The Silver Age of Russian Poetry
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The Silver Age is a figurative name of a period in the history of Russian poetry dating back to the beginning of the XX century, given by analogy with the" Golden Age " (the first third of the XIX century).
The authorship of the term was claimed by the philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev, poets and critics Nikolai Otsup, Sergey Makovsky[1].
Content
1 Chronological framework 2 Literary trends and associations 2.1 Symbolism 2.1.1 Senior Symbolists 2.1.2 Junior Symbolists
2.2 Acmeism 2.3 Futurism 2.3.1 Cubofuturism 2.3.2 Egofuturism 2.3.3 Novokrestyanskaya poetry
2.4 Imagism
3 Authors 4 Anthologies and collections 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References
Chronological framework[edit / edit wiki text]
The question of the chronological framework of this phenomenon remains controversial.
The "Silver Age" is conventionally dated to the 1890s — the first twenty years of the XX century.[2][3]
If the researchers are quite unanimous in determining the beginning of the "silver age" — this is a phenomenon of the turn of the 80s — 90s of the XIX century, then the end of this period is controversial.
It can be attributed to both 1917 and 1921.
Some researchers insist on the first option, believing that after 1917, with the beginning of the Civil War, the "Silver Age" ceased to exist, although in the 1920s those who created this phenomenon with their creativity were still alive Others believe that the Russian silver age was interrupted in the year of the death of Alexander Blok and the execution of Nikolai Gumilev, as well as the emigration of many poets and writers from Russia in the early 1920s Finally, there is a point of view that the end of the" Silver Age " can be considered the turn of the 1920s 1930s, associated with the suicide of Vladimir Mayakovsky and the strengthening of ideological control over literature Thus, the time frame of this period is about thirty years.
Literary trends and associations[edit / edit wiki text]
Symbolism[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Russian symbolism
A new literary trend — symbolism - was the product of a deep crisis that engulfed European culture at the end of the XIX century.
The crisis manifested itself in a negative assessment of progressive social ideas, in the revision of moral values, in the loss of faith in the power of scientific consciousness, in the fascination with idealistic philosophy.
Russian symbolism was born in the years of the collapse of Populism and the widespread spread of pessimistic moods.
All this led to the fact that the literature of the "Silver Age" does not pose topical social issues, but global philosophical ones.
Chronological framework of Russian symbolism — 1890s 1910.
The formation of symbolism in Russia was influenced by two literary traditions:
Russian the poetry of Fet, Tyutchev, Dostoevsky's prose; French symbolism — the poetry of Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, Charles Baudelaire.
The main idea: art is a means of knowing the world.
The symbolism was not uniform.
It distinguished schools and trends: "senior" and "junior" symbolists.
Senior Symbolists[edit / edit wiki text]
St. Petersburg symbolists: D. S. Merezhkovsky, Z. N. Gippius, F. K. Sologub, N. M. Minsky.
At first, the works of the St. Petersburg symbolists were dominated by decadent moods, motives of disappointment.
Therefore, their work is sometimes called decadent.
Moscow symbolists: V. Y. Bryusov, K. D. Balmont.
The" older " symbolists perceived symbolism in aesthetic terms.
According to Bryusov and Balmont, the poet is first of all the creator of purely personal and purely artistic values.
Junior Symbolists[edit / edit wiki text]
A. A. Blok, A. Bely, V. I. Ivanov.
The" younger " symbolists perceived symbolism in a philosophical and religious sense.
For the" younger", symbolism is a philosophy refracted in the poetic consciousness.
Acmeism[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Acmeism
Acmeism (Adamism) stood out from symbolism and opposed it.
Acmeists proclaimed the materiality, the objectivity of themes and images, the accuracy of the word (from the standpoint of "art for art's sake").
Its formation is connected with the activity of the poetic group "Workshop of Poets".
The founders of Acmeism were Nikolai Gumilev and Sergey Gorodetsky.
Gumilev's wife Anna Akhmatova joined the flow, as well as Osip Mandelstam, Mikhail Zenkevich, Georgy Ivanov and others.
Futurism[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Russian Futurism
Futurism was the first avant garde movement in Russian literature.
Assigning itself the role of a prototype of the art of the future, Futurism as the main program put forward the idea of destroying cultural stereotypes and offered instead an apology for technology and urbanism as the main signs of the present and the future.
The founders of Russian futurism are considered to be members of the St. Petersburg group "Gilea".
Gilea was the most influential, but not the only association of futurists: there were also ego futurists led by Igor Severyanin (St. Petersburg), the groups "Centrifuge" and "Mezzanine of Poetry" in Moscow, groups in Kiev, Kharkiv, Odessa, Baku.
Cubofuturism[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Cubofuturism
In Russia, the cubo Futurists called themselves "budetlyans", members of the poetic group "Gilea".
They were characterized by a demonstrative rejection of the aesthetic ideals of the past, shocking, active use of occasional expressions.
Within the framework of cubo futurism, "abstruse poetry" developed.
Among the kubofuturist poets were Velimir Khlebnikov, Elena Guro, David and Nikolai Burliuki, Vasily Kamensky, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Alexey Kruchenykh, Benedict Livshits, Miron Fedorov.
Egofuturism[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Egofuturism
In addition to the general futuristic writing, egofuturism is characterized by the cultivation of refined sensations, the use of new foreign words, ostentatious selfishness.
Egofuturism was a short term phenomenon.
Most of the attention of critics and the public was transferred to Igor Severyanin, who quite early withdrew from the collective policy of egofuturists, and after the revolution completely changed the style of his poetry.
Most egofuturists either quickly outlived the style and moved into other genres, or soon left literature completely.
In addition to Severyanin, Vadim Shershenevich, Rurik Ivnev and others joined this current at various times.
Novokrestyanskaya poetry[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Novokrestyansk poets
The concept of "peasant poetry", which has entered into historical and literary usage, unites poets conditionally and reflects only some common features inherent in their worldview and poetic manner.
The poets considered to belong to this direction did not call themselves that and did not form a literary association or direction with a single theoretical platform.
However, all the" Novokrestyansky "poets in one way or another were characterized by appeals to the theme of rural Russia (contrary to the" iron " Russia), a connection with the world of nature and oral creativity.
At the same time, they also found the stylistic aspirations of the "Russian modern"clear.
The most famous Novokrestyan poets of the Silver Age period were: Nikolai Klyuev, Pyotr Oreshin, Sergey Klychkov.
Sergei Yesenin also joined this trend.
Imagism[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Imagism
Imagists stated that the purpose of creativity is to create an image.
The main expressive means of imagists is a metaphor, often metaphorical chains that compare different elements of two images — direct and figurative.
The creative practice of imagists is characterized by outrageous, anarchic motives.
The style and general behavior of imagism was influenced by Russian futurism.
The founders of imagism are Anatoly Marienhoff, Vadim Shershenevich and Sergey Yesenin.
Rurik Ivnev and Nikolai Erdman also joined imagism.
Authors[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Russian poets of the Silver Age
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Anthologies and collections[edit / edit wiki text]
The Silver Age: Poetry.
Comp.
T. Bek.
- M., AST, 1998.
p. 671 ISBN 5-7390-0346-6 Poets of the Silver Age: The Silver Age of Russian poetry of the XIX XX centuries.
Comp.
I. Maznin M., Eksmo Press, 2001.
p. 381 ISBN 5-04-008528-1 Silver Age in 3 tt.
Comp.
I. Garin.
- M., Terra, 1999 ISBN 5-300-02612-3 Poets of the Silver Age.
Comp.
N. Sukhova.
Series "School library".
- M., Children's literature.
p. 300 ISBN 5-08-003848-9 One hundred and one poetess of the Silver Age.
Comp.
M. Gasparov.
- St. Petersburg, DEAN, 2000.
p. 238 ISBN 5-93630-004-8 Poetry of the Silver Age.
1880—1925.
Comp.
E. Osetrov, E. Kapustin.
- M., Fiction, 1991.
p. 574 ISBN 5-280-01557-1 Russian poetry of the Silver Age.
1890—1917.
Anthology.
- M., Nauka, 1993.
p. 782 ISBN 5-02-011490-1 Poetry of the Silver Age in 2 volumes.
- M., Bustard, Veche, 2002.
P. 366 ISBN 5-7107-6682-8 Lyrics of the Silver Age.
Comp.
S. Dmitrenko.
- M., Olma press, 2004.
p. 653 ISBN 5-224-04795-1 Poetry of the Silver Age.
Poems.
Comp.
P. Basinsky.
- M., Eksmo, 2004.
pp.
478 5-699-07582-8 Anthology of poetry of the Silver Age.
Comp.
Karen Dzhangarov
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
There is a portal in Wikipedia
"The Silver Age"
Poets of the Pushkin era (The Golden Age of Russian Poetry)
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Voskresenskaya M. A. Symbolism as the worldview of the Silver Age: Socio cultural factors of the formation of public consciousness of the Russian cultural elite at the turn of the XIX XX centuries.
- M.: Logos, 2005.
- pp.
75-85.
Серебряный Silver Age / / Literary Encyclopedia of terms and concepts / Chap.
ed. and composition.
A. N. Nikolyukin.
- M.: Intelvak, 2001.
- Stb.
966-971.
↑ "Silver age" / / Literature and language.
Modern illustrated Encyclopedia / Edited by A. P. Gorkin.
- M.: Rosman, 2006.
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Bagno V. E.
Russian poetry of the Silver Age and the Romanesque World.
- St. Petersburg: Hyperion, 2005.
- 228 p. Barkovskaya N. V. Poetry of the "Silver Age".
- Yekaterinburg: Ural State Pedagogical Institute, 1999.
- 170 p. Voskresenskaya M. A. Symbolism as the worldview of the Silver Age: Socio cultural factors of the formation of public consciousness of the Russian cultural elite at the turn of the XIX XX centuries.
- M.: Logos, 2005.
- 236 p.
Memories of the Silver Age / Comp., author's preface.
and comment.
V. Kreid.
- M.: Republic, 1993 — - 559 p. Makovsky S. K.
On the Parnassus of the Silver Age.
- M.: Our house — L'age d'Homme; Yekaterinburg: U Faktoriya, 2000.
- 400 p.
The Silver Age in Russia / Edited by V. V. Ivanov, V. N. Toporov, T. V. Tsivyan.
- Moscow: Radiks, 1993 — - 340 p.
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Category: Silver Age
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