The World Wide Web
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This article is about the hypertext Internet.
For more information about the browser, see WorldWideWeb.
The World Wide Web is a distributed system that provides access to interconnected documents located on various computers connected to the Internet.
The word web (English web "web") and the abbreviation WWW are also used to refer to the World Wide Web.
The World Wide Web is formed by hundreds of millions of web servers.
Most of the resources of the World Wide Web are based on hypertext technology.
Hypertext documents placed on the World Wide Web are called web pages.
Several web pages united by a common theme, design, as well as linked links and usually located on the same web server are called a website.
To download and view web pages, special programs are used — browsers (English browser).
The World Wide Web has caused a real revolution in information technologies and an explosion in the development of the Internet.
In everyday speech, when talking about the Internet, they often mean the World Wide Web.
However, it is important to understand that these are not the same thing.
Content
1 Structure and principles of the World Wide Web 2 Technologies of the World Wide Web 3 History of the World Wide Web 4 Prospects for the development of the World Wide Web 5 Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web 6 Security 6.1 Privacy
7 Distribution 8 Monument 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Literature 12 References
The structure and principles of the World Wide Web[edit / edit wiki text]
The World Wide Web around Wikipedia
The World Wide Web is formed by millions of Internet web servers located around the world.
A web server is a computer program that runs on a computer connected to a network and uses the HTTP protocol to transfer data.
In its simplest form, such a program receives an HTTP request for a specific resource over the network, finds the corresponding file on the local hard disk and sends it over the network to the requesting computer.
More complex web servers are able to dynamically generate documents using templates and scripts in response to an HTTP request.
To view the information received from the web server, a special program is used on the client computer — a web browser.
The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext.
The World Wide Web is inextricably linked with the concepts of hypertext and hyperlinks.
Most of the information on the Web is hypertext.
To create, store and display hypertext on the World Wide Web, the HTML language is traditionally used (English HyperText Markup Language "hypertext markup language").
The work on creating (marking up) hypertext documents is called layout, it is done by a webmaster or a separate markup specialist a layout designer.
After HTML markup, the resulting document is saved to a file, and such HTML files are the main type of World Wide Web resources.
After the HTML file becomes available to the web server, it is called a "web page".
A set of web pages forms a website.
The hypertext of web pages contains hyperlinks.
Hyperlinks help users of the World Wide Web to easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on a local computer or on a remote server.
Uniform URL Resource locators are used to determine the location of resources on the World Wide Web.
For example, the full URL of the main page of the Russian section of Wikipedia looks like this: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Заглавная page.
Such URL locators combine URI identification technology (English Uniform Resource Identifier "uniform resource identifier") and the domain name system DNS (English Domain Name System).
The domain name (in this case ru.wikipedia.org) as part of the URL indicates a computer (more precisely, one of its network interfaces) that executes the code of the desired web server.
The URL of the current page can usually be seen in the browser's address bar, although many modern browsers prefer to show only the domain name of the current site by default.
Technologies of the World Wide Web[edit / edit wiki text]
To improve the visual perception of the web, CSS technology has become widely used, which allows you to set uniform design styles for many web pages.
Another innovation that is worth paying attention to is the URN resource designation system (English Uniform Resource Name).
A popular concept of the development of the World Wide Web is the creation of a semantic web.
The semantic web is an add on to the existing World Wide Web, which is designed to make the information posted on the network more understandable for computers.
A semantic web is a concept of a network in which every resource in a human language would be provided with a description that is understandable to a computer.
The semantic web provides access to clearly structured information for any application, regardless of the platform and regardless of programming languages.
Programs will be able to find the necessary resources themselves, process information, classify data, identify logical connections, draw conclusions and even make decisions based on these conclusions.
With wide distribution and competent implementation, the semantic web can cause a revolution on the Internet.
To create a resource description that is understandable to a computer, the semantic web uses the RDF format (English Resource Description Framework), which is based on XML syntax and uses URI identifiers to designate resources.
Novelties in this area are RDFS (English RDF Schema) and SPARQL (English Protocol And RDF Query Language) (pronounced "sparkle"), a new query language for quick access to RDF data.
The history of the World Wide Web[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: The History of the World Wide Web
This is what the very first web server developed by Tim Berners Lee looks like
The inventors of the World Wide Web are Tim Berners Lee and, to a lesser extent, Robert Cayo.
Tim Berners Lee is the author of HTTP, URI/URL and HTML technologies.
In 1980, he worked at the European Council for Nuclear Research (French conseil européen pour la recherche nucléaire, CERN) as a software consultant.
It was there, in Geneva (Switzerland), that for his own needs he wrote the program "Enquire" (English: Enquire, can be loosely translated as "Inquirer"), which used random associations for data storage and laid the conceptual basis for the World Wide Web.
Development of information technologies
In 1989, while working at CERN on the organization's internal network, Tim Berners Lee proposed a global hypertext project, now known as the"World Wide Web".
The project involved the publication of hypertext documents linked by hyperlinks, which would facilitate the search and consolidation of information for CERN scientists.
To implement the project, Tim Berners Lee (together with his assistants) invented URI identifiers, the HTTP protocol and the HTML language.
These are technologies without which it is impossible to imagine the modern Internet.
Between 1991 and 1993, Berners Lee improved the technical specifications of these standards and published them.
But, nevertheless, the official year of birth of the World Wide Web should be considered 1989.
As part of the project, Berners Lee wrote the world's first web server, called "httpd", and the world's first hypertext web browser, called "WorldWideWeb".
This browser was also a WYSIWYG editor (sok. what you see is what you get), its development was started in October 1990, and completed in December of the same year.
The program worked in the NeXTSTEP environment and began to be distributed over the Internet in the summer of 1991.
Mike Sendall buys a computer "NeXT cube" at this time in order to understand what the features of its architecture are, and then gives it to Tim [Berners Lee].
Thanks to the perfection of the "NeXT cube" software system, Tim wrote a prototype illustrating the main provisions of the project in a few months.
This was an impressive result: the prototype offered users, among other things, such advanced features as WYSIWYG browsing/authoring!
… During one of the sessions of joint discussions of the project in the CERN cafeteria, Tim and I tried to find a "catching" name for the system being created.
The only thing I insisted on was that the name was not once again extracted from the same Greek mythology.
Tim suggested the "world wide web".
I liked everything about this name very much right away, only it is difficult to pronounce in French.
— Robert Cailliau, November 2, 1995[1]
The world's first website was hosted by Berners Lee on August 6 1991 on the first web server available at http://info.cern.ch/, (here is an archived copy).
The resource defined the concept of the "World Wide Web", contained instructions for installing a web server, using a browser, etc.
This site was also the first Internet directory in the world, because later Tim Berners Lee posted and maintained a list of links to other sites there.
The first photo on the World Wide Web — the group Les Horribles Cernettes
The first photo that appeared on the World Wide Web showed a parody filk group Les Horribles Cernettes[2].
Tim Bernes Lee asked the band leader for scanned photos after the "CERN hardronic festival" music festival.
And yet the theoretical foundations of the web were laid much earlier than Berners Lee.
Back in 1945, Vanaver Busch developed the concept of Memex auxiliary mechanical means of "expanding human memory".
Memex is a device in which a person stores all his books and records (and, ideally, all his knowledge that can be formally described) and which provides the necessary information with sufficient speed and flexibility.
It is an extension and complement of human memory.
Bush also predicted a comprehensive indexing of texts and multimedia resources with the ability to quickly search for the necessary information.
The next significant step on the way to the World Wide Web was the creation of hypertext (the term was introduced by Ted Nelson in 1965).
Since 1994, the main work on the development of the World Wide Web has been taken over by the World Wide Web Consortium (English: world wide web consortium, three letters "W" and "C", W3C), founded and still headed by Tim Berners Lee.
This consortium is an organization that develops and implements technological standards for the Internet and the World Wide Web.
The W3C Mission: "Completely p to unlock the potential of the World Wide Web by creating protocols and principles that guarantee the long term development of the Network."
The other two most important tasks of the consortium are to ensure the complete "internationalization of the Network" and make the Network accessible to people with disabilities.
The W3C develops uniform principles and standards for the Internet (called" recommendations", English W3C recommendations), which are then implemented by software and hardware manufacturers.
Thus, compatibility between software products and hardware of various companies is achieved, which makes the Worldwide Network more perfect, universal and convenient.
All recommendations of the World Wide Web consortium are open, that is, they are not protected by patents and can be implemented by anyone without any financial contributions to the consortium.
Prospects for the development of the World Wide Web[edit / edit wiki text]
Currently, there are two directions in the development of the World Wide Web: the semantic web and the social web.
The semantic web involves improving the connectivity and relevance of information on the World Wide Web through the introduction of new metadata formats.
The social web relies on users who organize the information available on the network.
In the second direction, the developments that are part of the semantic web are actively used as tools (RSS and other formats of web feeds, OPML, XHTML microformats).
Partially semanticized sections of the Wikipedia category tree help users to move consciously in the information space, however, very soft requirements for subcategories do not give reason to hope for the expansion of such sections.
In this regard, attempts to compile atlases of Knowledge may be of interest.
There is also a popular concept of Web 2.0, which generalizes several directions of the development of the World Wide Web at once.
Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web[edit / edit wiki text]
The information provided can be accessed "passively" and "actively". .
The methods of active display of information on the World Wide Web include:
guest books( eng. guestbook); forums( eng. forum); chats (eng. chat); blogs( eng. blog); wiki projects; social networks (eng. social networking service); content management systems (eng. content management system, eng. CMS).
It should be noted that this division is very conditional.
So, for example, a blog or a guest book can be considered as a special case of a forum, which, in turn, is a special case of a content management system.
Usually, the difference is manifested in the purpose, approach and positioning of a particular product.
Some of the information from the sites can also be accessed through speech.
In India, testing of a system that makes the text content of pages accessible even to people who cannot read and write has already begun[3].
"World wide web" is sometimes ironically called " Wild wild web "("wild, wild web") — by analogy with the title of the film of the same name "Wild wild west" (Wild, Wild West, 1999, USA)[4].
Security[edit / edit wiki text]
For cybercriminals, the World Wide Web has become a key way to distribute malicious software.
In addition, the concept of network crime includes identity theft, fraud, espionage and illegal collection of information about certain subjects or objects[5].
Web vulnerabilities, according to some reports, currently outnumber any traditional manifestations of computer security problems; according to Google estimates, about one in ten pages on the World Wide Web may contain malicious code[6][7][8].
According to Sophos, a British manufacturer of antivirus solutions, the majority of cyber attacks in the web space are committed by legitimate resources located primarily in the United States, China and Russia[9].
The most common type of such attacks, according to information from the same company, is SQL injection — malicious input of direct queries to the database into text fields on the resource pages, which, with an insufficient level of security, can lead to the disclosure of the contents of the database[10].
Another common threat that uses the capabilities of HTML and unique resource identifiers for World Wide Web sites is cross site scripting (XSS), which became possible with the introduction of JavaScript technology and gained momentum due to the development of Web 2.0 and Ajax new web design standards encouraged the use of interactive scripts[11][12][13].
According to 2008 estimates, up to 70 % of all websites in the world were vulnerable to XSS attacks against their users[14].
The proposed solutions to the relevant problems vary significantly to the point of complete contradiction to each other.
Large vendors of security solutions like McAfee develop products for evaluating information systems for their compliance with certain requirements, other market players (for example, Finjan) recommend conducting an active study of the program code and in general all the content in real time, regardless of the data source[15][5].
There are also opinions according to which enterprises should perceive security as a good opportunity for business development, and not as a source of costs; for this, hundreds of companies providing information protection today should be replaced by a small group of organizations that would implement the infrastructure policy of permanent and widespread digital rights management[16][17].
Privacy[edit / edit wiki text]
Every time a user computer requests a web page from the server, the server determines and, as a rule, logs the IP address from which the request was received.
Similarly, most Internet browsers record information about the pages visited, which can then be viewed in the browser log, and also cache the downloaded content for possible reuse.
If an encrypted HTTPS connection is not used when interacting with the server, requests and responses to them are transmitted over the Internet in clear text and can be read, recorded and viewed on intermediate network nodes.
When a web page requests, and the user provides a certain amount of personal information, such as, for example, first and last name or real or email address, the data stream can be deanonymized and associated with a specific person.
If a website uses cookies, supports user authentication or other technologies for tracking visitor activity, then a relationship may also be established between previous and subsequent visits.
Thus, an organization working on the World Wide Web has the opportunity to create and replenish the profile of a specific client using its site (or sites).
Such a profile may include, for example, information about preferred recreation and entertainment, consumer interests, occupation, and other demographic indicators.
Such profiles are of significant interest to marketers, employees of advertising agencies and other specialists of this kind.
Depending on the terms of service of specific services and local laws, such profiles may be sold or transferred to third parties without the user's knowledge.
The disclosure of information is also facilitated by social networks that offer participants to independently state a certain amount of personal data about themselves.
Careless handling of the capabilities of such resources may lead to the public access of information that the user would prefer to hide; among other things, such information may become the subject of attention of hooligans or, moreover, cybercriminals.
Modern social networks provide their participants with a fairly wide range of profile privacy settings, but these settings can be unnecessarily complex especially for inexperienced users[18].
Distribution[edit / edit wiki text]
This section needs to be reworked.
Please improve the article in accordance with the rules of writing articles.
In the period from 2005 to 2010, the number of web users doubled and reached the mark of two billion[19].
According to early studies in 1998 and 1999, most existing websites were not indexed correctly by search engines, and the web network itself turned out to be larger than expected[20][21].
As of 2001, more than 550 million web documents have already been created, most of which, however, were located within the invisible network[22].
According to data for 2002, more than 2 billion web pages were created[23], 56.4 % of all Internet content was in English, followed by German (7.7 %), French (5.6 %) and Japanese (4.9 %).
According to research conducted at the end of January 2005, more than 11.5 billion web pages were identified in 75 different languages, which were indexed in the open network[24].
And as of March 2009, the number of pages has increased to 25.21 billion [25].
On July 25, 2008, Google software engineers Jesse Alpert and Nissan Hayai announced that the Google Search engine had detected more than a billion unique URL links[26].
In 2011, a monument to the World Wide Web was planned to be erected in St. Petersburg.
The composition was supposed to be a street bench in the form of the abbreviation WWW with free access to the Network[27].
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Semantic Web Global Computing Network World Digital Library
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Статья The article "The Web as the" next step "(NeXTSTEP) of the personal computer revolution".
↑ LHC: The first band on the web IBM IBM developed the voice Internet ↑ Howard M., Leblanc D. Protected code \ Trans.
from English -2nd ed., ispr.
- M.: Publishing and trading house "Russian edition", 2005, p. 3 (UDC 004.45, BBK 32Y973Y26-018.2, X68, ISBN 5-7502-0238-0) ↑ 1 2 Ben Itzhak, Yuval.
Infosecurity 2008 – New defense strategy in battle against e crime, ComputerWeekly, Reed Business Information (April 18, 2008).
Verified April 20, 2008.
Christ Christey, Steve and Martin, Robert A. Vulnerability Type Distributions in CVE (version 1.1).
MITRE Corporation (May 22, 2007).
Verified June 7, 2008.
Archived from the original source on April 15, 2013.
↑ (April 2008) "Symantec Internet Security Threat Report: Trends for July–December 2007 (Executive Summary)" (PDF) (Symantec Corp.) XIII: 1-2.
Checked on 11 May 2008.
↑ Google searches web's dark side, BBC News (11 May 2007).
Accessed 26 April 2008.
↑ Security Threat Report (PDF).
Sophos (Q1 2008).
Verified on April 24, 2008.
Archived from the original source on April 15, 2013.
↑ Security threat report (PDF).
Sophos (July 2008).
Checked on August 24, 2008.
Archived from the original source on April 15, 2013.
↑ Fogie, Seth, Jeremiah Grossman, Robert Hansen, and Anton Rager.
Cross Site Scripting Attacks: XSS Exploits and Defense.
— Syngress, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2007.
— P. 68–69, 127.
— ISBN 1-59749-154-3.
↑ O'Reilly, Tim.
What Is Web 2.0 4-5.
O'Reilly Media (30 September 2005).
Accessed 4 June 2008.
Archived from the original source on April 15, 2013.
↑ Ritchie, Paul (March 2007).
«The security risks of AJAX/web 2.0 applications» (PDF).
Infosecurity (Elsevier).
Checked on 6 June 2008.
↑ Berinato, Scott.
Software Vulnerability Disclosure: The Chilling Effect, CSO, CXO Media (1 January 2007), p.
7. Archived from the original source on April 18, 2008.
Verified on June 7, 2008.
↑ Prince, Brian.
McAfee Governance, Risk and Compliance Business Unit, eWEEK, Ziff Davis Enterprise Holdings (April 9, 2008).
Verified on April 25, 2008.
Pre Preston, Rob.
Down To Business: It's Past Time To Elevate The Infosec Conversation, InformationWeek, United Business Media (12 April 2008).
Accessed 25 April 2008.
↑ Claburn, Thomas.
RSA's Coviello Predicts Security Consolidation, InformationWeek, United Business Media (6 February 2007).
Verified on April 25, 2008.
↑ boyd, danah; Hargittai, Eszter (July 2010).
«Facebook privacy settings: Who cares?».
First Monday (University of Illinois at Chicago) 15 (8).
↑ Lynn, Jonathan.
Internet users to exceed 2 billion ..., Reuters (19 October 2010).
Retrieved February 9, 2011.
↑ S. Lawrence, C. L. Giles, "Searching the World Wide Web," Science, 280(5360), 98-100, 1998.
↑ S. Lawrence, C. L. Giles, "Accessibility of Information on the Web," Nature, 400, 107-109, 1999.
↑ The 'Deep' Web: Surfacing Hidden Value.
Brightplanet.com.
Checked on July 27, 2009.
Archived from the original source on April 4, 2008.
↑ Distribution of languages on the Internet.
Netz tipp.de.
Checked on July 27, 2009.
Archived from the original source on May 24, 2013.
↑ Alessio Signorini.
Indexable Web Size.
Cs.uiowa.edu.
Checked on July 27, 2009.
Archived from the original source on May 24, 2013.
↑ The size of the World Wide Web.
Worldwidewebsize.com.
Checked on July 27, 2009.
Archived from the original source on May 24, 2013.
↑ Alpert, Jesse; Hajaj, Nissan.
We knew the web was big....
The Official Google Blog (July 25, 2008).
Archived from the original source on May 24, 2013.
↑ A monument to the Internet will be installed in St. Petersburg
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Fristik, G.; Mazinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners Lee, T. (June 1999).
"Hypertext Transfer Protocol — http://1.1" (Information Sciences Institute).
Berners Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jackle, Mario; Lilly, Chris; Mendelssohn, Noah; Orkard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stewart (December 15, 2004).
«Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One» (W3C).
Polo, Luciano.
World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis.
New Devices (2003).
Checked July 31, 2005.
Archived from the original source on August 24, 2011.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
The official website of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)) Tim Berners Lee, Mark Fischetti.
Weaving the Web: the Origins and Future of the World Wide Web = Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web.
- New York: HarperCollins Publishers (English)Russian..
- 256 p.
— ISBN 0-06-251587 X, ISBN 978-0-06-251587-2.
Tim Berners Lee's Historic Proposal for CERN The World's First Website (archive) Evolution of the Web (interactive presentation) The BBC Standards and Guidelines for Mobile Accessibility
Other organizations involved in the development of the World Wide Web and the Internet in general
The Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF Internet Society, ISOC International Organization for Standardization, ISO Web Standards Group, WSG The Web Standards Project Unicode Organization The Semantic Web Community Portal
Web and Websites Globally
World Wide Web (Web 1.0 • Web 2.0 • Web 3.0 • * Semantic Web • Neuronet
Locally
Website * Portal • Page • Service • Ring
Types of sites
and services
Virtual Atlas • Banner Network • Library • Blog (platform) • Video hosting • Wiki • Business card website • Question and answer • Bookmarks • Dating Services • Browser Game • Resource Catalog • Online Store • Microblog • News site • Search engine • Porn Site • Web Mail • Social Network • Tumblelog • BitTorrent Tracker • File sharing * Forum (Service • Image board) • Photo Hosting • Chat
Creating and
service
Master • Development • Design • Layout • Programming • Usability • Interaction experience • Website promotion • Search Engine Optimization (SEO) • Hosting • System Administrator • Moderator • Account • Authorization
Types of layouts,
pages, sites
Static • Dynamic • Fixed • Rubber • Dynamically Elastic • Adaptive
Technical
Web server (comparison) * Browser (comparison) * DNS • CMF • CMS • HTTP (responses • headers) • SPDY • QUIC • CGI • HTML • XHTML • CSS • PHP • JavaScript • DHTML • Cookie • DOM • XML • AJAX • JSON • Flash • RSS • Atom • Microformat • favicon.
ico • robots.txt * Sitemaps • Site map • .htaccess
Marketing
Internet marketing • Online Advertising • Banner • Contextual Advertising • Teaser • Cybersquatting
Society and culture
Blogosphere • Online community (district) * Network literature
Semantic Web Fundamentals of the World Wide Web · Internet · Hypertext · Databases · Semantic Networks · Ontologies · Descriptive Logic Subsections Linked data · Data Web · Hyperdata · Dereferenceable URIs · Rule bases · Data Spaces Applications Semantic wiki · Semantic publication · Semantic search · Semantic calculations · Semantic advertising · Semantic reasoner · Semantic matching · Semantic mapper · Semantic broker · Semantic analytics · Semantic service oriented architecture Related Topics Folksonomy · Library 2.0 · Web 2.0 · Links · Information Architecture · Knowledge Management · Collective Intelligence · Thematic Maps · Mindmapping · Metadata · Geotagging · Web science Standards Syntax : RDF (RDF/XML · Notation 3 · Turtle · N Triples · JSON LD) · SPARQL · URI · HTTP · XML
Schemas, ontologies : RDFS · OWL · Rule Interchange Format · Semantic Web Rule Language · Common Logic · Schema.org
Semantic annotation : RDFa · eRDF · GRDDL · Microformats · Microdata
Dictionaries : DOAP · FOAF · SIOC · Dublin Core · SKOS · UMBEL
History: Plain Old Semantic HTML DAML+OIL
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World Wide Web&oldid=74720985"
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