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Home Myths Famous personalities Mozart Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus.
Mozart (Mozart) Wolfgang Amadeus (27.1.1756, Salzburg, - 5.12.1791, Vienna) was an Austrian composer.
Among the greatest masters of music, Mozart stands out for the early flowering of a powerful and all round talent, the unusual fate of life from the triumphs of a child prodigy to the hard struggle for existence and recognition in adulthood, the unparalleled courage of an artist who preferred the unsecured life of an independent master to the humiliating service of a despot nobleman, and, finally, the comprehensive significance of creativity, covering almost all genres of music.
The life of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, like no other genius, is drowned in myths and legends.
Many appeared soon after his death, some were born later, but all are surprisingly tenacious to this day.
Through the centuries, we can no longer see the truth, which gives rise to numerous interpretations of myths and their revelations.
Mozart's name was Wolfgang Amadeus.
At his baptism, Mozart was given the name Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Theophilus.
The Greek " Theophilus "in German means" Gottlieb", and in Latin - "Amadeus" (that is, "loving God").
Of all three options, Amadeus is best perceived by ear.
This is the name Mozart chose for himself.
Mozart was unique, a miracle; he created jokingly, and everything came to him unusually easily.
Of course, Mozart was a musical genius, had phenomenal abilities.
But behind his masterpieces there is a titanic work, he worked hard and a lot.
It is too much from the very early childhood.
Mozart's genius manifested itself at the age of three.
His father, a well known teacher and musician who served at the court of the Prince of Salzburg, immediately took up the education of his son.
Little Mozart easily repeated small pieces after his sister and easily remembered them.
Already at the age of four, he composed his first concerto for harpsichord, and at six he played the harpsichord, violin and organ masterfully.
Mozart was not even six years old when his long concert tour began: together with his sister Anna, also a talented performer, and his mentor father, young Wolfgang traveled half of Europe.
Over the years, they have given concerts in Munich, Paris, Vienna, London, visited Holland and Switzerland.
The audience admired the boy who could play blindfolded, masterfully improvised, performed the most difficult passages on a par with adult musicians...
The genius was only seven years old when the sonatas for piano and violin composed by him were published in Paris.
Of course, the children were exhausted by these trips.
On the way, Wolfgang and Nannerl were often ill, more than once they were on the verge of death.
Both of them suffered from pneumonia and smallpox.
There is an opinion that the reason for Mozart's early death is in the diseases that he earned during his difficult childhood.
During his travels, Mozart took lessons, got acquainted with a huge number of composers and musicians of that time, mastered different musical styles and languages.
It is impossible to find another composer who would have mastered the most diverse genres and forms with such brilliance as Mozart: this applies to a symphony and a concerto, a divertimento and a quartet, an opera and a mass, a sonata and a trio.
In total, Mozart wrote more than 600 works of almost all major musical genres - symphonies, chamber ensembles, concerts, songs, arias, masses, cantatas.
Mozart lived in poverty; his contemporaries did not appreciate his talent.
Mozart is considered a classic example of how outstanding artists are exploited by the ruling class, receiving scanty remuneration.
In fact, Mozart received very decent fees.
For one hour of teaching the piano, he billed 2 guilders (for comparison, his maid received 12 guilders a year).
In 1782, Mozart's opera "The Abduction from the Seraglio" was a huge success.
Over the years, he gave many piano concerts.
And although, sometimes, he did not receive payment for his work, very often he was paid huge fees (for comparison: the annual salary of Mozart's father in Salzburg was 350 florins, and for one concert his son could get three times more).
According to personal correspondence, it is clear that the degree of poverty of the family in the myths is noticeably exaggerated.
However, the extravagant lifestyle quickly ate up all the money.
Once, having earned a fabulous sum for a performance, Mozart spent it in two weeks.
A friend, to whom the genius came to borrow money, asked: "You have no castle, no stable, no expensive mistress, no bunch of children... where do you put the money?"
And Mozart replied: "But I have a wife, Constanza!
She is my castle, my herd of thoroughbred horses, my mistress and my bunch of children... "
Six children were born in the family, but four of them died in infancy.
The Mozart family was interrupted by their sons Karl Thomas and Franz Xaver, who never got offspring.
Mozart's marriage, which he entered into without his father's permission, turned out to be a happy one.
Wolfgang and Constanza were similar, both distinguished by an easy and joyful attitude to life.
Legend has it that one winter it came to the guest and caught them dancing: Mozart trying to get warm, does not have money for the wood...
However, even when in Vienna naughty public stopped listening to Mozart's Opera and his works "out of fashion", the composer continued to get good fees from other countries of Europe and the court salary.
Mozart and Salieri.
The fact that Mozart was poisoned began to be talked about shortly after his death: the topic of poisons and poisoning was extremely popular at that time.
And despite the fact that in the early biographies of Mozart, this version was denied by everyone, including his wife Constanza, the rumors did not stop.
About 30 years have passed since Mozart's death, when Antonio Salieri appeared in this myth, at that time already a seriously ill person.
According to the testimonies of those who were close to him in those years, Salieri never made a confession that he had killed Mozart, as the newspapers claimed.
Perhaps Pushkin read about these rumors in the newspapers and immortalized them in his story about "genius and villainy".
Later, this theme was heard in Peter Schaeffer's play "Amadeus", based on which the film was made by Milos Forman.
However, there is no historical evidence of a feud between the two composers.
On the contrary, the opposite is well documented: Salieri's admiring statements about Mozart; Mozart's story about how Salieri was at the performance of his opera.
Salieri had no grounds for envy of Mozart: for example, the latter almost did not compose instrumental music, and in the opera genre, Salieri's reputation among his contemporaries was much higher.
It is known that Mozart chose Salieri as a teacher for his son Franz.
By the way, among the numerous students of Salieri, who played a huge role in the musical life of Europe, were Beethoven, Czerny, Meyerbeer, Schubert, Liszt...
Mozart wrote a requiem for his death.
On an autumn evening, a gray stranger knocked on Mozart's door…
He ordered the requiem on the instructions of his master, Count Walsegg Stuppach, who recently buried his wife.
Anticipating his imminent death, obsessed with black thoughts, Mozart began to compose a requiem - for himself.
So the legend tells.
However, judging by the Mozart correspondence of the last months of his life, he was in a great mood.
And his death came as a shock to his family and friends.
(Salieri was just writing a requiem for his death in 1804.
But he died much later, in 1825) The reasons for Mozart's death are also controversial.
His illness proceeded very quickly, and on December 5, 1791, Wolfgang Amadeus died in terrible suffering from a "severe fever".
What caused the fever is not clear, and this is not surprising for the level of development of medicine.
The genius was treated by the best Viennese doctors using the methods adopted at that time.
(As a result of the prescribed bloodletting, it is estimated that Mozart lost about two liters of blood.)
It is quite likely that there was an epidemic of inflammatory infectious diseases in Vienna that year, something like the flu.
Although there are dozens of theories about the disease that killed the genius: from trichinosis to poisoning.
Buried in oblivion.
Mozart was buried in a mass grave of the poor...
A single person accompanied him to the cemetery...
The widow refused to come to the funeral...
A rich friend of the van Swieten family spared money for the burial...
All this is not quite true.
Among the reforms of the Austrian Emperor Joseph were new funeral rules.
According to them, burials were now removed from the city limits (before that, the custom of burying the dead in the center, near the main cathedral, flourished in Europe).
The funeral procedure itself was extremely simplified.
85% of city burials were performed in common graves, on which no memorial signs were allowed to be installed (they saved space).
Every 7-8 years, the graves were dug up and used again.
The widow did not go to the cemetery for the coffin, and this was also in the order of things.
The ceremony of Mozart's memory was held in his Masonic lodge.
The hearse did not leave for the cemetery until after six in the evening.
It was not accepted to follow him outside the city gates, no rituals were held at the burial place at that time, and only gravediggers were present at it.
And the" stingy " van Swieten for several years generously paid for the education of Mozart's sons, organized the first performance of his requiem, organized concerts for the benefit of Constanta and children in different cities of Europe.
Sacrificed by the Masons.
Mozart, like many of his contemporaries, was fascinated by the ideas of Freemasonry and was a member of the Masonic lodge (together with his friend Haydn).
His latest opera, "The Magic Flute", contains Masonic themes and allegories.
But ...
Further speculation: the leaders of the order allegedly thought that the opera was too caricatured, besides m it became known that Mozart was going to create his own secret society.
So the genius fell victim to an anti Christian Masonic conspiracy: the masons poisoned him with mercury, deliberately hid the traces of the grave and stole a skull from it for their rituals.
This myth was cultivated by the Nazis; it was remembered later.
According to the theory of the 60s of the XX century, Mozart's death became a sacrifice during the consecration of a new Masonic temple.
The Mozart effect.
This term refers to a set of contradictory scientific conclusions that classical music briefly (for 15-20 minutes) increases some human mental abilities (for example, spatial thinking).
And that listening to Mozart in the cradle is useful for the infant mind.
Passive listening to Mozart's works, or classical music in general, does not lead to either a short term or permanent increase in intellectual abilities.
These conclusions were reached by German scientists in the course of a study commissioned by the German Ministry of Education and Science.
That is, a certain positive effect, lasting no more than 20 minutes after listening, was detected, but it was manifested from any music and even reading.
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