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BIOGRAPHY OF ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH PUSHKIN
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was born on May 26, 1799 in Moscow in a noble landowner family (his father was a retired major) on the day of the Ascension holiday.
On the same day, Emperor Paul had a granddaughter, in whose honor prayers were held in all churches and bells were ringing.
So, by coincidence, the birthday of the Russian genius was marked by universal popular rejoicing.
The poet's birthplace is also symbolic: Moscow is the very heart of Russian life, Russia.
The future poet was baptized on June 8 in the Church of the Epiphany in Yelokhov.
Pushkin's father Sergei Lvovich and mother Nadezhda Osipovna, nee Hannibal, were distant relatives.
The ardent passions that guided the ancestors both on the paternal and maternal lines had their influence on Pushkin.
The family (besides Alexander, there were also children Olga and Lev) belonged to the most educated part of Moscow society.
Poets, artists, and musicians gathered in their house, or rather, in the apartment that Pushkin's parents rented.
The general gallomania that prevailed in society, French upbringing in a family with French tutors (fortunately, they were successfully balanced by the poet's grandmother Maria Alekseevna and the famous nanny Arina Rodionovna), access to the wonderful libraries of his father, as well as the poet's uncle V. L. Pushkin and distant relatives of the Buturlins - formed Pushkin's mind and child's soul.
The poet wrote his first poems in French.
His nickname at the Lyceum was "the Frenchman".
At the age of 12, having received the rudiments of home education, Alexander was taken to study at a new educational institution that had just opened on October 19, 1811 - the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum near St. Petersburg, the place where the summer residence of the Russian tsars was located.
The program of classes at the Lyceum was extensive, but not so deeply thought out.
The students, however, were intended for a high state career and had the rights of graduates of a higher educational institution.
The small number of students (30 people), the youth of a number of professors, the humane nature of their pedagogical ideas, focused, at least for the best part of them, on attention and respect for the personality of students, the absence of corporal punishment, the spirit of honor and camaraderie - all this created a special atmosphere.
Pushkin kept the Lyceum friendship and the cult of the Lyceum for life.
Lyceum students published handwritten journals and paid much attention to their own literary work.
"I started writing at the age of 13 and printing almost from the same time," Pushkin later recalled.
From this issue, three friends of the poet became participants in the uprising against the tsar on December 14, 1825.
In 1815, Pushkin triumphantly read his poem "Remembrance in Tsarskoye Selo" at the exam in the presence of the famous poet G. R. Derzhavin: "Old Derzhavin noticed us and, going down to the coffin, blessed us."
At the graduation act in 1817, Pushkin also read his own poem "Disbelief".
Soon Pushkin moved to St. Petersburg and entered the College of Foreign Affairs with the rank of collegiate secretary.
His communication is very wide: hussars, poets, literary societies.
"Arzamas" and "Green Lamp", theaters, fashionable restaurants, duels – "thank God, they are not deadly," as E. A. Karamzina reported to her brother Vyazemsky.
But Pushkin did not dissolve in this diversity, he was looking for himself.
Immediately after graduating from the Lyceum in 1817, and then in 1819, after a serious illness, Pushkin came to the estate of his mother S. Mikhailovskoye, Pskov province.
In the first years after graduating from the Lyceum, he wrote the poems "Village", "Brownie", "Chaadaev", the ode "Liberty", the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila".
The ideas of civil freedom and political radicalism that permeated Russian society after the victory over Napoleon were reflected both in the poems and in the behavior of the young Pushkin.
"Pushkin should be exiled to Siberia: he has flooded Russia with outrageous poems; all the young people recite them by heart" - this was the decision of Tsar Alexander I.
Thanks to the efforts of friends, Pushkin was exiled to the south instead of Siberia.
Officially, it was a transfer to the service in the city of Yekaterinoslav under the command of General I. N. Inzov, the governor of Bessarabia.
"When I arrived in Ekaterinoslavl, I got bored, went for a ride on the Dnieper, bathed and caught a fever, as is my custom.
General Rayevsky, who was traveling to the Caucasus with his son and two daughters, found me delirious, without a doctor, over a mug of iced lemonade.
His son ... he offered me a trip to the Caucasian Waters ...
I went to the wheelchair sick; a week later I was cured" (from the poet's letter to his brother).
Almost all the summer of 1820, Pushkin lived in the Caucasus, where he began the poem "The Caucasian Prisoner".
Then, with the Rayevsky family, through Taman, Kerch, and Feodosia, Pushkin arrived by sea in Gurzuf and spent three weeks there: "I lived in Yurzuf, swam in the sea and gorged myself on grapes;
I immediately got used to the noonday nature and enjoyed it with all the indifference and carelessness of a Neapolitan Lazzarono" (from a letter to Delvig).
Soon, through the St. George Monastery and Bakhchisarai, Pushkin went to Simferopol and then to Kishinev, because Inzov's office moved there.
Not bothered by almost any official assignments, for three years Pushkin lived in an apartment with Inzov, taking advantage of his constant location and warm care.
The poet traveled from there to Kiev, the village of Kamenka, to Odessa, Akkerman, Bendery, Izmail, and other places.
The impressions of these years were reflected in Pushkin's southern poems: "The Caucasian Prisoner", "The Robber Brothers", "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai", "The Gypsies".
In Chisinau, the poem "Gavriliada" was written, and a novel in verse "Eugene Onegin"was also started.
In the village of Kamenka, Pushkin became close to members of the secret society, the future "Decembrists".
In Chisinau, he was admitted to the Masonic lodge "Ovid".
The noisy life of Odessa" in a lively variety", with its colorful society, Italian opera, Parisian restaurants attracted Pushkin.
He moved there in July 1823, being enlisted in the service of the governor of the Novorossiysk Territory, Count M. S. Vorontsov.
Their relationship for many reasons did not work out, and a year later gr.
Vorontsov found both a reason and a reason for the removal of Pushkin to the estate of his mother S. Mikhailovskoye, Pskov province.
The poet received an order from the Odessa mayor to strictly follow the indicated route toPskov, having received 389 rubles for hiring post horses.
4 kopecks.
"Our Pskov is worse than Siberia, and a fervent head can not sit here," friends lamented about him in S.
Trigorsky.
The situation under the double supervision of civil and spiritual authorities, on the bail of his parents, irritated Pushkin's sensitive nature.
He made plans to escape and in desperation even asked to change the place of exile to any of the tsar's fortresses.
However, calmed down by the letters of friends, he resigned himself and soon noticed: "I am in the best position to finish my poetic novel ... "
("Eugene Onegin").
His friends and neighbors took a heartfelt part in the fate of Pushkin in S. Trigorsky.
Communication with them, as well as observations of the life of other neighboring landowners, gave the poet "colors and materials for fictions that are so natural, true and consistent with the prose and poetry of rural life in Russia" (A. I. Turgenev).
The novel "Eugene Onegin", half of which was created in Mikhailovsky, is rightfully considered an encyclopedia of Russian life.
Russian Russian nature impressions, the charm of the ancient Pskov land with its "noble mounds" and ancient settlements, communication with peasants, with nanny Arina Rodionovna - "everything excited the tender mind" of Pushkin, contributed to the comprehension of the soul of the Russian people, the national foundations of life:
Here I am a mysterious shield
Holy providence has dawned
Poetry, like a comforting Angel,
She saved me, and I was resurrected with my soul.
According to the poet himself, his creative method has changed in Mikhailovsky.
From the romanticism of the first years of his youth, he moved to "true romanticism" (realism).
His talent grew stronger: "Je sens que mon ame s'est tout a fait developpee, je puis creer."
About 100 works of the poet were created in Mikhailovsky: village chapters of the novel "Eugene Onegin", the tragedy "Boris Godunov", the poem "Count Nulin", the end of the poem" Gypsies", such poems as" The Village"," Imitations of the Koran"," The Prophet"," Bacchanalian song"," I remember a wonderful moment...", " I visited Again...", the beginning of the first work in prose - the novel" The Blackamoor of Peter the Great " (on arrival in 1827).
Here, on his father's land, Pushkin received an impulse to all his creativity in the future.
Friends considered Mikhailovskoye the poetic birthplace of Pushkin.
The death of Tsar Alexander I, the uprising in St. Petersburg on December 14, 1825, in which many friends and acquaintances of Pushkin took part, changed his fate.
The new tsar Nicholas I urgently summoned the poet to Moscow, allowed him to live wherever he wanted, and declared himself Pushkin's personal censor.
The latter circumstance sometimes made it difficult to print some of Pushkin's works, which he was constantly concerned about, having no other sources of income.
Pushkin is not allowed to go to the Caucasus (to the active army), they refuse to travel abroad.
Until 1831, Pushkin lived alternately in Moscow and in St. Petersburg.
Twice after his exile, he visited Mikhailovsky.
I visited Tver friends relatives of the hostess S. Trigorsky P. A. Osipova - in p. Bernove, S. Pavlovsky, S. Malinniki and in the Staritsa of the Tver province.
In May 1829, he wooed the young beauty Natalia Nikolaevna Goncharova in Moscow.
Having received an indefinite answer, he immediately left for the Caucasus without the permission of the authorities.
Pushkin described this journey along the Georgian Military Road, vivid impressions and numerous meetings with friends, participation in the military operations of the Russian army that took Arzrum in his autobiographical work "Journey to Arzrum" (1829).
Upon his return, the poet had to give a written explanation to the request of the chief of gendarmes A. H. Benckendorf.
Earlier, the tsar required similar explanations from Pushkin about the "Gavriliad" and the poem "Andre Chenier".
A secret supervision was established over the poet, which was officially canceled only a few years after his death.
The life of the poet of the second half of the 1820s was complex and contradictory: journal relations and the fight against censorship, denunciations and dangerous political investigations, Benckendorf's reprimands, as well as unclear circumstances of his personal life.
But with all this, poetry and creativity have always remained the main thing in life.
During these years, the poem "Poltava" was written, many poems, articles in magazines, "A Novel in letters", dramatic ideas were maturing.
On May 6, 1830, Pushkin's engagement to N. N. Goncharova finally took place.
His father allocated him the village of Kistenevka with 200 souls of peasants, located in the Nizhny Novgorod province, near his own estate with.
Boldino.
The poet went there to arrange the affairs of taking possession of the estate, hoping to quickly manage, then mortgage the estate and return to Moscow to celebrate the wedding.
However, the cholera epidemic that began in Moscow and quarantines established everywhere detained Pushkin in Boldin from September 7 to December 2, 1830.
He was worried about the life of the bride, because it was dangerous for her to stay in cholera Moscow, he was tired and depressed.
His first poems in Boldin are "Demons" and "Elegy" ("Crazy years of faded fun ...").
Soon the tender letter of the bride calmed him down.
The combination of silence and leisure, and at the same time the tension generated by the sense of approaching terrible events (revolutionary upheavals in Europe, cholera in Russia), spilled out with an unheard of creative upsurge even for Pushkin.
"Boldinskaya Autumn" of 1830 stands apart in the poet's work, when he created "Belkin's Stories", "small tragedies": "The Miserly Knight", "Mozart and Salieri", "The Stone Guest", "A Feast during the Plague", the poem "A House in Kolomna", the entire novel "Eugene Onegin" (except for Onegin's letter), the story "The History of the village of Goryukhina", "The Tale of a priest and his worker Balda", critical articles, many poems.
In the Boldin autumn, Pushkin's talent reached its full bloom.
On December 5, 1830, the poet returned to Moscow, and on February 18, 1831, his wedding with N. N. Goncharova took place in the Church of the Ascension at the Nikitsky Gate.
He spent the first months of his family life with his wife in Moscow, renting an apartment on the Arbat in the Khitrovo house (now house 53).
In May 1831, the young Pushkins moved to Tsarskoye Selo - the place of the poet's happy lyceum memories.
Here is written "The Tale of Tsar Saltan", on October 5- "Onegin's Letter to Tatiana".
In July 1831, Pushkin received permission to use the state archives to write The History of Peter the Great.
Since the middle of October 1831 and until the end of his life, Pushkin and his family have been living in St. Petersburg.
In 1832, a daughter, Maria, was born, 1833 a son, Alexander, 1835 Grigory, 1836 Natalia.
In 1832, while visiting P. V. Nashchokin in Moscow, Pushkin began writing the novel "Dubrovsky", which he left unfinished at the beginning of 1833.
On August 18, 1833, having received official permission, the poet went to the Kazan and Orenburg provinces to collect materials about the uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev in 1773-1775.
On the way back, he stopped in Boldino, where he stayed from October 1 until mid November.
Here he wrote, using the scientific historical material collected in the St. Petersburg archives, as well as during his newly completed trip, his "History of Pugachev".
In addition to her, the poems "Angelo" and "The Bronze Horseman", the story "The Queen of Spades", "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish", "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Heroes", the poem "Autumn", translations of Mickiewicz's ballads "Budrys and his Sons", "The Governor"were written in Boldin.
Pushkin was obliged to give each of his works to Benckendorf for viewing before printing, according to the latter's request at the very beginning of 1832.
Publishing matters are becoming more complicated and delayed.
The maintenance of the family, the social life to which Pushkin was chained against his will, having received the title of a chamber junker in 1834; financial assistance to his parents, sister and brother, who was completely irresponsible in money matters, constantly demanded money.
In 1836, the total debt to the government, according to Pushkin's own calculation, was huge - 45,000 rubles.
Since 1831, Pushkin was listed in the service of the Board of Foreign Affairs, but in 1834 he asked for his resignation, while retaining, however, the right to work in the archives.
He was refused.
In the autumn of 1834, Pushkin lived in Boldin again for about a month: "I have been in the village for 2 weeks now ... It's boring ...
And poems wonot come to my head, and I'm not rewriting a novel..." (from a letter to my wife).
Only the "Tale of the Golden Cockerel"is finished.
Immediately after returning from Boldin to St. Petersburg on October 19, Pushkin participated in the celebration of the lyceum anniversary with M. L. Yakovlev.
He visited St. Petersburg University, attended a lecture by Nikolai Gogol.
Published at the end of 1834, "The History of the Pugachev Rebellion" did not improve the poet's financial affairs and did not even repay the loan taken for its publication.
The poet does not abandon the idea of leaving St. Petersburg.
In the spring of 1835, Pushkin spent only a few days (from May 8 to May 12) in S. Mikhailovsky and S.
On his return from there, he petitioned Benckendorf to leave with his family for the village for 3-4 years in order to engage in literary work and limit expenses in the capital.
In response to the request, he was given a loan of 30,000 rubles and allowed a four month vacation.
In a sad, depressed mood, Pushkin went to Mikhailovskoye on September 7, 1835.
"I write through the stump of the deck I roll.
For inspiration, you need a calm heart, and I am not calm at all" (letter to P. A. Pletnev).
A poem "...I visited again", the beginning of "Egyptian Nights", sketches of other works were written in Mikhailovsky during this visit, which ended on October 20, 1835.
The year ended with a request to Benckendorf to publish his own magazine "Sovremennik", the first volume of which was published on April 11, 1836.
"By the end of his literary activity, Pushkin introduced non literary ranks (science and journalism) into the circle of literature, because for him the functions of a closed literary series were narrow.
He outgrew them" (Yu. N. Tynyanov).
And contemporaries believed that Pushkin had left creativity and was engaged only in daily magazine prose for earnings.
The reproaches of criticism, the loss of contact with the reader could not but suppress the poet, whose inner life was often incomprehensible even to close friends.
Only death, which opened access to his manuscripts, showed that among them "there are amazing beauties, completely new both in spirit and form.
All the latest pieces are different ... with strength and depth!
He was just maturing" (the words of E. A. Baratynsky).
The last major work of Pushkin was the story "The Captain's daughter" - "something like "Onegin" in prose" (V. G. Belinsky).
This epic and psychological work, perhaps the best in all Pushkin's prose, was created since 1833 in parallel with the "History of Pugachev" and was completed on the lyceum anniversary on October 19, 1836.
The simplest and at the same time the most important principles of humanity Pushkin expressed fully and deeply in the last, in fact, in his life poems of the so called "Kamennoostrovsky cycle" (written in St. Petersburg on Kamenny Island in the summer of 1836): "Hermit fathers and wives are immaculate", "Imitation of Italian", "Worldly power", "From Pindemonti".
Pushkin's wisdom received its highest expression and completion in these verses.
In 1834-1836, he was thinking about the novel "Russian Pelam", where the whole of Russia was to be shown from the Decembrist "Union of Prosperity" to the dens of forest robbers.
At the same time, he began a story from Roman life (perhaps this mysterious plan should be connected with his long standing desire to write a work about Jesus Christ).
In April 1836, circumstances force Pushkin again - for the last time!
- to visit Mikhailovsky.
On the very day of Easter on March 29, his mother died, and Pushkin himself took her body from St. Petersburg to the Holy Mountains and buried it in the Assumption Monastery.
Here he also chose a grave for himself next to his mother, as if anticipating his imminent demise.
At the beginning of 1834, a Frenchman Baron Dantes, adopted by the Dutch envoy Gekkern and enrolled in the Russian guard, appeared in St. Petersburg.
He fell in love with Pushkin's wife and began to take care of her strenuously, which gave rise to numerous enemies of the poet for insulting rumors and gossip.
On November 4, 1836, Pushkin received three copies of an anonymous message that listed him in the order of "cuckolds" - an allusion to the infidelity of Pushkin's wife.
Pushkin challenged Dantes to a duel.
Dantes accepted the challenge, but through Baron Heckern, his foster father, asked for a delay of 15 days.
During this time, Pushkin learned that Dantes had proposed to the sister of Pushkin's wife, Ekaterina Nikolaevna.
After convincing his friends, Pushkin took his challenge back.
Dantes ' wedding took place on January 10, 1837, but his persistent courtship of Natalia Nikolaevna did not stop.
Old Gekkern also began to intrigue against Pushkin.
Out of patience, the poet sent an extremely insulting letter to the Dutch envoy, Baron Haeckern, in the hope that Dantes would be forced to challenge Pushkin to a duel.
And so it happened.
On January 27, 1837, at 5 o'clock in the evening, this fatal duel took place on the Black River on the outskirts of St. Petersburg, where Pushkin was mortally wounded in the stomach.
After living for 2 days in terrible agony, Pushkin died on January 29, 1837 in the apartment he rented in the house of Princess Volkonskaya on the Moika River embankment.
His death was truly Christian.
Having learned about the inevitability of the end, he expressed a desire to see the priest.
Father Peter from the Church of the Savior on Konyushennaya Square, the closest to the poet's house, confessed the dying poet and received Communion of the Holy Mysteries.
"I'm old, I donot have long to live, what can I cheat on," he told Princess E. N. Meshcherskaya (Karamzin's daughter).
"You may not believe me, but I will say that I wish for myself such an end as he had."
Pushkin died as courageously as he lived.
Calling his wife and children, he made the sign of the cross over them and blessed them.
I said goodbye to my friends.
"Life is over.
It's hard to breathe, it's pressing, " were his last words.
"The sun of our poetry has set!
Pushkin died, died in the prime of life, in the middle of his great career!.." - wrote the St. Petersburg newspaper.
His funeral service was held in the Church of the Saviour of the Miraculous Image on Konyushennaya Square, and at midnight on February 3, the coffin with the poet's body went to the Pskov province, accompanied by his only friend A. I. Turgenev and a gendarme captain.
On February 6, after the liturgy at the Svyatogorsk Assumption Monastery, the monastery clergy, led by Archimandrite Gennady, performed the last memorial service at the poet's body and, in the presence of two young ladies from Trigorsky, buried Pushkin at the altar wall of the cathedral.
"We committed the earthly things to the earth at dawn ...
I'm bringing you raw earth, dry branches and only that, " Turgenev informed Zhukovsky.
The poet's death was the beginning of his immortal glory on earth.
Today, every year on February 10, June 6 and August 21 – on the days of memory, birthday and arrival of Alexander Pushkin in Mikhailovsky exile – a Litany, a joint prayer for the repose of the immortal soul of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, is held at the Poet's grave.
Currently, his grave is declared a national treasure of the peoples of the Russian Federation.
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