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Moscow Kremlin
The Moscow Kremlin is a large architectural complex, a fortress, the historical center of Moscow, located on the left bank of the Moskva River, on Borovitsky Hill, the most ancient part of the city, currently the residence of the highest state authorities of Russia and one of the main historical and artistic complexes of the country.
It is administratively located in the CAO, it is allocated as an independent administrative unit.
The first settlements on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin belong to the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC).
A Finno Ugric settlement dating back to the Early Iron Age (2nd half of the 1st millennium BC) was found near the modern Archangel Cathedral.
Initially, the Kremlin served as a fortification of the Slavic settlement that arose on the Borovitsky Hill, a cape at the confluence of the river.
Neglinnaya to the Moscow River.
The first chronicle mention of Moscow dates back to 1147.
In 1156, the first fortifications with a total length of about 700 meters were built on the territory of the modern Kremlin.
Since 1264, the residence of the princes of Moscow.
In the Kremlin there was the oldest Moscow church the Cathedral of the Savior on the Bor, or the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior "what's on the Bor", built by 1330, for the millennium of Constantinople — "New Rome".
The church was destroyed in 1933.
Moscow princes and princesses were buried here, until the role of the tomb was transferred to the Archangel Cathedral for men and the Ascension Monastery (also destroyed) for women.
After the establishment of the Novospassky Monastery at the end of the XV century, the Cathedral of the Savior on Bor received the status of a court church.
As a result of the construction of the Kremlin Palace in the 1830s 1840s, the Church of the Savior was inscribed in the courtyard of the Palace.
Another ancient building was the Chudov Monastery, founded by Metropolitan Alexy in 1365, which was located in the eastern part of the Kremlin territory, adjacent to the Ascension Monastery.
It was named after the Church of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael in Honekh, which later became the tomb of Metropolitan Alexy.
In 1483, the Alexievskaya Church was built on the territory of the monastery.
By order of Archimandrite Gennady of Chudovsky, the relics of Metropolitan Alexy were transferred to it.
In 1501-1503, the ancient church of St. Michael the Archangel was replaced by a temple built by Italian craftsmen.
At the beginning of the XX century, a tomb was built in the basement of the Alexievskaya Church, where the remains of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, who died in the Kremlin in 1905 at the hands of terrorists, were buried.
The crypt of the Grand Duke was located under the floor, just under the shrine of St. Alexy.
In 1929, all the buildings of the Chudov Monastery were demolished.
In the XIV century, the territory of the Kremlin expanded, it was surrounded by oak walls, which in 1367 were replaced by walls and towers made of white stone (according to archeology, the towers and the most important parts of the wall were stone, from where there was the greatest danger of an assault).
In the second half of the XV century, the Moscow Kremlin was rebuilt with the participation of Italian architects and acquired to a large extent its modern appearance.
The center of it was the Cathedral Square with the Assumption Cathedral (1475-79), the Annunciation Cathedral (1484-89), the Faceted Chamber (1487-91), the Archangel Cathedral (1505-08) — (the tomb of Russian princes and tsars) and the bell tower of Ivan the Great…
In 1485-95, under Ivan III, the fortifications of the Kremlin were rebuilt.
New walls and towers, taller and thicker than the previous ones, are faced with red brick.
In 1508-16, a moat was dug on the site of the modern Red Square, water was supplied to it from the river.
Neglinnaya.
The Kremlin becomes an impregnable fortress, surrounded by water from all sides…
In the XVII XIX there is an active construction of secular buildings, and the Kremlin Ensemble receives a logical conclusion.
In 1635-36, the Terem Palace was built, adjacent to the Faceted Chamber.
In the XVII century, the Kremlin towers received tiered and hipped finishes, acquiring a modern appearance.
..
The construction of a Large Arsenal Building dates back to 1702-36 (architects D. Ivanov, H. Konrad with the participation of M. I. Tchoglokov).
In 1776-87, the Senate building (architect Matvey Kazakov).
In 1812, Moscow and the Kremlin were captured by the army of Napoleon.
Retreating, Napoleon ordered the Kremlin buildings to be mined and blown up.
Despite the fact that most of the charges did not explode, the damage was significant.
Vodozvodnaya, Petrovskaya and the First Unnamed towers were blown up, the Arsenal Tower was seriously damaged, and the extensions to the Ivan the Great bell tower were also damaged.
It took 20 years to restore the destruction, from 1815 to 1836.
In the middle of the XVIII century, the idea of building the Grand Kremlin Palace, located on the southern slope of the Kremlin hill along the river, arose.
At various times, its projects were developed by architects V. I. Bazhenov, M. F. Kazakov, A. N. Lviv, V. P. Stasov.
But only the project of K. A. Ton in 1839-49 was destined to be realized.
According to his project, the Armory building was built in 1844-51.
With the advent of Soviet power, the Kremlin became one of the symbols of the new system.
In 1935-37, the double — headed eagles that crowned the main towers of the Kremlin: Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Troitskaya, Borovitskaya and Vodovzvodnaya were replaced with stars made of ruby glass with a diameter of 3-3.75 meters.
In 1959-61, the Kremlin Palace of Congresses (now the State Kremlin Palace) was built.
Since 1955, the Kremlin has been open to the public, becoming an open air museum.
In 1990, the Kremlin was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The architecture of the Kremlin
The existing walls and towers were built in 1485-95.
The total length of the walls is 2235 m, height from 5 to 19 m, thickness - from 3.5 to 6.5 m.
In the plan, the walls form an irregular triangle.
There are 20 towers along the walls.
3 towers standing in the corners of the triangle have a round cross — section, the rest are square.
The highest tower is Spasskaya, it has a height of 71 m.
Most of the towers are made in the same architectural style, given to them in the second half of the XVII century.
The Nikolskaya Tower stands out from the general ensemble, which was rebuilt in the Gothic style at the beginning of the XIX century.
Cathedral Square
Sobornaya Square is the historical and architectural center of the Kremlin.
Its layout was formed in the XIV XV centuries, when the first churches that have not survived to this day were erected on the site of the now existing Assumption, Archangel and Annunciation cathedrals.
The current appearance of the square was formed during the XVI century, when the old cathedrals were rebuilt, the Faceted Chamber and the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great were erected.
The buildings of the Cathedral Square were built with the participation of Italian architects, so its appearance was greatly influenced by the architecture of the Italian Renaissance.
The faceted board is built in the style of a Florentine palazzo, the techniques characteristic of this style are also used in the processing of the facade of the Archangel Cathedral.
Many historical events are connected with the Cathedral Square: foreign ambassadors were received in the Faceted Chamber, zemstvo councils were held.
The Assumption Cathedral hosted the coronations of Russian tsars and emperors, and the Archangel Cathedral served as their tomb.
Cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin
Assumption Cathedral Annunciation Cathedral Archangel Cathedral Church of St. John the Ladder and the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great Church of the Position of the Robe of the Mother of God in Blachernae Patriarchal Palace and the Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles Verkhospassky Cathedral and Terem churches Administrative buildings and museums Senate Palace Administrative Building (14th building) Arsenal (Tseykhhaus) The Funny Palace The State Kremlin Palace The Grand Kremlin Palace the Terem Palace The Armory Chamber the Faceted Chamber The Church of the Nativity of the Virgin on the Porch The Golden Tsaritsyna Chamber
Squares and gardens of the Moscow Kremlin
Ivanovskaya Square Senatskaya Square Sobornaya Square Tainitsky Garden Bolshoi Kremlin Square
Monuments
Tsar Cannon Tsar Bell
Destroyed monuments of the Moscow Kremlin
Cathedral of the Savior on the Bor Chudov Monastery Voznesensky Monastery Afanasyevsky Monastery Maly Nikolaevsky Palace Church of the Annunciation Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker Gostunsky (existed as a separate building until 1817) Church of Saints Constantine and Elena Old Armory Monument to Alexander II Monument to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
Holy places of the Russian Orthodox Church
Moscow Kremlin Trinity Sergius Lavra Kiev Pechersk Lavra Diveevsky Monastery Optina pustyn
Organizations that operate in the Kremlin
On the territory of the following:
Federal Security Service performs the functions of protecting the highest officials of the state.
The official workplace of the President is the Kremlin.
The State Kremlin Palace is a venue for various events.
The Russian Orthodox Church uses the Archangel Cathedral, the Annunciation Cathedral, the Assumption Cathedral, the Church of the Ordination of the Sacrament.
The State Historical and Cultural Museum Reserve "Moscow Kremlin" - Director Gagarina, Elena Yuryevna.
Organizes excursions around the Kremlin.
Contains cultural buildings.
It was created on March 10, 1806.
Materials for downloading
Russian Kremlins (*. doc) The Moscow Kremlin (*. doc)
Map of the Moscow Kremlin
Map of the Moscow Kremlin with a description
The Kremlin the President's House
Portrait of Dmitry Medvedev
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