archived from the original source on June 22, 2012.
Марина Marina Chernyavskaya.
Visual arts at the Delphic Games.
// upload.wikimedia.org.
Verified on June 12, 2012.
Archived from the original on 20 June 2012.
↑ 1 2 Mikhalkovich V. I. Poetics of photography. (p. 130)
↑ 1 2 A. I. Lapin Photography as (c.163) ↑ large, R. A. Amateur photography // Reprographics: encyclopedia / editor in Chief E. A. Iofis.
— M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1981.
↑ A good introductory article about stock photography ↑ Introductory article about stock photography ↑ Nogin, P. A. Documentary shooting // Fotokinotekhnika: Encyclopedia / Editor in chief E. A. Iofis.
- M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1981.
↑ Photography in Saudi Arabia ↑ ..a qualitative leap in knowledge about physical nature А. A. I. Kopytin.
Options for using photography in psychotherapy and training
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Portal "Photography" Photography in Wiktionary?
A photo in Wikicitatnik?
A photo on Wikimedia Commons?
A. G. Photography // Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 vols.
(82 t. and 4 add.).
- St. Petersburg., 1890-1907.
- T. XXXVI — - pp.
404-418.
Color photo // Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 vols.
(82 t. and 4 add.).
- St. Petersburg., 1890-1907.
- T. XXXVIIa — - pp.
856-858.
Hart, Russell.
Photography for Dummies = Photography For Dummies.
- 2nd ed. - Moscow: "Dialectics", 2007.
- p. 368 — - ISBN 0-7645-4116-1.
A new history of photography / Ed.
Michel Frizo.
Trans.
from French.
- St. Petersburg.: Machina; Andrey Heirs, 2008.
Saparov M. A. Impressionism and photography // Materials of the scientific conference dedicated to the first exhibition of the Impressionists.
The State Hermitage Museum.
October 22-23, 1974 L.: 1974.
- pp.
17-19.
The exhibition is on the website.
Kraus R. Reinvention of the tool: History of photography / / Blue sofa.
- 2003.
- No. 3. - p. 105-127.
Rappaport A. Photographicity and automatism (unavailable link from 22-05-2013 (972 days) - history, copy) / / Soviet photo.
— 1987.
— № 6.
Rappaport A. Depth of field // Soviet photo.
- 1988.
- No. 6. - p. 23-24.
Rappaport A. Historical time in photography // The world of photography / Comp.
V. Stigneev and A. Lipkov.
- Moscow: Planeta, 1989.
- P. 35-39.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
The photo is in the Open Directory Project (dmoz) link directory.
Photography Genres Self portrait • Architectural • Documentary • Lomography • Amateur • Macro photography • Micrography • Mobilography • Still life • Night Photography • Nude * Panoramic Photography • Landscape • Underwater Photography • Portrait • Posthumous • Industrial • Advertising • Reproduction • Wedding • Selfie • Street • Photo Hunting • Photo report Types of cameras Single lens reflex • Double lens reflex • Rangefinder • Scale • Simplest • Large format • Medium format • Small format • Semi format • Box camera • Road * Compact • Panoramic • Folding • Stereoscopic • Digital • Digital medium format • Digital SLR • Pseudo mirror • Digital Mirrorless * White Balance * Bokeh • The leading
number of the flash • Vignetting • Main Focus • Depth of Field • Aperture • Distortion • Cropping • Crop factor • Illumination • Relative opening • Scattering spot • Working segment • Aperture * Flash synchronization • Focal plane • Focal length • Photographic latitude • Exposure • Equivalent Focal Length Manufacturers Agfa * Canon • Casio • Eastman Kodak • Fujifilm • Hama • Konica • Konica Minolta • Leica • Minolta • Nikon • Olympus • Panasonic Lumix • Pentax • Polaroid • Ricoh • Samsung • Sigma Corporation • Sony • Tamron • Arsenal • BelOMO • KMZ • LOMO • FED Technique Autofocus * Adapter • Bayonet • Battery Grip • Shoe * Lens Hood • Vinder • Head • Viewfinder • Rangefinder • Zoom Lens * Matrix
• Furs • of the World • Monopod • Motor drive • Eyecup • Attachment lens • Lens • Hunting Camera • Adapter • Diaphragm repeater • Light filter • Teleconverter • Extension rings • Fixed lens • Bayer filter • Flashbulb • Photo shutter • Photo Recorder • Photo Weapon • Digital Backdrop • Wide angle Converter • Tripod • Exposure meter Portal • List of the most expensive photos
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Фотография&oldid=75813792"
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