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History of Photography: The Beginning of #1
Photo.
Art that appeared in the 1830s and became widely known a decade later.
Today, this hobby is one of the fastest growing, and the photo goods industry has a multibillion dollar turnover.
At the same time, not everyone knows the meaning of such words as "camera obscura" or even "shutter speed", not many have heard of such names as Henri Cartier Bresson or even Annie Leibovitz.
Today we will look into the past and consider how this amazing technique was created and developed, because without knowing the glorious past, you cannot build a great future.
Camera obscura
Even before the invention of photography, people were familiar with the principles on which it was eventually based.
They could create images on a wall or a sheet of paper, but photo printing was not possible at that time, since preserving a light image turned out to be more difficult than projecting it.
The tool used to work with images was called camera obscura (which means "dark room" in Latin) and it existed for several centuries before the advent of photography.
It is believed that the pinhole camera was invented around the XIII XIV centuries, but the chronicle of the Arab scientist Hassan ibn Hassan, X century, describes the principles of the pinhole camera, on which analog photography was eventually based.
The camera obscura is essentially a dark closed box with a hole in one of the walls.
The hole must be small enough relative to the size of the box for the pinhole camera to work correctly.
The principle of its operation is based on the laws of optics: light passing through a tiny hole is transformed and creates an image on the encountered surface, which is the wall of the box.
The image was mirrored and inverted, but a modern analog camera works in much the same way, differing only in the presence of a mirror and a film to preserve the image created by light.
Photography, and the very way it was created, has always been called the killer of fine art.
However, it is believed that the principles of photography were widely used by Renaissance artists Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo and others.
In the middle of the XVI century, the Italian scientist Giovanni Battista della Porta, wrote an essay on how to use a pinhole camera to facilitate drawing.
He projected an image of people standing outside the pinhole camera onto a canvas inside it (the pinhole camera in this case was a large room) and then drew from the resulting image or copied it.
The process of using a pinhole camera looked very strange and frightening for people in those distant times and Giovanni Battista had to abandon his idea after he was arrested on charges of witchcraft.
The drawing depicts working in a camera obscura as it looked at that time.
Despite the fact that only a few Renaissance artists admitted that they used pinhole cameras, it is believed that they were used by the majority.
The reason for not openly admitting this was the fear of being accused of occultism or simply unwillingness to admit to what many artists considered to be some kind of deception.
Today it can be stated that the pinhole camera was the prototype of a modern camera.
Despite the fact that it looks unnecessary today, many people still find it entertaining and use it for art purposes or just for fun.
Installing the film and capturing the image was a logical continuation.
If you want to create a pinhole camera – you can find a lot of examples and tips on how to do it on the web.
The invention of the camera
The first photo, as far as we know, was taken in 1825 by the French inventor Joseph Niepce.
It depicts a view from a window in Le Gras.
This image has little artistic value apart from the fact that it is the first photo ever taken and has come down to us.
Due to the peculiarities of the technology, the exposition lasted eight hours, so that the sun in the photo managed to pass from east to west, illuminating both sides of the depicted building.
Of course, there is no composition in this photo, because at that time photography was considered not as an art, but as a technical innovation.
As mentioned above, by this time people already knew how to project images, but they could not save and" record " light.
Niepce came up with the idea of using an oil product, the so called "Jewish bitumen".
Bitumen hardens under the influence of light, and the uncured substance could then be washed off.
As a carrier, Niepce used polished metal plates, and the negative image obtained on them could be covered with ink and printed as a lithograph.
One of the many difficulties of this method was that the metal plates were heavy, expensive to produce and required a lot of time for thorough polishing.
In 1839, Sir John Herschel found a way to make the first glass negative instead of a metal one.
In the same year, he coined the term "Photography", derived from the Greek words meaning" light "and"write".
Despite the fact that the process has become easier, and the result is better – it took a lot of time for the photo to become widely known.
In the beginning, photography was either used by artists as an aid in their work, or in any case, it followed the same principles as artistic canvases.
The first widely known photographic portraits were single or family pictures for memory.
Finally, after decades of improvements and fixes, the mass use of cameras began with Eastman Kodak cameras.
They entered the market in 1888 with the slogan "You press the button – we do the rest".
In 1901, the Kodak Brownie camera was introduced, which became the first commercial camera on the market available to the middle class.
The camera took only black and white pictures, but was very popular due to its efficiency and ease of use.
Color photography, despite the fact that it was developed during the XIX century, did not find commercial implementation until the middle of the XX century.
Scientists at the beginning of the century could not preserve the color for a long enough time, it disappeared over time due to imperfect recipes.
Several methods of color photography were patented in 1862 by two French inventors who worked independently of each other: Louis Ducos du Oron and Charles Cros.
As a result, the first working color photographic plate appeared on the market in 1907.
The method used in it was based on a screen of filters.
The screen allowed filtering red, green and/or blue light.
The photographic plate was then treated to obtain a positive image.
Using the same screen in the process of photo printing allowed you to get a color photo.
This technology, slightly modified, is still used today.
Red, green and blue are the main colors for television and computer screens, and the RGB mode (red+green+blue) is also associated with this in many graphic applications.
The first color photograph, an image of a checkered ribbon, was made in 1861 by the famous Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, known for his work in the field of electromagnetism.
Despite the great influence that this photo has had on the development of the photo industry, Maxwell's name is rarely remembered for this.
The reason is that inventions in the field of physics have eclipsed the achievements in photography.
The first picture in the world with a person in the frame was the photograph "Boulevard Temple" by Louis Daguerre, taken in 1839.
The exhibition lasted about 10 minutes, which made it impossible to photograph people on a busy street, but it was possible to shoot a man who had his shoes polished long enough for him to appear in the photo.
Names in the photo
When the photo appeared, there were disputes and doubts, as it usually happens – and only a few people felt what opportunities it gives.
Thanks to these enthusiasts, photography has become a big industry in our time.
These people have completely transformed the ways to take, look, judge and perceive photos.
Here are the most significant of them.
Alfred Stiglitz
Along with the fact that the invention of photography led to new scientific achievements and the development of the industrial world, photography has become a part of everyday life and an art direction.
One of the people who stood at the origins of the art of photography was Alfred Stiglitz, an American photographer and patron of modern art.
Many believe that it was Stiglitz who made photography the art that it is today.
Stiglitz's street photography is widely known for his avant garde approach.
His photographic work was revolutionary in the way he photographed still lifes and what he brought to photo portraits.
Alfred owned several art galleries in New York and introduced many European avant garde artists to the American public.
But the most important thing was Stiglitz's position that photographers are also artists.
Together with Fred Holland Day, he founded the "Photo Secession", the first photo artistic movement, which set as its main task to show that photography is not only the object in the image, but also the work of the photographer, thanks to which the object was photographed.
Stiglitz held various exhibitions where the photographs were evaluated by the photographers themselves.
It is curious that at that time photos were mostly evaluated by artists, since photographers were seen more as scientists.
Stiglitz also promoted photography through magazines he created, such as" Camera Notes "and"Camera Work".
Felix Nadar
Felix Nadar (real name Gaspar Felix Tournachon) he was a French cartoonist, journalist and – with the advent of photography became a photographer.
He is best known as the initiator of the use of artificial lighting in photography.
Nadar was friends with Jules Verne and, as they say, very inspired the writer: he is considered the prototype of Michel Ardan, the hero of the novel "From the Earth to the Moon".
Nadar is also credited with publishing the first photo interview in 1886.
Despite some innovative ideas, Nadar's portraits followed the same academic principles of classical portraiture.
He was known for portraits of many celebrities, such as Jules Verne, Alexandre Dumas, Peter Kropotkin and George Sand.
As you can see in the following images, these portraits had a classic composition and style.
Henri Cartier Bresson
Henri Cartier Bresson is a French photographer, considered the father of photojournalism.
Cartier Bresson is best known for creating "street photography" as a style of photojournalism.
At the age of about 23, a young man became interested in photography and left painting classes for her.
"I suddenly realized that a photograph can capture eternity in an instant," he will explain this later.
Oddly enough, he took his first pictures around the world, avoiding his native France.
His first exhibition was held at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York in 1932.
Some of his first journalistic photographs were taken at the coronation of George VI in London, but none of the photos were taken of the king himself.
The works of this Frenchman have influenced generations of photographers and journalists around the world.
Despite the above, his works are also deeply artistic.
After passing away in 2004, Henri Cartier Bresson left behind a cultural heritage and philosophy.
The 35 mm camera he used became the standard, and his quotes were included in many books on the theory of photography.
Despite his fame and influence, there are very few photos of this person.
He did not like being photographed and was ashamed of his fame.
Looking into the future
In the next article in the historical series, we will look at the period of the 1940s 80s, from the invention of multilayer color negatives, to the appearance of Polaroid and Fujifilm instant cameras.
We will also explore the history of the transformation of photography into a propaganda tool and find out why it was used in advertising and product promotion!
From the translator: This is the seventh article in a series of materials by various authors devoted to film photography.
The previous six:
"Film: tips, cameras and first instructions" "Digitizing negatives with a camera" " Vintage cameras and film.
Overview "" Guide: Home photo lab" "100 photos of beautiful vintage cameras" "Advantages of medium format"
Author: Ivan Tolmachev.
27/06/2013 Views : 30712 Source: photo.tutsplus.com Translated by Alexey Lepilin
Print version Recommend the article
Comments on: 5
To leave a comment or share your work, please log in
Polina Vinogradova January 21, 2015-00: 08: 49
You have an error in the date.
The first color photograph was taken by James Maxwell in 1861, not in 1961.
Ekaterina Guseva February 14, 2014-08: 33:07
Very good information for novice photographers
Arkady S July 22, 2013-20:07: 13
Good article.
lieutenant Rzhevsky 2 July 2013-00: 02: 13
And where is the Englishman William Talbot, who invented the negative positive process ?
And the project of photographer Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin Gorsky - The Russian Empire in color - is a serious and big page in the history of color photography ?
The Russian photographer of the mid 19th century, Sergei Levitsky, was known throughout Europe ....
The first gold medal awarded at the World Exhibition in Paris for photographic works is the beginning of his success.
And he is forgotten !?
dsaynov 20 July 2013 - 22:51:47
it is written that 1 part.
they have no right to forget about Russia in color..
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