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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart abstract
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REPORT
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
(1756-1791)
completed
a student of the 5th grade of DMSH No. 6
Julia Sablina
P. I. Tchaikovsky wrote in one of his diaries: "In my deep conviction, Mozart is the highest, culminating point to which beauty reached in the field of music.
No one made me cry, tremble with delight, from the knowledge of my closeness to something that we call an ideal, like him.
In Mozart, I love everything, because we love everything in a person whom we really love.
Most of all, "Don Juan", because thanks to him I learned what music is."
"Eternal sunshine in music, your name is Mozart," A. G. Rubinstein exclaimed in his book "Music and Its Representatives".
If, following the example of Goethe, we assume that great people owe their talent and intelligence to their mother, then in the case of Mozart, this is not the case, because "Maria Anna Mozartova" does not rise above the average level of abilities of her sex in any respect.
The only bright feature of her nature that has passed to her son is a truly Salzburg tendency to the crudely comic.
His father, Leopold Mozart, was a violinist, organist, teacher and composer, originally from the German city of Auxburg.
The school of violin playing, published by Leopold Mozart, was popular not only in Austria and Germany, but also in other countries, including Russia.
He worked as a court musician and valet for the Salzburg grandee Count Thurn, and then (from the beginning of the forties of the XVIII century) he entered the palace as a violinist
the orchestra of the Archbishop of Salzburg.
Of the seven children from this marriage, only two survived: a daughter, Maria Anna, born on July 30, 1751, who was called Nannerl in the family, and a son, Wolfgang, born on January 27, 1756.
His birth almost cost his mother her life; it was very long before she was able to recover from the weakness that caused fears for her life.
The daughter showed such a great musical talent that her father began to study with her on the keyboard at an early age.
This made a great impression on the boy, who was about three years old.
He also sat down at the keyboard and could amuse himself for a long time by picking up the thirds.
When he found them, he happily repeated the consonances.
He memorized individual passages of musical pieces that he heard.
He was four years old when his father, as if starting a weighty game, began to learn some menue and other pieces with him on the clavier.
In a short time, he was able to play them with the highest purity and in the strictest rhythm.
Soon, the desire for independent creativity was awakened in him.
Five year old Wolfgang composed small plays that he played to his father and asked him to write them down on paper.
By the age of six, the little musician was performing complex virtuoso works.
Parents did not have to beg their son to sit down at the instrument.
On the contrary, they persuaded him to stop studying so that he would not overwork himself.
During this time, unnoticed even by his father, the boy mastered playing the violin and organ.
The father and his friends never ceased to be surprised at such an incredibly fast development of the child.
Leopold Mozart did not want Wolfgang's life to be as hard and monotonous as his own.
After all, despite his many years of backbreaking work, the Mozart family led a modest lifestyle, often did not even have the means to pay off debts.
Leopold Mozart was constrained and limited by his dependent position as a court musician.
Therefore, the son's so early matured talent gives rise to the hope of arranging his life in a different way more interesting and secure.
The father decides to take the boy and his talented sister on a concert trip.
A six year old musician goes to conquer the world!
Anna Maria Mozart, the composer's mother
The Mozart family visited first Munich, Vienna, and then the largest cities in Europe Paris, London.
In London, Wohl fgang became closely acquainted with the famous musician Johann Christian Bach - the youngest son of the great composer Johann Sebastian Bach.
Despite the age difference, Bach had long conversations with him about music, introduced him to his works and to the works of the great masters of the present and the past, played with Mozart in four hands; in addition, they both improvised.
Mozart's family lived in London for more than a year, during which time the children gave many concerts, both for the general public and at the royal court.
But this did not end the concert triumphs.
Having received an invitation from the Netherlands, the Mozarts visited The Hague, Amsterdam and other cities.
They spent nine months in Holland.
During this time, Mozart wrote many new works; among them one symphony, six sonatas for harpsichord and violin, a collection of harpsichord capriccios.
Wolfgang's program was striking in its variety and difficulty.
The little virtuoso played the harpsichord alone and in four hands with his sister.
He performed no less complex works on the violin and organ.
He improvised (composed and performed at the same time) to a given melody, accompanied the singers with unfamiliar works.
Wolfgang was called "the miracle of the XVIII century".
She hired a distinguished audience and the appearance of a small virtuoso.
The boy was small, thin, pale.
Dressed in a heavy, gold embroidered court suit, with a curled and powdered wig, as required by fashion, he looked like a magic doll.
For fun, the listeners forced the child to play on the keys with a covered towel or a handkerchief, to perform difficult passages with one finger.
A favorite entertainment of the audience was to test his subtlest hearing.
Wolfgang caught the difference between intervals of one eighth of a tone, determined the pitch of the sound taken on any instrument or sounding object.
All this was very tiring, especially since the concerts at that time lasted four or five hours.
Despite this, the father tried to continue his son's education.
He introduced him to the best works of musicians of that time, took him to concerts, to the opera, studied composition with him.
In Paris, Wolfgang wrote his first sonatas for violin and piano, and in London symphonies, the performance of which gave his concerts even greater fame.
The little virtuoso and composer finally conquered Europe.
The famous, happy, but tired Mozart family returned to their native Salzburg.
It was 1766.
But the long awaited rest did not last long.
Leopold Mozart wanted to consolidate the brilliant success of his son and began to prepare him for new performances.
Intensive composition classes and work on concert programs began.
Meanwhile, there were orders for new works, and the little composer, along with adults, was composing music intensively.
So, the Vienna Opera House commissioned him a comic opera "The Imaginary Simpleton", and he successfully coped with this new complex genre for himself.
Rehearsals with the theater's artists foreshadowed success.
But this first operatic work of Mozart was not staged on the Viennese stage, despite the persistent efforts of his father.
Wolfgang was having a hard time with his first failure.
The envy and the unfavorable attitude of the musicians towards their twelve year old rival began to affect.
For them, Wolfgang ceased to be a miracle child and turned into a serious, already famous composer.
Envious people were afraid to fade in the rays of his glory.
His father decided to take Wolfgang to Italy.
He was sure that by conquering the Italians with his extraordinary talent, his son would win a worthy place in life.
The Mozarts, this time together, went to Italy, the birthplace of opera.
For three years (1770-1773), father and son visited the largest cities of this country Rome, Milan, Naples, Venice, Florence.
For the second time in his life, Wolfgang, now a four year old musician, experienced a triumph.
His concerts were a tremendous success.
The complexity and variety of these performances were amazing.
Again, he performed as a virtuoso harpsichordist (especially the extraordinary mobility of his left hand amazed everyone) and as an accompanist, as a violinist and organist.
In addition, Mozart played the organ in churches, monasteries, cathedrals.
His concerts attracted such a huge number of listeners that he was helped to pave the way to the place of concerts by force.
This was supplemented by performances as a conductor, an improviser singer.
The concert program was often entirely composed of the works of the artist himself.
The Milan Opera House, the largest theater in the world, known for its wonderful, famous singers, commissioned Mozart's opera "Mithridates, King of Pontus".
In six months, Wolfgang wrote this complex work, brilliantly coping with his task.
The opera was performed twenty times in a row with a neo weakening success and led to a new explosion of admiration and surprise for the brilliant boy.
Mozart received orders for a new opera ("Lucius Sulla") and other works.
The Italians were also impressed by Wolfgang's fantastically fine hearing, his brilliant memory.
While in Rome in the Sistine Chapel during the performance of a multi voice choral work, Mozart remembered it and, when he came home, recorded it.
This work was considered the property of the church and was performed only twice a year.
It was forbidden to take out the notes from the church or to copy them under pain of severe punishment.
But the church also retreated before the wonderful musician: after all, Mozart could not stand the notes and did not copy them, he only remembered!
The election of Wolfgang as a member of the Bologna Academy was an even more unusual fact.
His short studies with the famous Italian theorist and composer Padre Martini led to amazing results.
In half an hour, the brilliant boy wrote a very difficult polyphonic composition.
For the first time in the Academy's history, such a young composer became a member of it.
Mozart's talent won another brilliant victory.
During his stay in Italy, Mozart significantly expanded and enriched his knowledge.
The works of famous Italian composers, painters, sculptors left a strong impression on the enterprising boy.
Especially often he attended operas, concerts, folk festivals, carefully studied the manner of Italian singing, instrumental and vocal music.
His symphonies, operas and many other works written in Italy and later testify to the deep penetration of the young composer into the character and structure of Italian music
Wolfgang's success exceeded all his father's expectations.
Now, it seemed to him, he would arrange the fate of his son, reliably ensure his existence.
His son will not lead the boring life of a provincial musician in Salzburg, where there is not even an opera house, where musical interests are so limited.
But these hopes were not destined to be realized.
All the attempts of the young musician, whose name was on everyone's lips, to find a job in Italy were unsuccessful.
No one from the important and all - powerful nobility was able to really appreciate the brilliant young man like a child's miracle once.
Italians were alarmed by the originality of Mozart's talent, the seriousness and thoughtfulness of his music, the deviation from entrenched tastes.
I had to return home, to a dull everyday environment.
The glory just experienced made the return journey even more joyless.
The fun is tired, the hobby has passed.
Mozart was soon forgotten.
He has never been to Italy again.
A difficult but happy childhood and youth are over.
A life full of creative achievements and unfulfilled hopes began.
The hometown met the famous travelers unfriendly.
By this time, the old prince, who was condescending to the long absences of the Mozarts, had died.
The new ruler of Salzburg, Count Koloredo, turned out to be an overbearing and cruel man.
In the young musician, whom he appointed as the conductor of his orchestra, the count immediately felt the independence of thoughts, intolerance of rude treatment.
Therefore, he used any excuse to offend the young man.
From his servants, who Mozart was in his eyes, Coloredo demanded complete submission.
Old Mozart, seeing the hopelessness of the situation, persuaded his son to accept and submit.
Wolfgang couldnot have done it.
The position of a servant offended him.
And the composition of church music, which the count was particularly fond of, did not satisfy him with small entertaining works.
He dreamed of composing an opera, of a life full of interesting, serious music, of sensitive, responsive listeners.
With the greatest difficulty, having received a vacation, Wolfgang goes with his mother to Paris.
He is already 22 years old.
Will they really not want to remember the miracle of the child in France?
Moreover, his talent has grown and strengthened over the years.
He has already written about three hundred works in a variety of genres.
He has earned recognition in Italy!
But there was no place for Mozart in Paris either.
His attempts to arrange a concert or get an order for an opera were unsuccessful.
He lived in a modest hotel room and earned a living by giving music lessons for pennies.
To top it all off, his mother fell ill and died without suffering hardships.
Mozart was in despair - Even more loneliness and the hated service in Salzburg awaited him ahead.
The creative result of the trip to Paris was five wonderful sonatas for harpsichord, in which all the strength and vision of their talent was reflected.
During the years 1775-1777, again spent in Salzburg, Mozart, in addition to numerous spiritual compositions commissioned by the archbishop, and serenades for everyday music playing in private homes, wrote a large number of solo concerts.
Among them, violin and piano concertos with an orchestra stand out especially.
Here Mozart approached his creative peaks in the genre of a solo concert.
A major and D major violin concertos are very popular, striking with their boldness, vivid imagery, beauty of thematic material, grace and harmony of form.
The humiliating position of a servant musician made Mozart's life in Salzburg unbearable.
Count Coloredo forbade him even to perform in concerts without his permission.
To further humiliate the world famous musician, he forced him to dine with the servants in the servants ' hall, where the composer had to sit above the footmen, but below the cooks.
Meanwhile, Mozart's new opera "Idomeneus, King of Crete"was being performed with brilliant success in Munich.
In the evolution of Mozart's operatic creativity, "Idomeneo" is an important stage.
The significance of "Idomeneo" is that Mozart, taking all the best that was in Seria's opera and Gluck's work, rethought these traditions in the spirit of his creative principles and thus approached the creation of operas that are the pinnacle of his compositional activity.
The success of "Idomeneo" finally confirmed Mozart in his long standing desire not to return to the dependent position of a court musician.
Mozart's patience came to an end, nothing could shake his firm decision to end his service at the cost of losing material well being.
He submitted a written letter of resignation.
The archbishop only refused, but also met Mozart with a stream of insults.
Mozart brought a second statement: when he received an answer, the archbishop's oberkammerger, Count Arco, pushed him out the door.
After that, Mozart was close to a mental breakdown for several days.
When he came to his senses, he decided to return to Salzburg, and stay in Vienna.
In 1781, Mozart settled in Vienna, where he lived until the end of his days.
"My happiness begins only now," he wrote to his father.
Thus began the last decade of Mozart's life, the years of the highest flowering of his talent.
Soon the composer got married.
Mozart's family life was mostly happy.
His wife was Constanza Weber, a cheerful, cheerful, attractive girl.
The friendly relations of Wolfgang and Constanza quickly developed into mutual love.
Mozart's feeling was fueled by the coincidence of the name of his fiancee with the name of the main heroine of the opera, on which he was working during this period.
However, their desire to unite met with an obstacle from Mozart's father and Constanza's mother.
In August 1782, Mozart was forced to take the bride away from his mother's house and secretly marry her.
Commissioned by the German Theater in Vienna, Mozart wrote a comic opera "The Abduction from the Seraglio".
At this time, in Vienna, as in other cities of Austria, Italian music was intensively planted.
This was contrary to popular tastes, but it was liked by the court circles.
It was the composer's cherished dream to write a national opera in his native German.
Mozart's opera was well received by the audience.
Only the Emperor found it too complicated.
"An awful lot of notes, my dear Mozart," he said to the composer with displeasure.
"Just as much as you need, Your Majesty," Mozart replied with dignity.
The plot of the "Abduction from the Seraglio" is typical for the opera of the XVIII century, but despite the traditional type of plot, no opera of that time had such a soft and subtle musical characteristics of the characters and their feelings, a deep penetration into psychology, such sincerity and poetry in the embodiment of lyrical images and such wit and humor in the embodiment of comic images as in Mozart's opera.
The initial period of Vienna was difficult for Mozart.
Having no permanent income, no support from relatives and friends, having lost his former connections, he was forced to work to exhaustion: to compose, give lessons, perform.
Mixed with this was concern for his father and sister, whom he was deprived of the opportunity to help.
The success of the" Abduction from the Seraglio " opened the doors of the palaces and salons of the Viennese nobility to Mozart again.
He quickly established contacts with various patrons, met famous European musicians.
He also met Haydn.
As a sign of deep respect for the musical merits of his older contemporary, Mozart dedicated six quartets to him.
Haydn was one of the few who understood and appreciated the depth of Mozart's talent.
"I think your son is the greatest composer I have ever heard of," he told Mozart's father.
Instrumental music symphonic and chamber music was then cultivated in the aristocratic, social and domestic circles of Vienna, and Mozart wrote a large number of concertos for various instruments, keyboard sonatas and fantasies, quartets and other chamber ensembles during these years between The Abduction from the Seraglio and The Wedding of Figaro (1782-1786).
"The Wedding of Figaro" is written in the traditions of the opera seria.
However, according to the musical and dramatic innovative principles, it represents a new phenomenon in the history of the musical theater of the XVIII century.
Developing the principles that were already laid down in the "Abduction from the Seraglio" and outlined in earlier operas, Mozart created a realistic comedy in which each acting person has his own individual musical character, rich and multifaceted, revealed from different sides throughout the opera, depending on the specific situation.
On May 1, 1786, the premiere of "The Wedding of Figaro" took place in Vienna.
At first, the audience greeted it enthusiastically.
But the dislike of the emperor and the court circles for Mozart's innovations affected the fate of the opera: like The Abduction from the Seraglio, it was excluded from the repertoire of the Vienna theater after several performances.
However, the music of "The Wedding of Figaro" has become very popular.
The famous aria of Figaro "The Frisky Boy" was sung and played on the streets of Vienna, in taverns and restaurants, in gardens and parks
A difficult time has come for the brilliant composer.
Mozart's ball is deprived of even the most necessary means for a tolerable existence for him and his family his wife and children.
The great event for Mozart was the huge success of "The Wedding of Figaro" in Prague, it entered the permanent repertoire of the opera house.
His management suggested that Mozart write an opera based on a plot of his own choice.
This was very beneficial to Mozart, because he temporarily got rid of financial difficulties.
Mozart's stay in Prague was a happy one.
There he was appreciated and understood, he performed a lot and successfully, listened to Czech folk music, worked with great passion on "Don Juan", which caused the delight of the performers.
The premiere of "Don Juan" in Prague took place on October 29, 1787.
This opera cannot be attributed to any particular genre category.
"Don Juan" is a synthesis and interplay of high musical tragedy and seria opera.
Mozart himself called it "a cheerful drama", thereby wanting to emphasize the dramatic essence of the opera.
In May 1788, "Don Juan" was staged in Vienna.
But there he was received colder.
After Mozart's return to Vienna, a period of material misery began again.
At the end of 1788, after the death of Gluck, who held the position of chamber musician at the imperial court, Mozart received his place.
During the summer of 1788, Mozart wrote his last and greatest three symphonies.
The symphony in E Flat major is imbued with dance rhythms and intonations.
The lyric dramatic symphony in G minor - the most popular of the Mozart symphonies in its sincerity and lyrical excitement is a unique phenomenon in the symphonic music of the XVIII century and anticipates much in the romantic symphony of the XIX century.
The monumental symphony in C major, having received the name "Jupiter", with a grand finale, combines a sonata form with a triple fugue.
Its finale demonstrates the amazing polyphonic skill of the composer.
The financial situation of the Mozart family has not improved.
Overstrain in work, constant financial difficulties oppressed, led to despair of the great composer and gradually undermined his body.
To ease his situation, Mozart undertook concert tours.
But they brought him little income.
There have been no orders for the opera for a long time.
Only at the beginning of 1790, a new opera was staged in Vienna, "This is what Everyone Does".
And in the summer of 1791, on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold II as king of the Czech Republic, Mozart was commissioned the opera "The Mercy of Titus".
These operas occupy a secondary place in Mozart's work.
Mozart's last opera, The Magic Flute, is one of his greatest creations.
At the suggestion of his entrepreneur and friend Schikaneder, who wanted to improve his shaky affairs by staging an opera on a fabulously magical plot, Mozart began work on the "Magic Flute".
Schikaneder, creating the libretto of the opera, used Wieland's fairy tale poem "Lulu".
This opera is a philosophical fairy tale; the images of light and darkness are vividly contrasted in the music, the feelings of Tamino and Pamina who love each other are subtly expressed psychologically; the simple - minded and comedic images of Papageno and Papagena - genuine characters of the Austrian German folk theater are no less vivid.
So the characters of the fairy tale become living people, endowed with certain individual traits.
The premiere of The Magic Flute took place shortly before Mozart's death.
Even before the end of the opera, Mozart received an order for a Requiem under rather strange circumstances that seemed mysterious for a long time.
A man dressed in black came to him, ordered a Requiem and disappeared.
Mozart never saw him again.
This visit made an overwhelming impression on him: having long been feeling unwell, Mozart perceived this call to the funeral mass as a prophecy of his near death.
Later, all this was explained: the strange visitor turned out to be a servant of Count Walzegg zu Stuppach, who used to order various works of composers in need, buy them for a song and publish them under his own name.
He was going to do the same with Mozart's Requiem.
With feverish haste, Mozart began to write the Requiem - his last work composing it simultaneously with the "Magic Flute".
The composer did not manage to finish the Requiem: work on this great work was interrupted by death.
He finished it using the remaining sketches and rough recordings, a student of Mozart, Susmayer.
The requiem, written in the traditional Latin text of the requiem mass, goes beyond the scope of the liturgical cult.
Through the means of a choir, a vocal quartet and a symphony orchestra, Mozart embodies the deepest world of human feelings and experiences: The drama of spiritual conflicts, the spontaneous, grandiose picture of the Last Judgment, great grief and grief for lost loved ones, love and faith in a person.
Mozart died on the night of December 4 to December 5, 1791 (at the thirty sixth year of his life).
A few hours before his death, he was humming Papageno's song "I am a Bird Catcher Known to everyone" from The Magic Flute.
The cause of Mozart's death is still a subject of controversy.
The famous legend about the poisoning of Mozart by the composer Salieri is still supported by some musicologists.
But there is no documentary evidence of this version.
Mozart's funeral took place under tragic circumstances.
Due to the lack of money from his orphaned family, the great composer was buried not in a separate, but in a common grave.
The exact place of burial is still unknown.
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