Moscow Kremlin
Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
Go to: navigation, Search
This term has other meanings, see Moscow Kremlin (meanings).
Moscow Kremlin
View of the Kremlin from the Bolshoy Kamenny bridge City of Moscow Year of construction 1482-1495 Kremlin area 27.7 ha (0.277 km2) Length of walls 2500 meters Number of towers 20 Number of gates 4 Height of towers up to 80 m Kremlin towers:
Vodovzvodnaya • Borovitskaya • Armory • Komendantskaya • Troitskaya • Kutafya • Srednaya Arsenalnaya • Angular Arsenalnaya • Nikolskaya • Senatskaya • Spasskaya • Tsarskaya • Nabatnaya • Konstantino Eleninskaya • Beklemishevskaya • Petrovskaya • The Second Nameless • The First Nameless • Taynitskaya • Blagoveshchenskaya
Wall height from 5 to 19 m Wall thickness from 3.5 to 6.5 m Site kreml.ru
Cultural heritage
Of the Russian Federation
object # 7710353000
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Reference: 545 rus.
* English.
Year of introduction: 1990
Type: Cultural object
Criteria: I, ii, iv, vi
Coordinates: 55°45 ' 06 "s. w. 37°37'04" v. d. / 55.75167° s.
w.
37.61778° v. d. / 55.75167; 37.61778 (G) (O) (I)
The Moscow Kremlin is a fortress in the center of Moscow and its oldest part, the main socio political and historical and artistic complex of the city, the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation.
It is located on the high left bank of the Moskva River — Borovitsky Hill, at the confluence of the Neglinnaya River.
In the plan, the Kremlin is an irregular triangle with an area of 27.5 hectares (ha).
The southern wall faces the Moscow River, the northwestern wall faces the Alexander Garden, and the eastern wall faces Red Square.
Content
1 History 1.1 Antiquity 1.2 XI XIV centuries 1.3 XIV XVII centuries 1.4 XVIII century 1.5 XIX century 1.6 The beginning of the XX century 1.7 Soviet time 1.8 Modernity
2 Architecture of the Kremlin 2.1 Walls and towers of the Kremlin 2.2 Cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin 2.3 Palace buildings 2.4 Other buildings 2.5 Squares and gardens of the Moscow Kremlin 2.6 Monuments 2.7 Lost buildings and monuments of the Moscow Kremlin
3 Organizations that operate in the Kremlin 4 Interesting facts 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Literature 8 References
History[edit / edit wiki text]
Antiquity[edit / edit wiki text]
The first settlements on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin date back to the Bronze Age (II millennium BC).
A Finno Ugric settlement dating back to the Early Iron Age (the second half of the I millennium BC) was found near the modern Archangel Cathedral.
At that time, the Dyakov type settlement occupied the center of the upper over floodplain terrace of Borovitsky Hill (the area of modern Cathedral Square) and may have already had fortifications.
From the northeast, the village was protected by two ravines: one to the north of the current Trinity Gate went to the Neglinnaya River, the other lay between the Petrovskaya and the Second Unnamed Towers of the modern Kremlin[1].
XI XIV centuries[edit / edit wiki text]
The Moscow Kremlin under Ivan Kalit, painting by A.M. Vasnetsov
Following the Dyakovites, with the beginning of the Slavic colonization of the Oka and Moscow River basins in the X century, the top of the Borovitsky Hill was inhabited by the Vyatichi (possibly mastering the former settlement).
Presumably, the village of Vyatichi on the hill consisted of two fortified centers — the first, larger in area, was located on the site of the modern Cathedral Square, the second occupied the tip of the cape.
Presumably, both centers were protected by a ring fortification consisting of a ditch, a shaft and a palisade.
Vyatichi included two ravines connected by a washout, which performed the same function in pre Slavic times, as part of the defensive structures; the ravines were transformed into a moat up to 9 meters deep and about 3.8 meters wide.
Presumably, a certain political and administrative center was located on the cape part of the settlement: during archaeological excavations, a Kiev hanging seal of the end of the XI century was found here.
Both parts probably had their own cult centers — the upper one in the area of Cathedral Square, the lower one- "under the Forest", on the site of the Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist that stood here.
The Kremlin toponyms "Makovitsa", "Mountains" and "Bor"also belong to the pre princely time.
These two centers were surrounded by the posad, which stretched along the Neglinnaya and Moscow rivers.
The development and prosperity of the settlement was connected with the trade routes running here: there was a lively trade between East and West along the Moscow River.
In addition to the waterway, two land roads passed nearby one to Novgorod (later Volotskaya), the other from Kiev through Smolensk to the northeast; both roads were connected at the foot of Borovitsky Hill by a ford across the Moscow River (in the area of the current Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge) [2].
The first chronicle mention of Moscow dates back to 1147.
In 1156, the first fortifications were built on the territory of the modern Kremlin with a total length of about 850 meters and an area of about 3 hectares.
The fortification was surrounded by a moat 16-18 m wide and at least 5 m deep.
The earthen rampart was about 14.5 m wide and 7 m high.
For those times it was a typical average Russian fortress.
The shaft was reinforced with oak beams, fastened in the Polish manner.
In 1238, during the Mongol invasion, the Kremlin was destroyed.
Since 1264, it was the residence of the Moscow appanage princes.
In 1339, the walls and towers were built of oak.
In the Kremlin there was the oldest Moscow church the Cathedral of the Savior on the Bor, or the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior "what's on the Bor", built by 1330, by the millennium of Constantinople — "New Rome" [3].
The church was destroyed in 1933.
Moscow princes and princesses were buried here, until the role of the tomb was transferred to the Archangel Cathedral for men and the Ascension Monastery (also destroyed) for women.
After the establishment of the Novospassky Monastery at the end of the XV century, the Cathedral of the Savior on Bor received the status of a court church.
As a result of the construction of the Kremlin Palace in 1830-1840, the Church of the Savior was inscribed in the courtyard of the Palace.
Another ancient building was the Chudov Monastery, founded by Metropolitan Alexy in 1365, located in the eastern part of the Kremlin territory, adjacent to the Ascension Monastery.
It was named after the Church of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael in Honekh, which later became the tomb of Metropolitan Alexy.
In 1483, the Alexievskaya Church was built on the territory of the monastery.
By order of Archimandrite Gennady of Chudovsky, the relics of Metropolitan Alexy were transferred to it.
In 1501-1503, the ancient church of St. Michael the Archangel was replaced by a temple built by Italian craftsmen.
At the beginning of the XX century, a tomb was built in the basement of the Alexievskaya Church, where the remains of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, who died in the Kremlin in 1905 at the hands of terrorists, were buried.
The crypt of the Grand Duke was located under the floor, just under the shrine of St. Alexy.
In 1929, all the buildings of the Chudov Monastery were demolished.
XIV—XVII centuries[edit / edit wiki text]
The front chronicle: "In the same year, the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich laid the stone city of Moscow, and its construction began"
In 1366-1368, under Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy, the wooden walls of the Kremlin were replaced by walls and towers made of local white stone (according to archeology, the towers and the most important parts of the wall were stone, from where there was the greatest danger of an assault)[4].
From this period, the name "White — stone Moscow"is often found in the chronicles.
Soon after the construction of the white stone walls, they twice — in 1368 and 1370 withstood the siege of the troops of Prince Olgerd; in 1382, Khan Tokhtamysh fraudulently entered the Kremlin and ruined it, but the fortress was quickly restored.
Gradually, the dense wooden building of the Kremlin was replaced by stone, which was facilitated by frequent fires.
In 1404, Lazar the Serb assembled and installed the first clock near the Annunciation Cathedral in the courtyard of Prince Vasily Dmitrievich.
By the middle of the XV century, the Annunciation Cathedral was rebuilt and expanded in the Kremlin, a church was erected in the Metropolitan Courtyard, later called the Rizopolozhenskaya, the merchant Khovrin built the Church of the Exaltation in front of his house.
In the late 1450s 1460s, the Church of the Introduction with a stone chamber was built on the courtyard of the Simonov Monastery, at the Nikolsky Gate, a chapel of Praise of the Virgin was added to the Assumption Cathedral, a church of the Epiphany was erected on the courtyard of the Trinity Sergius Monastery, a stone church of John the Baptist was erected on the territory of the Grand Ducal court[5].
Gradually, the white stone fortifications of the Kremlin were decaying; the strength of the material was insufficient and the structures "floated" — the annals of the XV century contain many references to the restoration work carried out.
In 1462, a large scale repair of the walls from the Sviblovaya Strelnitsa to the Borovitsky Gate was carried out by V. D. Ermolin[6].
The defense of Moscow from Tokhtamysh in 1382, Painting by A.M. Vasnetsov
Vsekhsvyatsky bridge and the Kremlin at the end of the XVII century.
Drawing by A.M. Vasnetsov
In the second half of the XV century, under Ivan III the Great, a radical restructuring of the Moscow Kremlin began.
The new Assumption Cathedral was the first to be built, because the old one, built by Ivan Kalitoy, had already become very dilapidated by that time.
The construction in 1471 was originally entrusted to the Russian architects Krivtsov and Myshkin, but the building, brought to the vaults, collapsed in 1471 during an earthquake — "the lime was not glued, and the stone was not solid"[7].
Ivan III invited the architect Aristotle Fioravanti from Italy, who erected an existing building in the likeness of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir by 1479.
In 1484-1486, Pskov craftsmen erected a new Sacristy church, and in 1484-1489 — a new Annunciation Cathedral on the basement of the former church.
By that time, following Fioravanti, other Italian architects were invited to Moscow.
In 1485, the construction of a new Grand Ducal Palace began, which continued with long breaks until 1514.
Earlier, the front part of the palace was built, from which the Faceted Chamber built in 1487-1491 by Italian architects Marco Fryazin and Pietro Antonio Solari has been preserved to this day.
Aleviz Fryazin was engaged in the construction of the princely choir and the inner wall separating them from the rest of the Kremlin territory; he also moved the front part of the palace to a new place — from the south side to the east, facing the Cathedral Square.
Despite the fact that the construction of the palace was led by Italian architects, its architecture completely preserved the principles of the construction of ancient Russian choirs: separate stone and wooden volumes were erected on a single high stone basement[8][9].
With the construction in 1505-1508 by Aleviz Novy of the Archangel Cathedral and Bon Fryazin of the Ivan the Great bell tower and the construction of the State Court building between them, the formation of Sobornaya Square as the main square of the Moscow Kremlin was basically completed[6][10].
The plan of Moscow from the "Notes on Muscovy", edition of 1556.
The Kremlin and its surroundings are shown
Kremlenagrad
At the beginning of the XVI century, new temples were built in the Kremlin by Italian craftsmen: the cathedral of the Chudov Monastery (1501-1503), the Cathedral of the Ascension Monastery (1519), the Church of John the Ladder (1505-1508), the Church of Nikola Gostunsky, the church of John the Baptist at the Borovitsky Gate is being rebuilt (1504)[11][12].
Simultaneously with the construction of the Grand Ducal Palace and the renovation of the Kremlin temples, the construction of new Kremlin walls and towers was underway.
Starting in 1485, for a whole decade, under the leadership of Italian architects, the white stone strands of the walls and towers were dismantled, and new ones made of burnt bricks were erected in their place.
The area of the fortress was increased due to the annexation of significant territories in the north west and reached 27.5 hectares, and the Kremlin received the modern outlines of an irregular triangle[13].
The shape of the towers and the completion of the wall in the form of battlements resemble the Scaliger Castle in Verona and the Sforza Castle in Milan[10].
In 1508, a moat was dug along the walls, the water coming from Neglinnaya.
The Kremlin finally turned into an impregnable fortress surrounded by water on all sides, isolated from the city that had grown by that time[11].
During the restoration of the walls and towers in 1946-1950 and in 1974-1978, white stone blocks were found inside their brickwork, in the lower parts and foundations, used as a backfill.
It is possible that these are the remains of the white stone walls of the Kremlin of the time of Dmitry Donskoy.
At the end of the XV — beginning of the XVI centuries, the main Kremlin streets — Spasskaya, Nikolskaya and Chudovskaya were adjusted and expanded[14].
By that time, there were still many courts of boyars, clergy and appanage princes in the Kremlin, who settled mainly on Podol and to the north of Sobornaya Square.
Under Vasily III and Ivan the Terrible, as the struggle with the appanage princes escalated, their courts were seized by the Grand Duke and transferred to his confidants[11].
In the XVI century, construction in the Kremlin was mainly reduced to updating and improving existing buildings and ensembles.
In 1532-1552, the Resurrection Church was added to the bell tower of Ivan the Great, the Annunciation Cathedral was rebuilt in the middle of the century, churches of the Solovetsky Miracle Workers and Three Saints appeared in the Metropolitan Courtyard, the Grand ducal (then royal) palace was repeatedly rebuilt and expanded.
Ivan the Terrible lived for a long time in the" oprichnina yard " outside the Kremlin; after the abolition of the oprichnina, new Bed chambers were built for the tsar in four chambers near the Church of the Savior on Bor [15].
The first images of the Kremlin have been preserved from the end of the XVI beginning of the XVII centuries: the plan placed in the "Notes on Muscovy" by the Austrian ambassador Sigismund Herberstein, and the plan published by the Dutch cartographer Gerrits Hessel, called "Kremlenagrad"[16][17].
The latter gives an idea of the then existing nature of the Kremlin's development.
Among the closely standing buildings, the distinct outlines of Sobornaya (Tsarskaya) and Ivanovskaya squares are visible; from Ivanovskaya Square, two streets lead through the north eastern part of the fortress to the Spassky (then Frolovsky) and Nikolsky gates; the entire south western part is occupied by a new palace complex, the construction of which went on during the entire reign of Boris Godunov and was completed in 1691-1693[specify][18][17](unavailable link from 05-04-2015 (275 days)).
The Iranian diplomat Oruj bey Bayat, who visited Moscow in 1599, concludes in his notes: "The houses in the Kremlin are built in the style of Italian architects and decorated with beautiful ornaments.
The tsar's palace is especially beautiful..."; he also writes about the large number of wooden buildings in the Kremlin[19].
In 1610-1612, the Kremlin was occupied by the Polish Lithuanian garrison of A. Gonsevsky.
In the XVII—XIX centuries, there is an active construction of secular buildings, and the Kremlin ensemble receives a logical conclusion.
In 1635-1636, a Terem Palace was built adjacent to the Faceted Chamber.
In the XVII century, the Kremlin towers received tiered and hipped finishes.
XVIII century[edit / edit wiki text ]
The scheme of the Kremlin's development by 1914 (from Sytin's Military Encyclopedia)
With the beginning of the reign of Peter I, the significance of the Moscow Kremlin changed markedly — the tsar moved first to Preobrazhenskoye, and then to St. Petersburg, and the fortress lost the status of a permanent royal residence.
At the beginning of the XVIII century, the nature of the Kremlin's buildings also changed: after the devastating fire of 1701, Peter issued a decree in 1704 prohibiting the construction of wooden buildings inside the Kremlin[20].
In 1702, on the burnt out part between the Trinity and Sobakina towers, the construction of the Arsenal building (Tseykhauz) began, which lasted intermittently until 1736.
With the beginning of the Northern War, there was a threat of an invasion of Moscow by the troops of Charles XII, in connection with which Peter I ordered to build bastions along the Kremlin walls, and fill the moats drained in the XVII century with water.
However, it was not necessary to use these fortifications — after the victory of the Russian army at Poltava, the danger passed[20][21].
Under Elizabeth Petrovna, in the 1743-1750s, the ancient Dining Room, the Second and the Golden Chambers of the palace were dismantled and replaced with a small richly decorated building of the Winter Palace designed by V. V. Rastrelli, built under the supervision of D. V. Ukhtomsky.
At the same time, Ukhtomsky erected the gallery of the Armory Chamber on the site of the demolished building of the Grand Treasury and was engaged in the restructuring of Orders.
When the Kremlin buildings were dilapidated, the task was primarily to repair them, and if it was impossible, the old buildings were allowed to be broken and restored "in the same way as they were before"[22].
In 1768, a special state organization was created for the construction of a new Kremlin Palace according to the project of V. I. Bazhenov — the Expedition of the Kremlin Structure[23].
When preparing the site for the new palace, the entire building of the south eastern part of the brow of the hill was eliminated, many monuments of ancient Russian architecture were destroyed, including the southern part of the Kremlin wall, along with the Tainitskaya and the First Unnamed Towers, were dismantled.
Bazhenov set himself the goal of "updating the appearance of this ancient dilapidated and discordant city" in accordance with the prevailing aesthetics of classicism at that time — it was supposed not only to build a new palace, but also to carry out a radical redevelopment of the main streets and squares of the Kremlin, leaving only individual cathedrals and buildings of the Naryshkin and Petrovsky Baroque[24].
However, in 1775, the construction of the palace was canceled, the official reason for which was called the siege of the Archangel Cathedral; the huge costs of reconstruction and Catherine II's dislike of Moscow contributed to this decision.
The dismantled wall with towers was soon restored to its former forms[25].
In 1775, a Projected plan was approved — a plan for the reconstruction of Moscow, for the implementation of which a Stone Order was created headed by P. N. Kozhin.
At the end of 1776, Kozhin compiled a separate report on the reconstruction of the Moscow Kremlin, which assumed the creation of regular squares in the Kremlin, the construction of new palaces and government buildings with "the best facade according to the rules of modern architecture".
At the same time, the construction of new buildings was supposed to be carried out at a distance from the ancient buildings, which were carefully preserved[26].
In 1763, by the decree of Empress Catherine II, the Senate was divided into departments and two of them — the one in charge of the rights of the nobles and the judicial one were transferred from the capital to Moscow[21][27].
To accommodate them, in 1776-1787, according to the project of Matvey Kazakov, the building of the Public Offices (Senate) was built, which became the first major building of the Kremlin in the classicism style.
With the construction of the Senate, the last private possessions disappeared from the territory of the Kremlin[28].
In the same years, Kazakov built a Bishop's House and a Gothic portico of the Chudov Monastery on Ivanovskaya Square[29][27].
In 1797, Kazakov drew up a new plan for the general reconstruction of the Kremlin, which was caused by the coronation of Paul I.
Like Bazhenov's project, the Kazakov plan for the reconstruction of the Kremlin remained unfulfilled, but it confirmed the idea of the Kremlin as a single architectural ensemble[29][30].
XIX century[edit / edit wiki text]
View of the Moscow Kremlin from the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge.
Vasily Vereshchagin.
1879.
In the first years of the XIX century, the Kremlin began to be perceived by contemporaries as a symbol of the historical and military glory of Russia, which caused the appearance of bright pseudo Gothic forms in its buildings.
The architect I. V. Yegotov used Gothic elements in the reconstruction of the Funny Palace and a number of other Kremlin buildings[31].
At the same time, at the beginning of the XIX century, many ancient buildings were demolished.
Among others, the famous Coat of Arms Gates, the Sretensky Cathedral, part of the Funny Palace, several temples of the Ascension Monastery, as well as the complexes of the Khlebenny Palace, the Tsareborisov Courtyard and the Trinity Courtyard were destroyed.
In 1812, Moscow and the Kremlin were captured by Napoleon's army.
The French army entered the Kremlin on September 2, 1812, and Napoleon himself on September 3.
However, the very next day he fled from the Kremlin through a secret passage under the threat of spreading fire[32].
Retreating, Napoleon ordered the Kremlin buildings to be mined and blown up.
Despite the fact that most of the charges did not explode, the damage was significant.
The Arsenal, Vodovzvodnaya, Petrovskaya and the First Unnamed towers were blown up, the Corner Arsenal Tower and the extensions to the Ivan the Great Bell Tower were seriously damaged, the Senate was partially damaged[33].
The restoration was carried out by the architect F. K. Sokolov; a number of towers were rebuilt according to projects and under the supervision of O. I. Bove.
During the reconstruction of Red Square, Beauvais gave the Nikolskaya Tower a Gothic appearance.
The arsenal was restored and received a new finish later — in 1815-1828, according to the project of Moscow architects A. N. Bakarev, I. L. Mironovsky, I. T. Tamansky and E. D. Tyurin[27].
At the same time, captured cannons were placed around the Arsenal, which were sent to Moscow by special order of Alexander I[34].
In total, it took more than 20 years to eliminate the consequences of the explosion in the Kremlin: the last work was completed by 1836.
In 1817, a parade ground was set up on Ivanovskaya Square for a military parade, for which the ancient temple of Nikola Gostunsky was dismantled in one night.
In 1823, according to the project of V. P. Stasov, the tsar's palace was built, which again turned out to be small, and already in 1824, the metropolitan's house, which had been bought earlier by the treasury, was also built and began to be called the Small Nicholas Palace from 1831[34].
By the beginning of the 1830s, restoration work began on the ancient monuments of the Kremlin.
One of the first academician F. G. Solntsev and architect P. A. Gerasimov restored the Terem Palace in 1836-1849.
In 1836, the architect O. Montferrand raised and installed on a special pedestal the Tsar Bell, which fell in a fire in 1737 and lay in a pit all this time[34].
View from the Filaret extension of the Assumption Belfry of the Kremlin to the east side.
Stills from the film Moscow in snow decoration, 1908
By the 1830s, they returned to the idea of building a new royal palace on the southern slope of the hill along the river.
In 1839, Nicholas I commissioned the construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace to the architect K. A. Ton, according to whose project the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was being built at the same time.
The construction of the building took about ten years and was completed by 1849.
Even before its completion, the small church of St. John the Baptist on the Bor was dismantled, the scale of which did not correspond to the new structure.
At the same time, all the old palace structures were dismantled, with the exception of the Terem Palace, the Faceted and Small Golden Chambers included in the general system of the new palace.
In 1844-1851, a new building of the Armory was erected according to the project of Ton; the old chamber was rebuilt into barracks[35][36].
In the second half of the XIX century, no significant alterations were made in the Kremlin, with the exception of the restoration of the Funny Palace by N. A. Shokhin, which returned the building to the appearance of the XVII century[37].
In 1893-1898, a monument to Alexander II was built on the south eastern side of the slope of the Kremlin hill (the project of the sculptor A.M. Opekushin, the artist V. V. Zhukovsky and the architect N. V. Sultanov) [37].
The beginning of the XX century[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1908, a cross monument was erected between the buildings of the Senate and the Arsenal near the Nikolskaya Tower on the site of the death of Prince Sergei Alexandrovich.
The Kremlin's plan.
1917.
The passage to the territory of the Moscow Kremlin was free for everyone.
It was customary to enter through the Spassky Gate, bowing to the icon of the Savior.
The emperor and his family visited his Moscow residence infrequently, therefore, taking a free ticket at the palace office, the visitor had the right to walk through all the Kremlin palaces.
During the armed uprising in October and November 1917, the Kremlin, on the territory of which there were detachments of junkers, was seriously damaged by artillery shelling by revolutionary troops.
The walls, the Spasskaya Tower and the Spasskaya Clock, the Nikolskaya Tower, the Beklemishevskaya Tower, almost all the temples on the territory of the Kremlin were severely damaged, the Small Nicholas Palace received great damage.
Soviet times[edit / edit wiki text]
Chudov Monastery at the beginning of the XX century
Ivanovskaya Square, the Small Nikolaevsky Palace,the Chudov Monastery with the Metropolitan Building.
Stills from the film Moscow in snow decoration, 1908
With the advent of Soviet power, the capital was moved to Moscow, and the Kremlin again becomes a political center.
In March 1918, the Soviet government headed by V. I. Lenin moved to the Kremlin.
Palaces and cavalry corps become his residence and the place of residence of Soviet leaders.
Soon, free access to the territory of the Kremlin for ordinary Muscovites is banned.
Churches are closed, and the Kremlin bells are silent for a long time.
According to the historian V. F. Kozlov, at a meeting of the Moscow City Council, People's commissars were offered three accommodation options: the Noble Women's Institute, the Reserve Palace at the Red Gate and the Kremlin.
At a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars, there were objections to the latter, since the territory of the Moscow Kremlin is a favorite place for Muscovites to walk, and if the government is located there, free access will be limited, or even completely stopped, the closure of the Kremlin cathedrals will cause discontent among believers and the population, and it is not appropriate for the government of the Soviet republic to be located in the residence of the tsars, but the chairman of the VTSIK Ya.
Sverdlov: "Undoubtedly, the bourgeoisie and the bourgeoisie will raise a howl — the Bolsheviks, they say, are desecrating shrines, but this should worry us least of all.
The interests of the proletarian revolution are above prejudice."
The Petrograd Board for the Protection of Ancient Monuments and Art Treasures sent a desperate appeal to the government to leave the Kremlin, because " ...
the occupation of the Kremlin by the government creates a monstrous threat to the integrity of the greatest monuments in their world and exceptional significance."
This appeal (published in 1997 by an employee of the Kremlin museums, T. A. Tutova) was not even considered.
In 1918-1919, under the direction of architect N. V. Markovnikov, the restoration of the walls and towers of the Kremlin took place; I. E. Bondarenko, I. V. Rylsky and D. P. Sukhov took part in the work[38]
During the years of Soviet power, the architectural ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin has suffered significantly.
The author of a study on the destruction of Kremlin monuments during this period, Konstantin Mikhailov, writes in the book "The Destroyed Kremlin" that "in the XX century, the architectural ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin was destroyed by more than half."
On the plans of the Kremlin at the beginning of the XX century, you can distinguish 54 structures that stood inside the Kremlin walls.
More than half of them — 28 buildings no longer exist.
In 1918, with the personal participation of Lenin, the monument to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich was demolished.
In the same year, the monument to Alexander II was destroyed.
In the mid 1920s, the chapels at the gate icons were demolished at the Spasskaya, Nikolskaya and Borovitsky towers.
In 1922, during the campaign to "withdraw church valuables" from the Kremlin cathedrals, more than 300 pounds of silver, more than 2 pounds of gold, thousands of precious stones, and even the cancer of Patriarch Hermogenes from the Assumption Cathedral were seized.
The Grand Kremlin Palace began to be adapted for holding congresses of Soviets and congresses of the Third International, a kitchen was placed in the Golden Chamber, a public dining room was placed in the Faceted One.
The Maly Nikolaevsky Palace turned into a club of employees of Soviet institutions, it was decided to arrange a gym in the Catherine Church of the Ascension Monastery, and a Kremlin hospital in Chudov.
At the end of the 1920s, a large series of demolitions of the ancient buildings of the Kremlin began.
The author of a fundamental study on the Moscow temples "Forty Forty" Peter Palamarchuk estimated that on the eve of 1917, there were 31 churches with 51 thrones in the Moscow Kremlin.
On September 17, 1928, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution defining the terms of demolition of church buildings and ancient structures of the Moscow Kremlin.
Information about the upcoming destruction of monuments reached the Main Science of the People's Commissariat of Education only by mid June 1929.
By that time, the church of Saints Constantine and Elena had already been demolished.
The head of the People's Commissariat of Education, A.V. Lunacharsky, sent a letter to the chairman of the Central Executive Committee and the CEC of the USSR, M. I. Kalinin, condemning the planned demolition and carrying out such a decision bypassing representatives of the scientific community.
At a meeting of the Politburo, this letter was called " anti communist and obscene in tone."
In 1929-1930, two ancient Kremlin monasteries, Chudov and Voznesensky, with all the temples, churches, chapels, necropolises, service buildings, as well as the Small Nicholas Palace adjacent to the Monster Monastery, where the headquarters of the defending junkers was located, were completely demolished.
Thus, the entire eastern part of the Kremlin from Ivanovskaya Square to the Senate Palace was completely ruins until 1932.
At the end of 1932, the building of the military school named after the VTSIK in the neoclassical style was built on the site of the destroyed monuments.
In 1933, the Church of the Annunciation in the Zhitny Dvor, which was attached to the Annunciation Tower in the XVIII century, was broken down.
In the same year, the oldest church in Moscow was destroyed — the Cathedral of the Savior on the Bor, located in the courtyard of the Grand Kremlin Palace.
In 1934, a 5 storey office building was built in its place.
There are not even any foundations left of the temple, with the exception of fragments of the foundation of the western narthex, which was discovered in 1997.
In total, 17 churches with 25 thrones were destroyed during the years of Soviet power.
In addition to the destruction of monuments, some buildings were altered.
The "Red Porch", the grand staircase, along which Russian tsars and emperors passed to the Assumption Cathedral for coronation, was broken at the Faceted Chamber (restored in 1994).
The facade of the Grand Kremlin Palace before the revolution contained 5 white stone bas reliefs in the form of the coat of arms of Russia double — headed eagle and a few small bas reliefs of coats of arms of the historical holdings of the Russian Empire (Moscow, Kazan, Astrakhan, etc.).
After the revolution, they were cut down, the Central place of the eagle took a bas relief of the coat of arms of the Soviet Union, and settled around the letters "C" and "C" to the left and "C" and "R" on the right.
During the restoration of the Grand Kremlin Palace in 1994, all the historical bas reliefs on the facade were recreated.
In the 1920s and 1930s, the premises on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin were also used as residential: the leaders of the Soviet state, the Communist Party, and employees of the Kremlin commandant's office lived in them on quite official grounds.
In 1920, 2,100 people were registered in the Kremlin, by 1935 their number had decreased to 374 people, as of 1939, 31 people lived permanently in the Kremlin, including Stalin, Voroshilov, Molotov, Kaganovich, Mikoyan, Kalinin, Zhdanov, Andreev, Voznesensky, relatives of Lenin, Dzerzhinsky, Ordzhonikidze, etc.
The Kremlin was used as a permanent residence until the end of the 1950s.
The last to move from the Kremlin was K. E. Voroshilov, who lived there with his family until 1962 39][40].
In 1935, the double headed eagles that crowned the main travel towers of the Kremlin: Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Troitskaya and Borovitskaya were replaced with stars made of gilded copper covered with Ural gems.
In 1937, the gem colored stars were replaced with stars made of ruby glass.
The ruby star was also installed for the first time on the Vodovzvodnaya Tower.
During the Great Patriotic War, the Kremlin was disguised in order to avoid its destruction.
The walls were painted with the streets and facades of other buildings, the green roofs were repainted, the ruby stars were extinguished and covered.
The mausoleum was hidden under a two story fake building.
The work was supervised by the architect Boris Mikhailovich Iofan.
The Germans could not carry out targeted bombing of the Kremlin, since the Kremlin visually disappeared.
During the war, 18 high explosive aerial bombs weighing from 50 to 500 kg and about one and a half hundred incendiary bombs were dropped on the territory of the Kremlin and Red Square[41], which did not cause catastrophic destruction.
Since 1955, the Kremlin has been partially open to the public, becoming an open air museum.
Since the same year, a ban on living on the territory of the Kremlin was introduced (the last residents were discharged in 1962) [ In 1967, a monument to V. I. Lenin was opened in the Kremlin (sculptor V. B. Pinchuk, architect S. B. Speransky).
The last major construction of the Kremlin during the years of Soviet power was the Palace of Congresses, built in 1958-1961 according to the project of architects M. V. Posokhin, A.M. Mndoyants, E. N. Stamo, P. P. Shteller and N. M. Shchepetilnikov.
To clear the space for the new building, the old Armory Chamber, the Synodal Administration, the Officers', Kitchen and Grenadier Corps and two of the three Cavalry Corps of the Kremlin were demolished[43].
During the restoration work of the late 1960s and early 1970s, the clay tiles on the Kremlin towers were replaced in many places with metal sheets painted "like tiles".
In addition, in connection with the construction of the memorial "Grave of the Unknown Soldier", part of the surface layer of the wall between the Corner and Middle Arsenal Towers was cut to a depth of 1 m and then laid out again to create a monotonous surface in color and texture, designed to serve as a background for the memorial[44].
In 1990, the Kremlin was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Modernity[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1991, the Kremlin became the residence of the President of Russia.
In the 1990s, large restoration works were carried out on the territory of the Kremlin, as a result of which the Red Porch of the Faceted Chamber was restored, the Alexander and St. Andrew Halls of the Grand Kremlin Palace were restored, the Senate building was restored[45].
In 1996-2000, the Kremlin walls and towers were restored In July 2014, President Vladimir Putin proposed to demolish the 14th administrative building on the Ivanovskaya Square of the Moscow Kremlin and restore the Chudov and Voznesensky monasteries that stood in its place 47].
The architecture of the Kremlin[edit / edit wiki text]
The walls and towers of the Kremlin[edit / edit wiki text]
Main articles: The Kremlin Wall, the Towers of the Moscow Kremlin
The existing walls and towers were built in 1485-1516.
The total length of the walls is 2235 m, the height is from 5 to 19 m, the thickness is from 3.5 to 6.5 m. [48]
In terms of the walls, they form an irregular triangle.
The top of the wall is decorated with teeth in the shape of a swallow's tail, there are 1045 teeth on the top of the wall.
Most of the teeth have slit like loopholes.
Wide embrasures covered with arches are arranged in the walls.
On the outside, the walls are smooth, on the inside they are decorated with arched niches — a traditional technique designed to facilitate and strengthen the structure of the structure.
48].
There are 20 towers along the walls.
3 towers standing in the corners of the triangle have a round cross — section, the rest are square.
The tallest tower is Troitskaya, it has a height of 79.3 m.
Most of the towers are made in the same architectural style, given to them in the second half of the XVII century.
The Nikolskaya Tower stands out from the general ensemble, which was rebuilt in the pseudo Gothic style at the beginning of the XIX century.
In 1485-1516, the construction of the Kremlin walls was led by the Italian architects Anton Fryazin, Marco Fryazin, Pietro Antonio Solari and Aleviz Fryazin the Old.
Brick walls were placed along the line of white stone, with a slight deviation to the outside.
Starting from the Spasskaya Tower, the territory of the Kremlin was enlarged in the eastern direction.
The Tainitskaya Tower was the first to be laid on the south side in 1485, and five years later the entire southern part of the fortress was built.
For the construction of walls and towers, large (30x14x17 cm or 31x15x9 cm) bricks weighing up to 8 kg each were used.
The front walls were laid out of bricks, which were filled with white stone.
The highest walls were erected along the Red Square, where there was no natural water barrier[48].
Spasskaya, Nabatnaya, Konstantino Eleninskaya, Troitskaya, Borovitskaya, Blagoveshchenskaya and Petrovskaya towers had shoots on the walls Initially, there was a through passage through all the towers inside the wall, blocked by cylindrical arches.
Most of the passage was eventually filled up with construction debris, the section between the Konstantino Eleninskaya and the Alarm Towers was preserved.
There were also hiding places and passages under the walls, in some cases going far beyond the line of fortifications 49].
At the beginning of the XVIII century, Neglinnaya was taken further away from the walls.
To install new guns on the towers, loopholes were combed out.
At the same time, the originally existing plank roofs of the walls burned down.
In 1702-1736, a part of the wall was dismantled for the construction of the Arsenal, which was later restored.
In 1771-1773, part of the southern wall between the Beklemishevskaya and Blagoveshchenskaya towers was also dismantled for the construction of the Kremlin Palace according to the project of V. I. Bazhenov, which was later restored.
In 1802-1805, major repairs of the towers were carried out, during which almost all the branch archers were dismantled.
The war of 1812 caused heavy damage to the walls, especially the Nikolskaya Tower, towers and walls along Neglinnaya were affected.
Repairs and restoration of fortifications were carried out from 1817 to 1822.
During the repair work, pseudo Gothic decor details were added to the exterior of the Borovitsky and Vodovzvodnaya towers[49].
In 1866-1870, the restoration of the walls and towers of the Kremlin was carried out by architects N. A. Shokhin, P. A. Gerasimov, F. F. Richter, who sought to give the buildings their original appearance.
During the restoration, pseudo Gothic decorative details disappeared from the Borovitsky Tower, but many elements of the original details of the walls and towers of the Kremlin were lost and replaced with inaccurate copies[49].
The damage to the towers and walls was caused during the alterations of the second half of the XIX century during the adaptation of their premises for household needs[49].
The Nikolskaya and Beklemishevskaya towers, which were damaged during the revolution, were repaired in 1918.
The survey and partial restoration of the walls was carried out in 1931-1936.
In 1935-1937, ruby five pointed stars were installed on the five towers.
The next restoration of the walls and towers of the Kremlin was carried out in 1946-1953, during which the walls were cleaned and repaired, loopholes and parapets were restored, details on a number of towers were revealed, the tops of the Spasskaya, Troitskaya and Nikolskaya towers were covered with sheet copper.
The restoration commission included prominent scientists and restorers: I. E. Grabar, V. N. Lazarev, M. V. Alpatov, P. D. Korin, D. P. Sukhov and others[50].
Vodovzvodnaya Borovitskaya Armory Komendantskaya Troitskaya Kutafya Srednyaya Arsenalnaya
Corner Arsenalnaya Nikolskaya Senatskaya Spasskaya Tsarskaya Nabatnaya Konstantino Eleninskaya
Beklemishevskaya Petrovskaya The second Nameless The First Nameless Taynitskaya Blagoveshchenskaya
Cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin[edit / edit wiki text]
Assumption Cathedral Annunciation Cathedral Archangel Cathedral
The bell tower of Ivan the Great The Church of the Position of the Robe of the Mother of God in Blachernae the Patriarchal Palace and the Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles
Verkhospassky Cathedral Church of the Nativity of the Virgin on the Porch
Palace buildings[edit / edit wiki text]
Grand Kremlin Palace Faceted Chamber Golden Tsaritsyna Chamber
Funny Palace Teremny Palace
Other buildings[edit / edit wiki text]
Arsenal (Tseykhauz) State Kremlin Palace (Palace of Congresses) Senate Palace Armory Chamber 14th building of the Kremlin
Squares and gardens of the Moscow Kremlin[edit / edit wiki text]
Ivanovskaya Square Senatskaya Square
Palace Square Red Square
Cathedral Square Tainitsky Garden and the Grand Kremlin Square
Monuments[edit / edit wiki text]
Tsar Cannon Tsar Bell
Assumption Cathedral
Annunciation Cathedral
Archangel Cathedral
The bell tower of Ivan the Great and the Assumption Belfry
The Church of the Sacrament
Tsar Cannon
Tsar Bell
Vintage cannons
The Arsenal building and old guns
Tainitsky Garden
Armory Chamber
Cathedral Square
Patriarchal Palace with the Church of the Twelve Apostles
Faceted Chamber
The Grand Kremlin Palace
The State Kremlin Palace
View from Ivanovskaya Square
Arsenal Building
Kremlin cathedrals
The Senate Palace
Lost buildings and monuments of the Moscow Kremlin[edit / edit wiki text]
Afanasyevsky monastery Voznesensky monastery Kremlin Kirillovskoe podvorye (podvorye Kirillo Belozersky monastery)[51] The Kremlin Krutitsky compound (the compound of the Krutitsky monastery)[51] Chudov Monastery
Cathedral of the Savior on the Bor Church of the Annunciation in the Zhitny Yard Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker Gostunsky Church of Saints Constantine and Elena Palace of Tsarina Natalia Kirillovna
Maly Nikolaevsky Palace The Old Armory The Lion's Gate Monument to Alexander II Monument to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
Construction of the white stone Kremlin in Moscow.
[Postage stamp using a miniature from the chronicle.]
Organizations that operate in the Kremlin[edit / edit wiki text]
On the territory of the following:
Federal Security Service performs the functions of protecting the highest officials of the state.
The official working office of the President of Russia is located in the Senate Palace and the reserve office is located in the 14th building.
The State Kremlin Palace (the Palace of Congresses) is a venue for various events.
The Grand Kremlin Palace is a venue for official ceremonies (presentation of state awards, credentials, etc.) with the participation of the President of the Russian Federation.
The Russian Orthodox Church uses the Archangel, Annunciation and Assumption Cathedrals and the Church of the Ordination of the Sacrament.
The State Historical and Cultural Museum Reserve "Moscow Kremlin".
The Kremlevsky Food Processing Plant provides state receptions, protocol events and celebrations on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin.
Interesting facts[edit / edit wiki text]
Painting the walls of the Kremlin with red paint (2010)
The Kremlin is the largest preserved and still operating fortress in Europe[52].
The teeth of the Kremlin walls in the form of a "swallow's tail" (merlons) have the same appearance as the distinctive teeth of the castles of the Italian Ghibellines.
According to historical descriptions and paintings, from the early 1680s to the early 1880s, the walls of the Kremlin were painted white[53][54].
Currently, the walls of the Kremlin are periodically tinted with red matte paint.
In 1941, in order to disguise themselves as residential buildings, windows were painted on the walls of the Kremlin.
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Post No. 1 Lenin Mausoleum St. Basil's Cathedral State Historical Museum
Diamond Fund Kremlin Stars Painting of the Golden Chamber of the Kremlin Palace
The Resurrection Gate of the Administration of the territory of China City
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Памятники Monuments of Architecture, 1983, p. 261 ↑ Monuments of Architecture, 1983, p .
23-24, 259-261 ↑ Reference books.
Non preserved architectural monuments: Spasa na Bor Cathedral ↑ Architectural monuments, 1983, p. 263 ↑ Architectural monuments, 1983, p. 265 ↑ 1 2 Architectural monuments, 1983, p. 266 ↑ Ikonnikov, 1978, p. 67 ↑ Architectural Monuments, 1983, pp.
266-267 ↑ Ikonnikov, 1978, pp.
68-71 ↑ 1 2 The time of the grandiose construction of the Kremlin (II half of the XV the beginning of the XVI century).
Museums of the Moscow Kremlin.
Checked on January 12, 2014.
↑ 1 2 3 Architectural Monuments, 1983, p. 268 ↑ Ikonnikov, 1978, p. 72 ↑ Monuments, 1983, p. 267 ^ the Monuments of architecture, 1983, p. 269 ^ the Monuments of architecture, 1983, p. 270, 272 ↑ Monuments, 1983, p. 272 ↑ 1 2 Kudryavtsev M. P. Project of the Royal chambers of the Kremlin in axonometric drawing of the XVII century // New attribution.
— M.: Iskusstvo, 1987.
— S. 79-93.
Памятники Monuments of Architecture, 1983, p .
271-272 ↑ Monuments of Architecture, 1983, p. 276 ↑ 1 2 Monuments of architecture, 1983, p. 285 ↑ 1 2 The center of Moscow of the Mother See (XVIII century).
Museums of the Moscow Kremlin.
Checked on January 12, 2014.
↑ Monuments, 1983, p. 289 ^ the Monuments of architecture, 1983, p. 290 ^ the Monuments of architecture, 1983, p. 291-293 ↑ Monuments, 1983, p. 293 ^ the Monuments of architecture, 1983, p. 293-294 ↑ 1 2 3 Monuments, 1983, p. 344 ↑ Ikonnikov, 1978, p. 80 ↑ 1 2 Monuments, 1983, p. 294 ↑ Ikonnikov, 1978, p. 26 Памятники Architectural monuments, 1983, p. 295 ↑ Vaskin A. A. Moscow of 1812 through the eyes of Russians and the French.
- M., 2012.
- 528 p. Памятники Monuments of Architecture, 1983, p. 296 ↑ 1 2 3 Monuments of Architecture, 1983, p. 297 ↑ Monuments of Architecture, 1983, p .
297-298 ↑ Ikonnikov, 1978, p. 76 ↑ 1 2 Monuments of Architecture, 1983, p. 298 ↑ Architecture of Moscow 1910-1935 / Komech A. I., Bronovitskaya A. Yu., Bronovitskaya N. N.-M.: Art XXI century, 2012.
- p. 255-260 — - 356 p — - (Monuments of architecture of Moscow).
- 2500 copies.
— ISBN 978-5-98051-101-2.
Алексей Alexey BOGOMOLOV.
How the Kremlin was settled.
Komsomolskaya Pravda in Ukraine (14.06.2011).
Verified on February 1, 2014.
Александр Alexander Kolesnichenko.
The secret history of the Kremlin: how its walls were demolished and a kindergarten was built.
Arguments and facts (17/06/2009).
Verified on February 1, 2014.
Девя Devyatov S. V., Zhilyaev V. I., Kaikova O. K.
The Moscow Kremlin during the Great Patriotic War.
Moscow, ed. "Kuchkovo field", 2010.
p. 90-91 ↑ V. Snegirev.
Behind the wall "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" No. 3826, July 21, 2005 ↑ Architectural monuments, 1983, p. 299 ↑ Schenkov A. S., Pavlova M. P. Restoration of the walls of the Moscow Kremlin in the XX century ↑ The twentieth century.
Museums of the Moscow Kremlin.
Checked on January 12, 2014.
Стены The walls and towers of the Moscow Kremlin — the latest restoration.
Central scientific and restoration design workshops.
Checked on January 12, 2014.
Putin proposed to restore the Chudov and Voznesensky monasteries.
Lenta.ru.
Checked on August 3, 2014.
↑ 1 2 3 4 Architectural monuments, 1983, p. 300 ↑ 1 2 3 4 Architectural monuments, 1983, p. 301 ↑ Architectural monuments, 1983, p. 302 ↑ 1 2 Zabelin I. E.
History of the city of Moscow.
An essay by Ivan Zabelin.
Written on behalf of the Moscow City Duma.
- M., 1905.
Тайны Secrets of the Moscow Kremlin ↑ Artemiy Lebedev.
The White Kremlin ↑ Kuindzhi Arkhip Ivanovich.
"Moscow.
View of the Moskvoretsky Bridge, the Kremlin and St. Basil's Cathedral"
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Tikhomirov N. Ya., Ivanov V. N.
The Moscow Kremlin: The History of Architecture / Ed. by A. D. Kudryavtsev; Design and layout of the artist A. F. Serebryakov.
- Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1967 — - 260 p — - 30,000 copies.
Antiquities of the Moscow Kremlin: A Collection of articles / Ed.
N. N. Voronin, M. G. Rabinovich; Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
- M.: Nauka, 1971 — - 296, [18] p.
— (Materials and research on the archeology of the USSR, No. 167; Materials and research on the archeology of Moscow, vol. IV).
- 17,000 copies.
Libson V. Ya., Domshlak M. I., Arenkova Yu.
I., etc.
The Kremlin.
China city.
Central squares / / Monuments of architecture of Moscow.
- Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1983.
- pp.
257-345 — - 504 p. — 25,000 copies.
Ikonnikov A.V.
The Stone Chronicle of Moscow: A guide.
- Moscow: Moskovsky rabochy, 1978.
- p. 26. - 352 p. Fabricius M. P. Kremlin in Moscow.
Essays and pictures of the past and present.
- Moscow: Edition of T. I. Hagen, 1883 — - 334 p. Fedorov B. N. Moscow Kremlin.
- L., Artist of the RSFSR, 1975.
(Series "Monuments of Russian cities").
Mikhailov K. The destroyed Kremlin.
- Moscow: Yauza, Eksmo, 2007.
(Series "Moscow, which we lost").
History of Russian Art, vol. 1 / Ed. by M. M. Rakova, I. V. Ryazantsev; Order of Lenin Academy of Arts of the USSR, Research Institute of Theory and History of Fine Arts.
- Moscow: Fine Art, 1979.
- 360 p — - 40,000 copies.
Falkovsky N. I. Moscow in the history of technology.
- Moscow: Moskovsky Rabochy, 1950.
pp.
9-25.
The Kremlin.
read Catherine Merridale.
Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin.
- Metropolitan Books, 2013.
- 506 p. Bartenev S. P.
The Moscow Kremlin in the old days and now.
In 2 books M., 1912-1916.
Book 1.
A historical sketch of the Kremlin fortifications.
Book 2.
The Sovereign's court in the Moscow Kremlin.
House of Rurikovich.
Vol. 1. M., 1912.
Vol. 2. M., 1916.
Devyatov S. V. Moscow Kremlin.
M., Kuchkovo field, 2010.
472 p. Devyatov S. V. Red Square, Moscow, Kuchkovo Field, 2013.
336 p. Devyatov S. V., Zhuravleva E. V.
The Moscow Kremlin at the turn of the Millennium.
Ed. 4th, ispr.
and pererab .
M., Monuments of historical thought, 2010.
509 p. Devyatov S. V., Zhilyaev V. I., Kaikova O. K.
The Moscow Kremlin during the Great Patriotic War.
Moscow, ed. "Kuchkovo field", 2010.
332 p. Vyueva N. A., Devyatov S. V., Demin N. A., Zhilyaev V. I., Kaikova O. K.
The Grand Kremlin Palace.
Ed. 2, corrected.
and add.
M., Planet.
2010.
416 p. Veltman A. F. Memorabilia of the Moscow Kremlin.
M., type.
N. Stepanov, 1843.
79 p.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Portal "Moscow" The Moscow Kremlin in Wiktionary?
The Moscow Kremlin in Wikicitatnik?
The Moscow Kremlin on Wikimedia Commons?
The Moscow Kremlin in Vikinovosti?
The Moscow Kremlin in Wikigide?
The Moscow Project
UNESCO World Heritage Site No. 545
rus.
• eng.
* fr.
Website of the museum of the reserve "Moscow Kremlin" N. A. Naydenov.
Moscow.
Cathedrals, monasteries and churches, part I: The Kremlin and Kitay Gorod, Moscow: 1883. (electronic copy of the photo album)
Photos of the interiors of the Moscow Kremlin in 1896 The lost buildings of the Moscow Kremlin Moscow tourist portal.
The Moscow Kremlin (Russian) (English) (German) A walk through the Moscow Kremlin The first spherical video of the Moscow Kremlin
Moscow Kremlin Administrative buildings
and museums The Grand Kremlin Palace | Faceted Chamber | Teremny Palace | Funny Palace | Patriarchal Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles | State Kremlin Palace | Senate Palace | Old Armory Building† / Arsenal (Tseykhauz) | Armory Chamber | Diamond Fund | 14th building† | Golden Tsaritsyna Chamber / Maly Nikolaevsky Palace† Monuments Tsar Bell | Tsar Cannon / Monument to Alexander II† / Monument to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich± ± / Monument to V. I. Lenin± Squares and Gardens Cathedral Square | Ivanovskaya Square | Tainitsky Garden | Senate Square | Palace Square Cathedrals and monasteries Assumption Cathedral | Archangel Cathedral | Annunciation Cathedral | Ivan the Great Bell Tower
| Patriarchal Palace and Church of the Twelve Apostles | Church of the Ordination | Verkhospassky Cathedral and Terem churches | Cathedral of the Savior on the Bor† / Chudov Monastery† | Ascension Monastery† | Church of the Nativity of the Virgin on the Porch / Church of Saints Constantine and Elena† | Church of the Annunciation on the Zhitny Yard† |Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist on the Bor† / Sretensky Cathedral† Attractions Walls of the Moscow Kremlin | Towers of the Moscow Kremlin | Coat of Arms Tower† | Necropolis at the Kremlin Wall | Kremlin stars | Kremlin Clock Notes: † - has not been preserved to this day * ≠ — was destroyed and recreated again * ± — moved to another place
Towers of the Moscow Kremlin
Vodovzvodnaya | Borovitskaya | Armory | Komendantskaya | Troitskaya | Kutafya | Srednaya Arsenalnaya | Ugolovaya Arsenalnaya | Nikolskaya | Senatskaya | Spasskaya | Tsarskaya | Nabatnaya | Konstantino Eleninskaya | Beklemishevskaya | Petrovskaya | The Second Nameless | The First Nameless | Taynitskaya | Blagoveshchenskaya
Rings of Moscow
Historical walls and ramparts: Kremlin • Kitay Gorod • Bely Gorod • Zemlyanoy Gorod • Kamer Kollezhsky Val
Automobile rings: Boulevard Ring • Garden Ring • Third Transport Ring • Fourth transport Ring • MKAD
Metro: The Ring line of the metro • The third transfer circuit (project) * The Big ring of the metro (project)
Railway transport: Small ring of MZhD • Large ring of MZhD
Ground public transport: Trolleybus # B • Tram # A (now incomplete)
Ring roads of the Moscow region: A107 Moscow Small Ring • A108 Moscow Big Ring • Central Ring Road (project)
Rings of skyscrapers : Stalin's Skyscrapers • The New Ring of Moscow (project)
Other rings: Defense: Golden Ring of Air Defense; * electric power industry: Moscow Electric Power Ring
UNESCO World Heritage in Russia
Natural: Virgin forests of Komi | Baikal | Volcanoes of Kamchatka | Golden Mountains of Altai | Western Caucasus | Central Sikhote Alin | Ubsunur basin | Wrangel Island | Putorana Plateau | Lena pillars
Cultural: The Moscow Kremlin and Red Square | The historical center of St. Petersburg and related monument complexes | Kizhi / Solovetsky Islands | Historical monuments of Veliky Novgorod and the surrounding area | White stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal | Trinity Sergius Lavra | Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye | Kazan Kremlin | Ferapontov Monastery | Curonian Spit | Citadel, old town and fortifications of Derbent | Novodevichy Monastery | Historical center of Yaroslavl | Struve Arc | Bulgar
Kremlins
World Heritage Sites: Moscow | Novgorod | Kazan | Suzdal | Yaroslavsky | Solovetsky
Mostly or completely preserved: Astrakhan | Verkhotursky | Zaraisky | Izborsky | Nizhny Novgorod | Porkhovsky | Pskov | Staroladozhsky | Tobolsk | Tula | Alexandrovsky | Rostov
Partially or fragmentally preserved: Vladimirsky | Vologda | Vyazemsky | Gdovsky | Kolomenskiy | Mozhaisk | Serpukhov | Smolensky | Syzransky
Only the ramparts have been preserved: Belozersky | Bryansky | Velikoluksky | Vereysky | Volokolamsk | Galich | Gorodetsky | Dmitrovsky | Dorogobuzhsky | Zvenigorodsky | Zubtsovsky | Karachevsky | Kashinsky | Kleshchinsky | Meshchovsky | Mikulinsky | Mosalsky | Mstislavlsky (Vladimir region) | Mtsensky | Novosilsky | Odoevsky | Opochetsky | Peremyshlsky (Kaluga region) | Peremyshlsky (Moscow region) / Pereslavsky | Radonezh | Romanovsky | Roslavl | Rostislavl Ryazan | Ruzsky | Rylsky | Rurikovo settlement | Ryazan | Sevsky | Serpeysky | Soligalichsky | Old Ryazan | Staritsky | Torzhoksky / Toropetsky | Truvorovo settlement | Uglichsky | Yuryevetsky | Yuryev Polsky
Lost: Aleksinsky | Bezhetsky | Belgorod | Borovsky | Voronezh | Yeletsky | Irkutsk | Kaluga | Kostroma | Kursk | Murom | Orlovsky | Pronsky | Rzhevsky | Sebezhsky | Solikamsk | Starodubsky | Tarussky | Tverskoy | Khlynovsky | Cheboksary | Cherdynsky | Ufa | Kholmogorsky | Shuisky
Historical localities and districts in Moscow Historical localities Right Bank
rivers of Moscow:
Babiy gorodok • Berezhki • Vorobyovy Gory • Danilovka • Dorogomilovo • Zamoskvorechye • Kadashi • Kanatchikovo • Tanners • Boilers • Red meadow • Poklonnaya Gora • Potylikha • Setun • Tatarskaya sloboda
Island:
Balchug • Bersenevka • Swamp • Gardeners
The left bank
rivers of Moscow
before Yauza:
Balkan • Borovitsky hill • Butyrki • Butyrsky farm • Vagankovo • Vasilievsky meadow • Vsekhsvyatskaya grove • Devichye field • Ermakova grove • Zhabensky meadow • Zaneglimenye • Zaryadye • Ivanovskaya hill • Kashenkin meadow • Koshelnaya Sloboda • Krasnoe Selo • Kulishki • Kuchkovo field • Luzhniki • Likhobory • Miuses • Novinskoye • Oktyabrskoye field • Printers • Podkopaevo • Presnya • Samoteka • Serebryanyki • Serebryany Bor • Straw lodge • Sushchevo • Syromyatniki • Testovo • Three mountains • Usachevka • Khamovniki • Khitrovka • Khodynskoye field • Church hill • Shiryaevo field • Yamskoye field
The left bank
rivers of Moscow
beyond the Yauza:
Arbatets • Annengofskaya grove • Blagusha • Vvedenskiye gory • Elokhovo • Zayauzye • Krasny Kholm • Lefortovo • Moose Island • German settlement • Pererva • Pokrovskoe Rubtsovo • Matting • Simonovo • Sokolinaya Gora • Sukino Swamp • Taganka • Tyufeleva grove • Shvivaya hill
Historical districts Areas within
historical walls
and shafts:
Kremlin • Kitay Gorod • B ely gorod (within the Boulevard Ring) * Earthen City (within the Garden Ring) • the territory within the Chambers of the Collegiate Shaft
Historical districts,
named by
localities:
Alekseevskoe • Brattsevo • Butovo • Dangaurovka • Dubrovka • Izmailovo • Karacharovo • Kudrino • Medvedkovo • Tushino • Fili • Cherkizovo • Chertanovo
Areas of mass
residential development:
Alyoshkino • Babushkin • Beskudnikovo • Bibirevo • Biryulyovo • Veshnyaki Vladychino • Volkhonka ZIL • Golyanovo • Degunino • Ivanovo • Lenino Dacha • Medvedkovo • New Kuzminki • Orekhovo Borisovo • Otradnoye • Sandy streets • Tushino • Fili Mazilovo • Khimki Khovrino • Khoroshevo Mnevniki • Southwest: Belyaevo Bogorodskoe • Davydkovo • Zyuzino • Konkovo Village • Matveevskoe • New Cheryomushki • Teply Stan • Troparevo • Cheryomushki • Chertanovo • Yasenevo • Yuzhnoye Izmailovo
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow Kremlin&oldid=75399411"
Categories: Objects of cultural heritage of Russia World heritage alphabetically Rings of Moscow World Heritage in Russia Moscow Kremlin Kremlins Fortresses of Moscow Historical districts in Moscow Official residences of heads of state
Hidden categories: Articles requiring clarification of sources Wikipedia:Articles with non working links since April 2015 Articles with links to Wiktionary Articles with links to Wikicitatnik Articles with links to Wikinews Articles with links to Wikigid Articles with links to projects
Navigation
Personal Tools
You did not introduce yourself to the system Discussion Contribution Create an account Log in
Namespaces
Article Discussion
Variants
Views
Read Edit Edit wiki text History
More
Search
Navigation
Title Page Heading Index A Z Selected articles Random article Current Events
Participation
Report a bug Community Portal Forum Recent edits New pages Help Donations
Tools
Links Here Related Edits Special Pages Permalink Page Information Wikidata element Quote Page
Print/Export
Create a book Download as PDF Printable version
In other projects
Wikinovosti Wikicitatnik
In other languages
Afrikaans العربية مəرى Azərbaycanca Belarusian Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) Bulgarian Català Čeština Cushla Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego עברית Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Ido Italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 Kurdî Kyrgyzcha Latina Komi Latviešu Lietuvių Macedonian Bahasa Melayu മലയാളം مازِرونی Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Sardu Scots Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski Simple English Slovenčina Slovenscina Srpski / Svenska தமிழ் srpski Toикikӣ Ukrainska O'zbekcha / ўzbekcha TiếNg ViệT Winaray 中文文
Edit links
Last modified on this page: 14: 16, December 29, 2015.
The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike license; in some cases, additional conditions may apply.
For more information, see Terms of use.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the non profit organization Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
Contact us
Privacy Policy Wikipedia Description Disclaimer Developers Mobile Version
