Colonization of America
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1 The history of the discovery of America by Europeans 1.1 The Pre Columbian era 1.2 The Voyages of Columbus
2 Colonization of South and Central America in the XV XVII centuries 3 Colonization of North America (XVII—XVIII centuries) 3.1 English colonies 3.2 Settlement of New England
4 The Thirteen Colonies 4.1 Prerequisites for the War of Independence
5 Canada 6 Florida 7 Caribbean Islands 8 Central America 9 South America 10 Chronology of the founding of English colonies 10.1 French colonies 10.2 Spanish colonies 10.3 Portuguese colonies 10.4 Dutch colonies 10.5 Swedish colonies 10.6 Russian colonies 10.7 Scottish colonies 10.8 Courland colonies 10.9 Mexican colonies
11 Notes 12 See also 12.1 References
13 Links
The history of the discovery of America by Europeans[edit / edit wiki text]
Pre Columbian era[edit / edit wiki text]
Currently, there are a number of theories and studies that allow us to believe with high probability that European travelers reached the shores of America long before the expeditions of Columbus.
However, there is no doubt that these contacts did not lead to the creation of long term settlements or the establishment of strong ties with the new continent, and thus did not have a significant impact on the historical and political processes in both the Old and the New World.
For more information, see Contacts with America before Columbus, American Viking campaigns
Columbus ' Travels[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Christopher Columbus
Colonization of South and Central America in the XV XVII centuries[edit]
Chronology of the most important events:
1492 Christopher Columbus lands on the island.
1499 Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda reach the mouth of the Amazon.
1502 Vespucci, after a second trip, finally comes to the conclusion that the open continent is not part of India.
1513 After a 100 day trek through the jungle, Vasco Nunes de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama and comes to the Pacific coast for the first time.
1513 Juan Ponce de Leon goes in search of the legendary fountain of eternal youth.
Having failed to reach the object of his search, he nevertheless discovers gold deposits.
Gives the name of the Florida Peninsula and declares it a Spanish possession.
1519 Fernando Cortez enters Tenochtitlan, captures the Emperor Montezuma, thereby beginning the conquest of the Aztec Empire.
His triumph leads to 300 years of Spanish rule in Mexico and Central America.
1522 Pascual de Andogoya discovers Peru.
1523 Spain establishes a permanent military base and settlement in Jamaica.
1531 Francisco Pizarro invades Peru, destroys thousands of Indians and conquers the Inca Empire, the most powerful state of the South American Indians.
A huge number of Incas die from chickenpox brought by the Spaniards.
1536 Spanish settlers found Buenos Aires, but after five years they were forced to leave the city under the onslaught of the Indians.
History of Central America from 1700 to 1983
1538 The foundation of Bogota[1][2].
1539 The first printing house in the New World opens in Mexico City.
1540 Opening of The Grand Canyon.
1541 Hernando de Soto reaches the shores of the Mississippi.
1541 Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago.
1551 The first universities are founded in Lima and Mexico City.
1553 The book "Chronicle of Peru" by Pedro Cies de Leon was published, for the first time describing the history and geography of South America.
1565 St. Augustine was founded — the first European settlement on the territory of the modern United States.
1567 The foundation of Rio de Janeiro.
1580 The re foundation of Buenos Aires.
1605 (or 1609 according to other sources) - The foundation of Santa Fe, the capital of the Spanish colony of New Mexico (now a US state).
See also Conquistador.
Colonization of North America (XVII XVIII centuries)[edit / edit wiki text]
History of North America from 1750 to 2000
By the middle of the XVI century, Spain's dominance on the American continent was almost absolute, the colonial possessions stretching from Cape Horn to New Mexico brought huge revenues to the royal treasury.
Attempts by other European states to establish colonies in America were not crowned with noticeable success.
[3].
But at the same time, the balance of power in the Old World began to change: the kings spent the flows of silver and gold flowing from the colonies, and were little interested in the economy of the metropolis, which, under the weight of an inefficient, corrupt administrative apparatus, clerical dominance and lack of incentives for modernization, began to lag more and more behind the rapidly developing economy of England.
Spain was gradually losing its status as the main European superpower and mistress of the seas.
The long term war in the Netherlands, the huge funds spent on fighting the Reformation throughout Europe, the conflict with England accelerated the decline of Spain.
The last straw was the death of the Invincible Armada in 1588.
After the British admirals, and to a greater extent a violent storm, defeated the largest fleet of that time, Spain retreated into the shadows, never recovering from this blow again.
The leadership in the" relay race " of colonization passed to England, France and Holland.
English colonies[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: English Colonization of America
The ideologist of the English colonization of North America was the famous chaplain Gakluyt.
In 1585 and 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh, on the orders of Queen Elizabeth I of England, made two attempts to establish a permanent settlement in North America.
A reconnaissance expedition reached the American coast in 1584 and named the open coast Virginia in honor of the" virgin queen " Elizabeth I, who never married.
Both attempts ended in failure — the first colony, founded on Roanoke Island off the coast of Virginia, was on the verge of destruction due to Indian attacks and lack of supplies and was evacuated by Sir Francis Drake in April 1587.
In July of the same year, the second expedition of colonists, numbering 117 people, landed on the island.
It was planned that in the spring of 1588, ships with equipment and food would arrive in the colony.
However, for various reasons, the supply expedition was delayed for almost a year and a half.
When she arrived at the site, all the buildings of the colonists were intact, but no traces of people, except for the remains of one person, were found.
The exact fate of the colonists has not been established to this day[1].
At the beginning of the XVII century, private capital entered the business.
In 1605, two joint stock companies received licenses from King James I to establish colonies in Virginia.
It should be borne in mind that at that time the term "Virginia" meant the entire territory of the North American continent.
The first of the companies — the" London Virginia Company "(Eng.
Virginia Company of London) — received the rights to the southern, the second — the" Plymouth Company " (Eng. Plymouth Company) - to the northern part of the continent.
Despite the fact that both companies officially proclaimed the main goal of spreading Christianity, the license granted them the right to "search and extract gold, silver and copper by all means".
On December 20, 1606, the colonists set sail on board three ships and after a difficult, almost five month voyage, during which several dozen people died of hunger and disease, in May 1607 they reached the Chesapeake Bay.
Over the next month, they built a wooden fort, named after the king Fort James (the English pronunciation of the name James).
The fort was later renamed Jamestown, the first permanent British settlement in America. [2]
The official historiography of the United States considers Jamestown the cradle of the country, the history of the settlement and its leader, Captain John Smith of Jamestown, is covered in many serious studies and works of fiction.
The latter, as a rule, idealize the history of the city and the pioneers who inhabited it, (for example, the popular cartoon Pocahontas).
In fact, the first years of the colony were extremely difficult, in the famine winter of 1609-1610, no more than 60 out of 500 colonists survived, and, according to some evidence[3], the survivors were forced to resort to cannibalism to survive the famine.
An American stamp issued for the tercentenary of the founding of Jamestown
In the following years, when the issue of physical survival was no longer so acute, the two most important problems were strained relations with the indigenous population and the economic feasibility of the colony's existence.
To the disappointment of the shareholders of the London Virginia Company, neither gold nor silver was found by the colonists, and the main commodity produced for export was ship's wood.
Despite the fact that this product was in a certain demand in the metropolis, which had exhausted its forests, the profit, as well as from other attempts at economic activity, was minimal[4].
The situation changed in 1612, when the farmer and landowner John Rolfe managed to cross a local variety of tobacco grown by the Indians with varieties imported and from Bermuda.
The resulting hybrids were well adapted to the Virginia climate and at the same time met the tastes of English consumers.
The colony acquired a source of reliable income and for many years tobacco became the basis of the economy and exports of Virginia, and the phrases "Virginia tobacco", "Virginia blend" are used as characteristics of tobacco products to this day[5][6].
Five years later, the export of tobacco amounted to 20,000 pounds, a year later it was doubled, and by 1629 it reached 500,000 pounds[5].
John Rolfe rendered another service to the colony: in 1614, he managed to negotiate a peace with a local Indian chief.
The peace treaty was sealed by a marriage between Rolf and the chief's daughter, Pocahontas.
In 1619, two events occurred that had a significant impact on the entire future history of the United States.
This year, Governor George Yeardley decided to transfer part of the power to the House of Burgesses, thereby establishing the first elected legislative assembly in the New World.
The first meeting of the council was held on July 30, 1619[7].
In the same year, the colonists acquired a small group of Africans of Angolan origin.
Although they were not formally slaves, but had long contracts without the right to terminate, it is customary to count the history of slavery in America from this event[8].
In 1622, almost a quarter of the colony's population was destroyed by rebellious Indians.
In 1624, the license of the London Company, whose business had declined, was revoked, and from that time Virginia became a royal colony.
The governor was appointed by the King, but the colony council retained significant powers.
The settlement of New England[edit / edit wiki text]
The ship "Mayflower", which transported the" pilgrim fathers " to the New World.
Painting by William Halsall, 1882.
In September 1620, the ship "Mayflower" arrived on the Atlantic coast of Massachusetts with 102 Calvinist Puritans ("Pilgrim Fathers").
This event is considered the beginning of the purposeful colonization of the continent by the British.
They concluded an agreement between themselves, called the Mayflower Agreement.
It reflects in the most general form the ideas of the first American colonists about democracy, self government and civil liberties.
Later, similar agreements were concluded between the colonists of Connecticut, New Hampshire and Rhode Island.
Robert W. Weir.
The pilgrim fathers board the ship.
1844.
After 1630, in the Plymouth Colony — the first colony of New England, which later became the Massachusetts Bay Colony, new English Puritan settlers founded at least a dozen small towns.
The immigration wave of 1630-1643 brought about 20 thousand people to New England, at least 45 thousand more settled in the colonies of the American south or on the islands of Central America.
Thirteen colonies[edit / edit wiki text]
Within 75 years after the appearance of the first English colony of Virginia in 1607, 12 more colonies emerged — New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
The first colonists of North America did not differ in any single religious beliefs or equal social status.
For example, shortly before 1775, at least a third of the population of Pennsylvania was already made up of Germans( Lutherans), Mennonites and representatives of other religious beliefs and sects.
English Catholics settled in Maryland, French Huguenots settled in South Carolina.
The Swedes settled Delaware, Polish, German and Italian artisans preferred Virginia.
From among them, hired workers were recruited by farmers.
The colonists often found themselves defenseless against Indian raids, one of which served as the impetus for the uprising in Virginia in 1676, known as the Bacon Rebellion.
The uprising ended in vain after Bacon's unexpected death from malaria and the execution of 14 of his most active associates.
Since the middle of the XVII century, Great Britain tried to establish full control over the economic operations of the American colonies, implementing a scheme in which all industrial goods (from metal buttons to fishing vessels) were imported to the colonies from the mother country in exchange for raw materials and agricultural goods.
Under this scheme, English entrepreneurs, as well as the English government, were extremely uninterested in the development of industry in the colonies, as well as in the trade of the colonies with anyone other than the mother country.
Meanwhile, American industry (mainly in the northern colonies) has achieved significant success.
Especially American industrialists succeeded in building ships, which allowed them to quickly establish trade with the West Indies and thereby find a market for domestic manufactory.
The English parliament considered these successes so threatening that in 1750 it issued a law prohibiting the construction of rolling mills and iron processing workshops in the colonies.
The foreign trade of the colonies was also subjected to harassment.
In 1763, the shipping laws were passed, according to which goods were allowed to be imported and exported from the American colonies only on British ships.
In addition, all goods intended for the colonies had to be loaded in Great Britain, regardless of where they were transported from.
Thus, the metropolis tried to put all the foreign trade of the colonies under its control.
And this is not counting the many duties and taxes on goods that the colonists personally imported home.
Prerequisites of the War of Independence[edit / edit wiki text]
By the second half of the XVIII century, the population of the American colonies was increasingly acting as a community of people who were in confrontation with the mother country.
The development of the colonial press played a significant role in this.
The first American newspaper appeared in April 1704, and by 1765 there were already 25 of them.
The Stamp Duty Law, which hit American publishers hard, added fuel to the fire.
American industrialists and merchants, who were extremely dissatisfied with the colonial policy of the metropolis, also showed discontent.
The presence of British troops (who remained there after the Seven Years ' War) on the territory of the colonies also caused dissatisfaction of the colonists.
Demands for independence were increasingly voiced.
Feeling the gravity of the situation, both Great Britain and the American bourgeoisie were looking for a solution that would satisfy the interests of both the mother country and the colonies.
So, in 1754, on the initiative of Benjamin Franklin, a project was put forward to create a union of the North American colonies with their own government, but headed by a president appointed by the British king.
Although the project did not provide for full independence of the colonies, it caused an extremely negative reaction from the British government.
All this became the prerequisites for the War of Independence of the United States.
Canada[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: History of Canada
In 1497, several expeditions to the island of Newfoundland, associated with the names of the Cabots, marked the beginning of England's claims to the territory of modern Canada.
In 1763, under the Treaty of Paris, New France passed into the possession of Great Britain and became the province of Quebec.
Rupert's Land (the area around Hudson Bay) and Prince Edward Island were also British colonies.
Florida[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1763, Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain in exchange for control of Havana, which the British occupied during the Seven Years ' War.
The British divided Florida into East and West and engaged in attracting immigrants.
To do this, the settlers were offered land and financial support.
In 1767, the northern border of West Florida was significantly moved, so that West Florida included parts of the modern territories of the states of Alabama and Mississippi.
During the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain retained control of East Florida, but Spain was able to capture West Florida thanks to an alliance with France, which was at war with England.
According to the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1783 between Great Britain and Spain, all of Florida was ceded to Spain
Islands of the Caribbean region[edit / edit wiki text]
The first English colonies appeared in Bermuda (1612), the islands of St. Kitts (1623) and Barbados (1627) and were then used to colonize other islands.
In 1655, Jamaica, taken from the Spanish Empire, was under the control of the British.
Central America[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1630, the agents of the British founded the Providence Company, whose president was the Earl of Warwick, and secretary was John Pym, occupied two small islands near the Mosquito Coast and established friendly relations with the locals.
From 1655 to 1850, England, and then Great Britain, claimed a protectorate over the Miskito Indians, but numerous attempts to establish colonies were unsuccessful, and the protectorate was disputed by Spain, the Central American republics and the United States.
The objections from the United States were caused by fears that England would gain an advantage in connection with the proposed construction of a canal between the two oceans.
In 1848, the capture of the city of Greytown (now called San Juan del Norte) by the Miskito Indians with the support of the British caused a great stir in the United States and almost led to war.
However, by signing the Clayton Bulwer Treaty of 1850, both powers pledged not to strengthen, colonize or dominate any part of the territory of Central America .
In 1859, Great Britain transferred the protectorate to Honduras.
The first English colony on the banks of the Belize River appeared in 1638.
In the middle of the XVII century, other English settlements were created.
Later, British settlers engaged in harvesting the wood of the campesha tree, from which a substance was extracted that was used in the manufacture of dyes for fabrics and was of great importance for the wool spinning industry in Europe (see the article Belize#History).
South America[edit / edit wiki text]
In 1803, Britain seized the Dutch settlements in Guiana, and in 1814, under the Treaty of Vienna, it officially received the lands united in 1831 under the name British Guiana.
In January 1765, British captain John Byron explored Saunders Island on the eastern tip of the Falkland Islands archipelago and announced its annexation to Great Britain[9].
Captain Byron named the bay on Saunders Port Egmont.
Here, in 1766, Captain McBride founded an English settlement.
In the same year, Spain acquired French possessions in the Falklands from Bougainville and, having consolidated its power here in 1767, appointed a governor.
In 1770, the Spanish attacked the Port of Egmont and drove the British from the island.
This led to the fact that the two countries were on the verge of war, but a later peace treaty allowed the British to return to the Port of Egmont in 1771, while neither Spain nor Great Britain abandoned their claims to the islands[9].
In 1774, on the eve of the impending War of Independence of the United States, Great Britain unilaterally left many of its overseas possessions, including the Port of Egmont.
Leaving the Falklands in 1776, the British installed a memorial plaque here to confirm their rights to this territory.
From 1776 to 1811, a Spanish settlement remained on the islands, ruled from Buenos Aires as part of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata.
In 1811, the Spaniards left the islands, also leaving a tablet here to prove their rights.
After the declaration of independence in 1816, Argentina declared the Falklands its own.
In January 1833, the British landed on the Falklands again and notified the Argentine authorities of their intention to restore their power on the islands.
Chronology of the founding of the English colonies[edit / edit wiki text]
1607 Virginia (Jamestown) 1620 — Massachusetts (Plymouth and the Massachusetts Bay Settlement) 1626 — New York 1633 — Maryland 1636 — Rhode Island 1636 — Connecticut 1638 — Delaware 1638 — New Hampshire 1653 — North Carolina 1663 — South Carolina 1664 — New Jersey 1682 Pennsylvania 1732 — Georgia
French colonies[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: French Colonization of America
By 1713, New France was reaching its largest size.
It included five provinces:
Acadia (modern Nova Scotia and New Brunswick).
Hudson Bay (modern Canada) The New Land of Louisiana (the central part of the United States, from the Great Lakes to New Orleans), divided into two administrative regions: Lower Louisiana and Illinois (French: le Pays des Illinois).
Spanish colonies[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Spanish Colonization of America
The Spanish colonization of the New World dates back to the discovery of America by the Spanish navigator Columbus in 1492, which Columbus himself recognized as the eastern part of Asia, the eastern coast of either China, or Japan, or India, because the name West Indies was assigned to these lands.
The search for a new way to India is dictated by the development of society, industry and trade, the need to find large reserves of gold, for which demand has sharply increased.
Then it was believed that there should be a lot of it in the" land of spices".
The geopolitical situation in the world has changed and the old eastern routes to India for Europeans, who now passed through the lands occupied by the Ottoman Empire, have become more dangerous and impassable, meanwhile there was a growing need to implement other trade with this rich land.
At that time, some people already had the idea that the earth was round and that India could be reached from the other side of the Earth by sailing west from the then known world.
Columbus made 4 expeditions to the region: the first 1492 -1493 the discovery of the Sargasso Sea, the Bahamas, Haiti, Cuba, Tortuga, the foundation of the first village, in which he left 39 of his sailors.
He declared all the lands to be the possessions of Spain; the second (1493-1496) years — the complete conquest of Haiti, the discovery of the Lesser Antilles, Guadeloupe, the Virgin Islands, the islands of Puerto Rico and Jamaica.
The foundation of Santo Domingo; the third (1498-1499) years — the discovery of the island of Trinidad, the Spaniards set foot on the coast of South America
Portuguese colonies[edit / edit wiki text]
Colonial Brazil
Dutch colonies[edit / edit wiki text]
New Netherlands
Swedish colonies[edit / edit wiki text]
New Sweden
Russian colonies[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Russian America
Alaska (1744-1867) Fort Ross (1812-1841) Elizabethan Fortress (Hawaii) (1816-1817) Chirikov 18th century G. I. Shelikhov, who was called the Russian Columbus, created the first Russian settlements in America.
He founded a trading company, promoted the fur bearing animal fishery on the northern Pacific Islands and in Alaska.
G. I. Shelikhov conducted active trade with local residents and promoted the exploration and development of Alaska Russian America
Scottish colonies[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: The Scottish Colonization of Darien
Courland colonies[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Courland Colonization of America
Mexican colonies[edit / edit wiki text]
The Spanish Crown eventually assigned Mexico to manage the Philippines archipelago in Asia.
Thus, the latter became a colony of the colony.
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
↑ Juan de San Martin and Antonio de Lebrija.
Report on the conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada and the foundation of the City of Bogota (July 1539)..
www.kuprienko.info (A. Modest) (April 4, 2010).
Verified on April 4, 2010.
Archived from the original source on August 24, 2011 .
Гон Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada.
Summary of the Conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada" (1539; 1548-1549)..
www.kuprienko.info (A. Modest) (April 20, 2010).
Verified on April 20, 2010.
Archived from the original source on August 21, 2011.
↑ The Great Republic by the Master Historians, edited by Hubert H. Bankcroft (eng.)
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Alphabetical list of Dependent Territories Reconstruction of the Jamestown panorama on the Virtual Jamestown website
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Bernal Diaz del Castillo.
The true history of the conquest of New Spain / Comp., per .
A. Zakharyan.
- Moscow: Forum, 2000 — - 400 p.
- The series "Materials on universal history".
Verlinden Ch., Mathis G. Conquerors of America.
Columbus.
Cortes / Translated from German by A. D. Dare, I. I. Zharova.
- Rostov on Don: Phoenix, 1997.
- 320 p.
- The series "Historical silhouettes".
Grigulevich I. R. Cross and Sword.
The Catholic Church in Spanish America.
XVI—XVIII centuries -Moscow: Nauka, 1977.
- 293 p. Gulyaev V. I.
In the footsteps of the Conquistadors.
- M.: Nauka, 1976.
- 160 p.
— "Popular Science series".
Gulyaev V. I.
Under the guise of an Aztec god.
The Spanish conquest of Mexico.
- Moscow: Taus, 2006 — - 312 p.
- The series "Popular Archeology".
Diego de Landa.
Report on the affairs in Yucatan / Trans.
from the old Spanish.
Yu.
V. Knorozova.
- M.: Ladomir, 1994.
- 2nd ed — - 321 p. Duverger Christian.
Cortes.
- M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 2005.
- 304 p.
- The series "The life of wonderful people".
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega.
The History of the Inca State / Trans.
coauthor V. A. Kuzmishchev — - L.: Nauka, 1974 — - 748 p.
- The series "Literary monuments".
Innes Hammond.
The Conquistadors.
History of the Spanish conquests of the XV XVI centuries -Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 2002.
- 400 p. Cabeza de Vaca A. N. Shipwrecks / Trans.
from the Spanish by Yu.
Vannikova.
- M.: Mysl, 1975.
- 128 p. Kofman A. F. "Knights of the New World".
How America was conquered.
- Moscow: Pan Press, 2006.
- 261 p. Kofman A. F. Cortes and his captains.
- Moscow: Pan Press, 2007 — - 352 p. Kofman A. F. Conquistadors.
Three chronicles of the conquest of America.
- St. Petersburg: Symposium, 2009.
- 320 p. Kofman A. F. Spanish Conquistador.
From the text to the reconstruction of the personality type.
Moscow: IMLI RAS Publishing House, 2012.
- 304 p.
Las Casas Bartolome de.
History of the Indies / Trans.
from Spanish -St.
Petersburg: Nauka, 2007.
- 2nd ed. — 470 p.
- The series "Literary monuments".
Lielais Arthur.
Conquistadors / Trans.
from Latvian.
V. Berkovich.
- Riga: Liesma, 1973 — - 464 p. Paul John, Robinson Charles.
The Aztecs and the Conquistadors.
The death of a great civilization.
- Moscow: Eksmo, 2009.
- 176 p.: ill.
- The series "Military history of mankind".
Prescott William Hickling.
The conquest of Mexico.
The conquest of Peru.
- Moscow: Publishing house " V. Sekachev", 2012 — - 672 p. Snegirev V. L. Conquistadors (Spanish conquerors).
Historical chronicle of the XVI century.
- Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1936 — - 264 p. Sozina S. A.
On the horizon El Dorado!
From the history of the discovery and conquest of Colombia.
- Moscow: Mysl, 1972 — - 200 p. Subbotin V. A. Great discoveries.
Columbus.
Vasco da Gama.
Magellan.
- M.: Publishing house of URAO, 1998 — - 272 p. John Fiske.
The Discovery of America with a brief outline of ancient America and the Spanish Conquest: In 2 vols.
/ Translated from the English by P. Nikolaev — - M.: Type.
Richter, 1892-1893.
— 339, IX+372, IX p. Hemming John.
The conquest of the Inca Empire.
The Curse of a Vanished civilization / Translated from English.
L. A. Karpova.
- M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2009.
- 584 p.
- The series "Riddles and secrets of world history".
- ISBN 978-5-9524-3876-7 Chronicles of the Discovery of America.
New Spain.
Book I. Historical documents / Per.
E. M. Lysenko, Ya.
M. Sveta.
- St. Petersburg: Academic Project, 2000 — - 490 p.
- Series "Library of Latin America".
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
I. Suponitskaya.
Colonization of lands: Siberia and the American West (the second half of the XIX century) / / Odyssey: A Man in history.
- Moscow: Nauka, 1989, pp.
219-240 by Vittorio Messori.
Black Pages of Church History Myths about the Conquest Reconstruction of the Jamestown panorama on the Virtual Jamestown website
[hide] State expansionism of modern and modern times Metropolis • Colony • Terra nullius • The Doctrine of Discovery • Imperialism • Hegemony • Colonialism • Semi colony • Secession • Decolonization • Neocolonialism • Postcolonialism is Overseas
Colonial empires Colonies of Great Britain • Colonies of Germany • Colonies of Spain • Colonies of the Netherlands • Colonies of Portugal • Colonies of France • Colonies of Italy
External territories of Australia • Overseas expansion of Austria Hungary • Colonies of Belgium • Colonies of Venice • Colonies of Genoa • Colonies of Denmark • Colonies of Courland • Possessions of the Order of Malta • Possessions of Muscat and Oman • Kingdom of New Zealand • Possessions of Norway • Colonies of Russia • Overseas expansion of the United States • Overseas expansion of Wales • Colonies of Sweden • Colonies of Scotland • Colonies of Japan
Continental
The Brazilian Empire • The Mughal Empire • The Habsburg Monarchy • The German Empire • The Possessions of Denmark • The Mexican Empire • The Possessions of the Ottoman Empire • The Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth • The expansion of Russia • The Expansion of the Third Reich • The French Empire • the Safavid Empire • The continental expansion of the United States • The Qing Empire • The Swedish Great Power • The Japanese Empire
See also
Great Geographical discoveries • The Colonization of America • The Colonial Division of Africa • The expansionism of the great powers in Asia[en] (The Big Game • Unequal Treaties) • The history of the development of Australia • Territorial claims in Antarctica
Lists of: the largest states in history • modern dependent territories
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