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The Great French Bourgeois Revolution
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The Great French Bourgeois Revolution
3 estates :
1) clergy;
2) feudal lords;
3) rich citizens.
Causes of the revolution: 1) feudal ownership of land;
2) the dilapidated system of the absolute monarchy;
3) excessive taxes, restrictions on the purchase and sale of land, countless internal customs;
4) political disenfranchisement of the middle strata of society and the third estate (citizens) led by the bourgeoisie;
5) obscurantism of the church.
In 1787-1789, a revolutionary situation developed in France: 1) as a result of the influx of English goods, many manufactories were buried (the industrial revolution in England);
2) unemployment has begun among the apprentices and workers;
3) the crop failure of 1788 caused the high cost and lack of food;
4) unrest against unemployment and rising food prices began in the cities;
5) the peasants ' protests against feudal duties resumed in the village;
6) the power could not continue to rule and reign as before.
The annual deficit in the royal treasury exceeded 80 million livres, and the national debt reached 4.5 billion.livrov.
The reason for the revolution: To approve the new taxes, King Louis XVI convened the States General (300 nobles, 300 from the clergy and 600 - from the third estate) on May 5, 1789.
The nobles, the clergy and the king were in favor of a general vote, hoping by this to subordinate the activities of the General States to themselves.
The third estate rejected this principle, and on June 17, the General States were proclaimed a Constituent Assembly.
The government gathered troops to disperse the assembly, but the masses rose up to fight against absolutism.
The Popular uprising of July 14, 1789 and its consequences: On July 13, an uprising began in Paris.
A bourgeois militia was formed, which then received the name of the National Guard.
On July 14, the rebels captured the last stronghold of absolutism - the Bastille fortress prison (which blocked the way of the rebels from the eastern part to the city center).
The Bastille has fallen (July 14 is the national holiday of France).
After the fall of the Bastille, a revolutionary wave took place throughout France.
The agrarian revolution has begun in the country.
The peasants forced the Constituent Assembly to proclaim the abolition of the feudal system.
But they were canceled: 1) personal duties of peasants;
2) corvee.
But the inheritance of the land was subject to redemption.
Thus, the agrarian question of the revolution was not completely resolved.
Declaration of Human and Civil Rights.
On August 26, 1789, the Constituent Assembly adopted this Decree, which proclaimed: 1) the source of power is the nation (not the king);
2) preservation of the constitutional monarchy;
3) freedom, property and resistance to oppression were recognized;
4) the right of citizens to participate in the publication of laws and the establishment of taxes;
5) freedom of conscience, speech, and the press;
6) arbitrary arrests were prohibited.
But the court aristocracy was preparing a counter revolutionary coup.
But on October 6, the people broke out into the Palace of Versailles and forced the king, along with the Constituent Assembly, to move to Paris.
After this meeting, the flight of aristocrats abroad intensified.
The Jacobin Club and the Cordelier Club.
In the days of the revolution, many revolutionary clubs and newspapers appeared in France: 1) The Jacobin Club created in the autumn of 1789 in the library of the monastery of St. James, uniting supporters of bourgeois democratic transformations (Sieyes, Barnave, Robespierre).
They paid a fee of 24 livres annually, which made it difficult for the poor to participate.
2) The Cardelier Club is more democratic and close to the plebeian strata of the population.
It was founded in 1790 in the monastery of the Cordelier monks (who were girded with a cord).
Low entrance fees made it easier for the poor to join it.
The Constitution of 1791 was drawn up by the Constituent Assembly: 1) the regime of the constitutional monarchy is fixed;
2) the publication of laws was submitted to the Legislative Assembly, whose members were elected;
3) executive power was transferred to the king and ministers appointed by the king and responsible only to him;
4) declaration of war and conclusion of peace - the legislative body;
5) the Constitution did not apply to colonies where slavery was preserved.
But the king did not approve the constitution and on the night of June 21, he and his family fled to the eastern border, where the counter revolutionary army was located.
But on the way, he was identified by the postmaster of Drouet on the border of France and returned to Paris, and on September 3, 1791, the king was forced to approve the constitution.
The Girondists.
Until the end of 1792, the Girondists occupied a leading position in the Jacobin Club.
1) They were representatives of the interests of the large and medium sized commercial and industrial bourgeoisie;
2) they defended large property and freedom of trade;
3) they stood for the establishment of a bourgeois republic, for the further restriction of royal power;
4) their main enemy is the correvolutionary aristocracy;
5) they were afraid of the masses and did not want to meet their needs;
6) they were hostile to the peasants;
7) they were afraid of decisive revolutionary measures.
1st Military coalition Austria + Prussia Revolutionary Wars.
In 1792, the Austrian and Prussian kingdoms threatened counter revolutionary intervention and demanded that France renounce its constitution in favor of royal power.
The Legislative Assembly, with the consent of the king, declared war on Austria.
Soon the Austrian troops broke into France.
Marie Antoinette (wife of Louis XVI) and the general secretly handed over the plans of military operations to the Austrians.
And the king dismissed the Girondist ministers.
On August 10, 1792, the Jacobins, led by Robespierre, called on the people to overthrow the monarchy, stormed the royal palace.
2 armies were moved against the Prussian troops, which repelled the attacks of the enemies, and gave them the opportunity to retreat outside of France.
On September 20, 1792, the National Convention of 750 deputies issued acts: 1) the abolition of royal power;
2) proclamation of the republic (1 Rep.-September 22, 1792 bourgeois republic).
The majority in the Convention was occupied by the Girondists.
They occupied most of the ministerial posts.
The minority in the Convention was occupied by the Montagnards (Montagnards), since they occupied the upper benches in the meeting room.
It was the most revolutionary and democratic group led by Danton, Robespierre, Marat.
In the winter of 1792, the Girondists were excluded from the Jacobin Club, and “Montagnard” and “Jacobin” received the same political name.
The Jacobins demanded the execution of the king, and the Girondists tried to save the king.
On January 21, 1793, the king was beheaded.
The Girondists were defeated and removed from the Convention.
England broke off diplomatic relations with France.
All these events accelerated the uprising of the people led by the Jacobins against the Girondists and the establishment of the dictatorship of the Jacobins.
The most radical part of the bourgeoisie (the petty bourgeoisie) seized power, relying on the broad masses of the people - the peasantry and the plebeian masses of the urban population.
Some of the Girondists fled to the departments (provinces) and raised uprisings in the south and west of the country (Gascony).
The Constitution of 1793.
On June 24, the Convention adopted a constitution, which proclaimed: 1) equality, freedom, security and property;
2) freedom of speech and the press;
3) general education was provided for;
4) freedom of religious worship;
5) the right to create people's societies;
6) inviolability of private property;
7) freedom of private enterprise;
8) The Constitution of 1793 proclaimed the foundations of people's democracy the idea of the rule of the people and the equality of people in rights;
9) France was declared a single and indivisible republic (the Girondists proclaimed "federalism"); 10) voting rights were granted to men who had reached the age of 21, regardless of their property status; 11) the parliament consists of one chamber (Convention) (a single and undivided republic); 12) the executive council " Committee of the Salvation Society” is elected by the Legislative Body (Convention); 13) The Constitution rejected foreign interference in the affairs of the French people and proclaimed the principle of non interference in the affairs of other nations; 14) legalized private property and the use of hired workers.
But in fact, the Constitution of 1793 was not implemented.
In the conditions of military intervention and civil war, the Jacobins postponed the introduction of the constitution until the end of the war, and in the future its application became impossible due to the fall of the Jacobin dictatorship.
At the end of July 1793, a new invasion of the interventionists (Austria, Spain, Prussia) began.
The Republic was surrounded by enemies.
And the Jacobins gathered a massive army of 450 thousand people.
By the beginning of 1794, the territory of France was liberated from the invaders.
This operation was led by Captain Bonaparte (Corsican).
The Jacobins were bourgeois revolutionaries and therefore rejected the demands of the plebeian revolutionaries (they relied on poor peasants and urban plebeians) regarding
1) partial confiscation of the property of the new rich;
2) introduction of the maximum price and
3) reprisals against speculators.
Plebeian revolutionaries (Varlet, Roux, Leclerc) spoke out against revolutionary terror.
In September, the Jacobins arrested them.
While waiting for death, Jacques Roux committed suicide.
Terror began against those who did not agree with the policy of the Jacobins: 1) Queen Marie Antoinette was beheaded;
2) the leaders of the Girondists were beheaded;
3) several more Jacobins who opposed the government (Hebert, Chaumette, Danton, Desmoulins and 13 people).
All this strengthened the opposition in the Convention against Robespierre (he was at the head of the Jacobin dictatorship).
The socio economic policy of the Jacobins did not satisfy the poorest segments of the population.
The situation of workers and poor artisans worsened.
The majority of the members of the Convention belonged to the new bourgeoisie, which had profited during the revolution.
1) She wanted to restore unlimited freedom of enrichment;
2) eliminate the regime of dictatorship and terror;
3) sought to seize the lands of neighboring states;
To do this, it was necessary to overthrow the Jacobin government led by Robespierre, Saint Just and Couton.
On 9 Thermidor, 1794, the members of the Convention organized a conspiracy, arrested and guillotined Robespierre, Saint Just, Couton and her 22 people.
This coup brought the big bourgeoisie (bankers, industrialists, merchants, usurers) back to power.
But they remained opposed to the restoration of the feudal absolutist system and stood for a bourgeois republic.
The Committee of Public Salvation remained the highest executive body.
75 Girondists returned to the Convention again.
"The Constitution of the third year of the Republic” (1795): 1) granted the right to vote only to taxpayers (the property qualification was restored);
2) and men at least 25 years old;
3) established a Legislative body of 2 chambers: a) the Council of 500 - with a legislative initiative; b) the council of elders from persons not younger than 40 years;
4) the executive power was elected by the Council of Elders on a list submitted by the Council of 500.
The executive power was awarded to a Directory of 5 people;
5) the composition of the Legislative Body should be updated annually by 1/3 through elections.
Aggressive Wars of the Directory: The Directory pursued an aggressive foreign policy: 1) Bonaparte captured Lombardy in 1796;
2) 1797 - the left bank of the Rhine and Belgium;
3) The Republic of Venice was divided: a) Venice went to Austria, b) The Ionian Islands to France;
4) 1798 Switzerland submitted;
5) 1798 the French entered Rome and Naples;
6) 1798 captured Alexandria and Cairo.
In 1798, England, Russia, Austria and Prussia formed the 3rd military coalition against France: - in 1799, Suvorov's army defeated the French in Northern Italy; - Ushakov's squadron liberated the Ionian Islands; in 1800, the British squadron of Admiral Nelson captured O. Malta.
The military coup of 18 Brumaire VIII (November 9, 1799) Military defeats undermined the precarious position of the Directory regime.
In 1799, the activity of the Democratic revolutionaries who wanted to revive the Jacobin Club intensified.
Under these conditions, the big bourgeoisie wanted a strong government to suppress uprisings.
On November 9 (18 Brumaire), 1799, Bonaparte dispersed the Legislative Corps, the Directory and power passed to 3 consuls Bonaparte, Sieyes and Roger Ducos.
But only Napoleon Bonaparte turned out to be the absolute dictator.
The Great French Bourgeois Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy
Prerequisites of the revolution.
Even at the end of the XVIII century, medieval feudal orders reigned in France.
This was an agrarian country.
The land on which the peasants lived and worked was the property of the feudal lords.
The peasants took the land for rent and got by somehow.
Taxes were growing every day.
In addition, there was also a church tax.
As a result, the villages were impoverished, and the peasants turned into beggars and vagabonds.
This situation contributed to the outbreak of "bread riots" from time to time.
Medieval feudal orders hindered the development of industry and trade.
In comparison with Great Britain, manufacturing production in France lagged far behind.
Thus, even at the end of the XVIII century in France, revolutionary changes in industry were not yet foreseen.
The workers of the manufactories were allowed to leave the territory of the enterprises only on Sundays.
Domestic trade suffered from the pressure of border customs and road tolls set by each province separately.
Moreover, the bourgeoisie, no matter how rich it was, did not have political power.
The government of the state was practically in the hands of the clergy and nobles, who made up only 4 % of the population.
They were exempt from taxes.
Only nobles held officer positions in the army.
The third estate, which actually feeds the country, was not allowed to manage the state.
Feudal absolutism prevailed in the country.
For the monarch, the concept of human rights was just an idea on paper.
In addition, at the end of the XVIII century, France failed in foreign policy, and this lowered its authority in the international arena.
This happened at a time when most of the country's money was spent on the maintenance of the army and navy.
The situation of the people, exhausted by wars and taxes, became worse and worse.
All these factors determined the inevitability of a revolution in France.
The beginning of the revolution.
The situation demanded to prevent the coming revolution.
Therefore, in 1789, Louis XVI convokes the States General, which have not been convened since 1694.
All estates were granted the right to submit their claims in writing to the States General.
In order to replenish the empty state treasury, the king announced the need to introduce new taxes, which must be approved by the States General.
To which the third estate demanded that the property and state of the upper privileged class, which had not paid taxes before, be taxed.
As a result, there was a split in the parliament.
The inhabitants of Paris approved the demand of the third estate.
On June 17, 1789, deputies from the third estate declared themselves representatives of the entire people.
At the same time, they established a new parliament — the National Assembly.
On July 9, the National Assembly declared itself a Constituent Assembly.
The people began to arm themselves.
On July 14, he captured the stronghold of the French absolutist monarchy, the formidable fortress prison Bastille.
Frightened by the events, Louis XVI was forced to make concessions.
He recognized the legitimacy of the Constituent Assembly.
Power in the capital passed into the hands of the Paris Commune (Paris Assembly), consisting of representatives of revolutionaries.
Thus, the absolutist monarchy was overthrown in France.
The big bourgeoisie or, as it is also called, the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie came to power.
This bourgeoisie was a supporter of a limited monarchical system, as in Great Britain.
Abolition of feudal orders.
The overthrow of the monarchy did not bring peace and order to the country.
Moreover, the whole country was engulfed by a peasant uprising.
The peasants refused to perform feudal duties.
They began to occupy food warehouses, set fire to the estates of the nobles.
As a result, the Constituent Assembly issued a decree on the abolition of privileges”" According to this document, the feudal orders were abolished.
Declaration of Human and Civil Rights.
In 1789, the Constituent Assembly adopted the Declaration on Human Rights.
The text of the document began with the words: "People are born and remain free, and equal in rights.14 The declaration proclaimed the people "the source of power.
It abolished feudal and estate privileges.
Announced the freedom of speech and the press.
Determined the free participation of a citizen in the adoption of laws, and also declared the sanctity and inviolability of private property.
At the same time, the rights of the king were limited.
Adoption of the Constitution.
In 1791, the Constitution was adopted for the first time in the history of France.
She announced the rights to the elections of all men who have reached the age of 25.
Starting from this period, political parties began to operate in the parliament.
The leading parties were the "Girondists "and " Jacobins".
The Girondist party won the parliamentary elections and took most of the seats in parliament.
This party represented mainly the big bourgeoisie.
She chose the path of reconciliation with the king.
This period is also characterized by the fact that an external threat has joined the difficult internal situation of France.
Neighboring monarchical states attacked France.
These were Austria, Spain and the United Kingdom.
In 1792, " The Legislative Assembly11 (Parliament) appealed to the people with an appeal to the Motherland in danger.
The Girondists did not provide the defense of the state.
This caused a sharp discontent in the country, on August 10, 1792, an armed uprising began in Paris.
In such circumstances, the parliament was forced to deprive the king of power and adopt a resolution on holding elections to a new parliament the National Convention.
Louis XVI was arrested.
Thus, on August 10, 1792, the monarchy in France was overthrown.
The Jacobins (the party of the middle and petty bourgeoisie) demanded an immediate trial of the king and an immediate execution, the establishment of a Republic, the abolition of feudal dependence and the declaration of a revolutionary war against foreign invaders.
Famous leaders of the Jacobins were M. Robespierre, J. P. Marat, J. Danton, Hebert and Shommet.
On September 21, France was declared a Republic.
Louis XVI was executed.
The Republic abolished feudal class inequality.
Freedom, equality and fraternity have become the slogan of the country.
A decree is a decree of the supreme power that has the force of law.
A commune is a municipal self government body
The Constituent Assembly is an assembly endowed with the highest powers in resolving important issues related to the life of the country, and therefore acting as a parliament.
Power is political power.
The results of the Great French Bourgeois Revolution and its historical significance
The coming to power of the Jacobins.
After the execution of Louis XVI, the intervention against revolutionary France, initiated by the monarchs of Spain, England and Austria, intensified.
The Girondists who came to power did not ensure the defense of the country.
In addition, peasant uprisings began in the south of France, caused by the sale of land to urban bourgeois.
The rebels considered the execution of the king a crime.
The Jacobins blamed the Girondists for the difficult situation that had arisen.
The Jacobins called on Parisians to take to the streets.
The uprising, which began on June 2, 1793, ended with the removal of the Girondists from power.
Power passed to the Jacobins.
Under the leadership of Maximilian Robespierre, a new government was created - the Committee of Public Salvation.
Emergency courts began to operate with renewed vigor.
The internal policy of the Jacobins.
In 1793, a new Constitution was adopted in France.
Feudal duties and levies against peasants were completely abolished.
The peasants finally became the owners of their lands.
Feudal acts and documents confirming the rights of feudal lords were burned.
The confiscated lands of the nobles who had fled abroad were divided into small parts and sold to the peasants.
The Church was separated from the state.
Fixed prices are set for essential goods.
However, these measures caused a negative response.
The sellers refused to sell their goods for the prices set by the government.
They switched to underground sales.
As a result, prices have risen.
The Government also set a maximum salary level.
But even this measure did not give positive results.
The workers began to strike.
The government brutally suppressed the workers ' protests.
Foreign intervention and high prices for the most necessary goods extremely complicated the situation, which forced the Jacobins to resort to the establishment of a dictatorship.
In 1793, the Convention adopted the law "On suspicious persons".
This law provided for all people who were" suspicious " from the point of view of the Jacobins to be put in prison and kept there until the good times came.
In fact, the Jacobins, through terror, wanted to get rid of their enemies.
The proof of this was the imprisonment and execution of all the Girondists of the Convention.
The uprisings inside the country were also brutally suppressed.
The cruelty of the Jacobins was boundless, fierce and senseless.
At the same time, they took measures to strengthen the army, which soon gave positive results.
In 1794, the interventionists were expelled from the country.
In this war of independence, the young captain Napoleon Bonaparte became famous.
The Jacobin Party.
There was no internal unity in the Jacobin party.
In fact, this was a party consisting of various groups.
At this time, they were united by two big ideas -the fight against foreign intervention and the suppression of uprisings inside the country.
After the elimination of these two threats, a group struggle began in the Jacobin party, Eber and Schommer were supporters of a just society where "there should be neither rich nor poor and everyone should be moderately well off."
In 1794, supporters of M. Robespierre arrested them, put them in prison and sentenced them to death.
Supporters of M. Robespierre also considered dangerous the group of "valiant" Danton, who was a supporter of the unity of all the parties operating in the country.
For example, he suggested that all well meaning representatives of various parties unite in one group.
He also demanded an end to the revolutionary dictatorship, renounce terror and return to constitutional order.
The Robespierre Group rejected these demands.
In March 1794, Danton and his supporters were imprisoned and executed.
Over time, the policy of terror established in the country clearly exhausted everyone.
Robespierre's authority began to fall.
By eliminating his opponents in the political struggle, Robespierre, thereby, signed his own sentence.
The people hated a Republic based on bloody rule.
Now all the opponents of Robespierre have united in a single alliance against him.
The overthrow of the Jacobin dictatorship.
A conspiracy was being prepared in the Convention against Robespierre and his supporters.
On July 27, 1794, the Convention charged him and declared him an outlaw, which meant execution without trial.
Robespierre was imprisoned and soon executed.
In total, one hundred people were executed together with him.
This was the end of the Jacobin dictatorship.
This marked the end of the revolution.
The directory.
The Girondists returned to power again.
They were supporters of the Republic, which protects property and freedom, creates conditions for entrepreneurship.
In 1795, the Convention adopted a new Constitution.
It guaranteed the strengthening of the republican system in the country, confirmed all the revolutionary resolutions on the elimination of feudal orders.
A bicameral parliament was created in the country.
The executive power was transferred to the Directorate, consisting of 5 people.
She ruled the country during the years 1795-1799.
During this period, supporters of the monarchy rebelled.
Their goal was the return of the monarchical system.
But General Napoleon Bonaparte opposed the rebels and turned out to be the savior of the Convention.
By quelling the rebellion and preserving the Republic, he paved the way for a bright future.
The coup d'etat of November 19, 1799.
The politically weakened directory, which was afraid of an attack on France by other states, hoped very much that Napoleon Bonaparte would liberate Italy from the Austrian troops.
The twenty six year old commander brilliantly coped with this task.
In 1797, he forced Austria to sign a peace treaty and recognize the victory of France.
Napoleon returned to Paris, drowning in glory.
The leading circles of the bourgeoisie came to the conclusion that it was time to establish the power of a strong politician in France and began preparing a coup d'etat.
Napoleon Bonaparte did not object to this.
On November 19, 1799, a coup d'etat took place in France.
The parliament was ordered to transfer power to a new government - three " consuls of the French Republic4*, among whom was Napoleon Bonaparte.
In fact, all the power was in his hands.
The historical significance of the Great French Bourgeois Revolution.
When it comes to the French bourgeois Revolution, the word "Great**is used in relation to it.
Why?
Because this revolution decisively put an end to absolutism and medieval feudal orders, freed a person from dependence on another person, did not reconcile with any other kind of monarchy.
A genuine republican system was established in France.
If in England the bourgeois revolution ended with the reconciliation of the bourgeoisie with the nobility, then in France the bourgeoisie defeated the nobles.
The French bourgeois revolution destroyed the old society and the old state system.
She prepared the conditions for the industrial revolution in her country.
The ideas of Freedom, Peace, and Property put forward by this revolution had a great impact on the development of other European states.
Directory (Latin: management, management) — the name of the government of the French Republic in 1795-1799.
Consul 1) in France, the title of three persons endowed with the highest executive power (triumvirate).
The first consul was Napoleon Bonaparte;
2) a permanent representative of a foreign state in any city or place, an official whose duties include t defend the interests of their state and its citizens in the host country.
A state of emergency is a regime imposed in a country under special circumstances for the duration of their validity.
As a right handed person, it restricts the freedom of citizens (for example, freedom of movement).
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