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Types of doping and the reasons for its ban.
Sanctions against athletes convicted of doping
Types of doping and the reasons for its ban.
Sanctions against athletes convicted of doping 1.
Doping and the reasons for their ban 2.
Sports and doping 3.
Doping control 4.
Sanctions against athletes convicted of doping
Doping and the reasons for their prohibition Doping is a drug that is used by athletes for artificial, forced improvement of performance during the training process and competitive activity.
Depending on the type of sport, they can have completely different and even opposite pharmacological effects: from psychostimulating to tranquilizing, from diuretic to cardiotropic effects.
Therefore, it is wrong to call doping stimulants.
They are prescribed once or in a course, depending on the tasks set and the mechanism of action of drugs.
So, no one will think of using anabolic steroids once, and psychostimulants in a course.
Judging by the publications, the conclusions of the IOC MC, doping has been used and is being used in all countries.
The reason for this is the excessive desire to achieve prizes in competitions and the mercantile interests of athletes and coaches, sports organizations, entire countries.
Over the past ten years, a large number of articles and books have been published on this topic (especially in the United States), which describe the practical use of doping in sports.
They have been translated into many languages, including Russian: see the Reference Material on Doping: permitted and prohibited drugs...
It can be stated that doping causes numerous complications in athletes, up to fatal outcomes.
For this reason, and also because all athletes must be in the same conditions, the IOC has banned the use of a number of pharmacological drugs in training and competitions.
Some believe that this is a violation of human rights, and every athlete is free to prepare as he wants, with or without doping.
In this case, the result of the competition will depend on which country comes up with a more powerful doping or a rational scheme for the use of known drugs, and pharmacologists, not athletes, will compete at stadiums.
There is still no consensus on the definition of doping, and it is extremely important to clarify this, since the use of doping can cause sanctions, appeals and court proceedings.
Therefore, we can give the following definition, reflecting the essence of this phenomenon: "Doping is a biologically active substance, methods and methods of artificial improvement of sports performance, which have side effects on the body and for which there are special detection methods."
So, blood doping is not a drug.
It is a blood taken from an athlete in advance, treated with various methods (UV radiation and others), and then, before the competition, injected into him (blood, plasma or red blood cell mass) to increase its quantity, oxygen transport function and nonspecific stimulation due to decayed red and white blood cells.
In addition, other manipulations are being carried out to create non traditional dosage forms and methods of drug administration.
For example, practical doctors and trainers in the USA have developed specialized methods of administering anabolics: "dog tracks in the snow", combination, fusion, rapid switching, cycling, dosage reduction scheme, dosage increase scheme, plateau, steroid jump, which reflects the features of combined and long term use of these prohibited drugs so as to achieve maximum effect and not be caught by the doping examination service.
Thousands of pages have been written about doping, while there is still not a single book where the issues of ideology are discussed, how you can use non prohibited, harmless drugs of plant and animal origin.
In our country, doping examination is carried out in the anti doping laboratory of VNIIFK (head of the laboratory, Candidate of Biological Sciences V. A. Semenov, pharmacist), which is equipped with the latest high resolution devices and qualified specialists.
The Department of Biologically active Substances of VNIIFK is engaged in the development of biologically active substances of plant nature in combination with products of increased biological value of the non – marketing structure, which was headed by the author of these lines for 18 years a pharmacologist who has repeatedly lectured on this topic in Russia and abroad.
Doping includes all psychostimulants, respiratory analeptics, adrenomimetics, MAO inhibitors, cholinomimetics, anticholinesterase agents, antidepressants, narcotic analgesics, cardiac glycosides, testosterone and anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, peptide hormones – STH, ACTH, gonadotropins, erythropoietin and others.
In addition, beta blockers, sodium oxybutyrate, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, marijuana, hashish and alcohol are prohibited in all types of shooting, and diuretics are used to exclude the masking of steroids, their accelerated excretion and water.
There is an addition to all groups of medicines in the list of prohibited drugs: "and other related compounds".
This means that an unknown doping can also be detected both by its chemical structure and by its pharmacological action.
Since testosterone is an endogenous substance, it is customary to calculate the ratio of testosterone (T) to epitestosterone (E), which should not exceed 6:1.
If it is greater, it is considered that the athlete injected exogenous testosterone.
However, the level of testosterone can vary widely in the body, both in physiological and pathological conditions.
For example, in cases of a decrease in the excretion of epitestosterone into the blood during the tumor process, functional insufficiency of meta bolizing enzymes.
If the T/E is more than six – additional studies are conducted within three months, as well as information about previous studies is collected.
In addition, the masking agents epitestosterone and probenicide are prohibited, which make it difficult to decipher urine tests.
In the practical use of these groups of drugs that artificially increase human performance in military, aerospace (except sports) medicine, moderation in their dosages should be observed, which almost never happens with their prohibited use in sports.
This leads to severe complications, sometimes ending fatally.
A detailed analysis of the side effects of doping was carried out by us in the book "The Doping Monster".
Another important problem that a sports doctor faces in his daily activities is the differentiation of combined drugs that contain doping components and those that are safe.
In various countries, including Russia, there have been cases when doctors prescribed pharmacological drugs containing doping (ephedrine, anabolic steroids, amphetamines, diuretics, and others).
On the other hand, attempts were made to conceal the deliberate use of doping, with the aim of forcibly improving the performance of athletes, allegedly not knowing that nasal drops or intra articular injections are not doping.
However, ignorance of this issue does not exempt from liability in the case of a finding of prohibited medicines in a bioassay.
It is very difficult to prove to the IOC that there was an error, and not an intentional action.
Therefore, it is better to consult with specialists in advance, since everything that is prescribed to an athlete orally or parenterally (including specialized nutrition, biologically active food supplements, vitamin complexes, geriatric drugs) must have an anti doping certificate.
This is not an unnecessary measure at all, since provocations from sports competitors have become more frequent, who added doping to food and drinks in order to exclude a strong athlete from the fight.
Sports and doping All types of physical activity are divided according to the intensity of loads into very high, high, medium and low intensity.
This corresponds to the level of sports qualification of athletes of extra class (Olympic and world champions), masters of sports of international class, masters of sports, dischargers, persons engaged in physical culture, not engaged in physical culture and engaged in physical therapy for the purpose of rehabilitation of certain functions with the help of a given motor activity.
Naturally, the requirements for these persons, their fitness, nutrition and pharmacological support will be completely different.
However, all of them have limits of their capabilities, which limit the physical performance of a person.
It should be borne in mind that these factors that limit performance depend on the type of physical activity, which can be divided into five main groups in accordance with the classifications of sports: 1. Cyclic sports with a predominant manifestation of endurance (running, swimming, cross country skiing, speed skating, all types of rowing, cycling, and others), when the same movement is repeated many times, a large amount of energy is consumed, and the work itself is performed with high and very high intensity.
These sports require the support of metabolism, specialized nutrition, especially at marathon distances, when energy sources are switched from carbohydrate (macroergic phosphates, glycogen, glucose) to fat.
The control of the hormonal system of these types of metabolism is essential both in forecasting and in correcting the performance of pharmacological drugs.
2. Speed and power sports, when the main quality is the manifestation of explosive, short term and very intense physical activity (all sprint distances, throwing weightlifting and others).
In most cases, these characteristics depend on genetic determinants, and the energy sources for such activities are fundamentally different in the phenomenon of endurance.
Natural sprinters have a higher percentage of fast muscle fibers compared to long distance runners.
Speed is a very demonstrative indicator, which undergoes the earliest and most pronounced decline with increasing age in comparison with strength and endurance.
The increase in body weight in all throwers and weightlifters requires special control over specialized nutrition and the shift of the catabolic to the anabolic phase of metabolism without the use of anabolic steroids and somatotropin.
In sprinters, an uncontrolled increase in body weight is unacceptable.
Carbohydrate metabolism and energy sources prevail: macroergic.
3. Martial arts are very numerous types of sports activities (all types of wrestling, boxing and others).
A characteristic feature of energy consumption in martial arts is an unstable, cyclical level of physical exertion, depending on the specific conditions of the fight, although, sometimes, they reach a very high intensity.
The type of physical activity, its duration and intensity are the basis for the selection of pharmacological drugs.
These sports, in most cases, are quite traumatic, which can cause disorders of microcirculation and metabolic processes in the brain, therefore, nootropic drugs should be used as protectors.
4. Game types are characterized by a constant alternation of intense muscle activity and rest, when athletes are not directly involved in game episodes.
Coordination of movements and mental stability are of great importance.
The tasks of pharmacological support are associated with the correction of recovery processes, energy compensation, improvement of metabolic processes in the brain with the help of vitamin complexes, nootropics, adaptogens of plant and animal origin, as well as antioxidants.
5. Complex coordination types are based on the finest elements of movement, as it happens in figure skating, gymnastics, diving, shooting, where excellent endurance and attention are required.
Physical activity varies widely.
For example, to make a difficult jump, you need a huge explosive force, while when shooting, you need to concentrate attention and reduce tremor.
It is of great importance to increase mental stability with herbal preparations of a calming effect (valerian, hawthorn without alcohol components), nootropics, vitamin complexes, energy rich products.
Complex technical types are largely associated with the use of technical means (auto racing, bobsleigh, parachuting, sailing, and many others).
The level of physical activity may not reach very high values, but the nervous tension is at the limit of human capabilities, which determines the principles of pharmacological correction – increasing mental stability.
In addition, there are a number of mixed sports, where various types of multi sports are used, including the listed types of physical activity of a person.
Naturally, the tasks of pharmacological support differ significantly and fundamentally.
It should be added that there are many problems with restoring and maintaining a high intellectual level in chess competitions as a sport.
Thus, there is no reason to believe that there are universal pharmacological agents that could help unambiguously solve the problems of sports pharmacology.
So, sports activity includes almost all types of physical performance, both dynamic and static.
Next, we will consider pharmacological drugs that affect endurance, speed, strength, coordination, taking into account the intensity of physical exertion.
Over the past 15 years, it has been found out that, depending on the types of sports, the following doping is used in different countries (Table 1).
Table 1 The use of doping in related sports
Related sports Doping Complications
1.
Speed and power sports: weightlifting, throwing, bodybuilding, sprint distances in athletics, swimming, speed skating, cross country skiing.
Anabolic steroids, somatotropin, gonadotropin, amphetamines, diuretics, etc.
Drastic changes: metabolism, hormonal profile, masculinization in women and virilization in men.
2. Sports with a predominant manifestation of endurance, cyclic sports: running, swimming, cross country skiing, cycling, speed skating (long distances).
Anabolic steroids, somatotropin, gonadotropin, blood doping, psychostimulants, etc.
Loss of orientation and consciousness, fatal outcomes, hormonal status disorders, etc.
3. Game types: football, basketball, rugby, baseball, hockey with a ball and with a puck, golf, etc.
Alcohol, cocaine, heroin, amphetamines, marijuana, etc.
Fatal outcomes, loss of consciousness, toxic effects.
4. Complex coordination sports: high jump, diving, figure skating, gymnastics, fencing, etc.
Alcohol, narcotic analgesics, tranquilizers, beta blockers, etc.
Drug addiction, alcoholism, etc.
5. Martial arts: all types of wrestling, boxing, martial arts, etc.
Narcotic analgesics, marijuana, alcohol.
Drug addiction, drug addiction, etc.
In equestrian sports, various doping methods are used depending on specific tasks (psychostimulants, tranquilizers and other drugs), therefore, doping control of horses is carried out.
Doping control Doping control is the most important component of a comprehensive program of measures aimed at preventing the use of prohibited (doping) drugs by athletes.
The regulations adopted in our country for the organization and conduct of the doping control procedure fully comply with the requirements of the IOC Medical Commission.
The doping control procedure consists of the following stages: the selection of biological samples for analysis, the physical and chemical study of the selected samples and the execution of the conclusion, the imposition of sanctions on violators.
During the competition, the athlete receives a notification that according to the rules, he must pass a doping control.
Mandatory doping control is carried out by the winners who took 1st, 2nd and 3rd places, as well as by the decision of the commission one of several athletes who did not take prizes (they are selected by lot).
After the performance, these athletes are sent to the doping control room.
Here, the athlete chooses a container for collecting a urine sample for analysis.
Then, in the presence of an observer, a urine sample is taken.
(The observer makes sure that there is no falsification of the sample).
After passing the sample, a number is pasted on the vessel, which is also chosen by the athlete himself.
After that, the resulting biological sample is divided into two equal parts – samples A and B, which are sealed and assigned a specific code.
Thus, the name of the athlete is not mentioned at any of the working stages (to maintain complete anonymity).
Copies of the codes are pasted on the doping control protocol.
Then the samples are packed in containers for transportation and taken to the doping control laboratory.
Before signing the doping control protocol, the athlete is obliged to inform the commission of the names of all drugs that he took before the competition (since some drugs contain prohibited substances in minimal quantities, for example, solutan).
After signing the doping control protocol, the athlete can only wait for the results of the analysis.
According to the doping control regulations, the A sample is analyzed, and no later than 3 days after taking a biological sample.
If prohibited drugs are found in it, the B sample is opened and analyzed.
Either the athlete himself or his authorized representative may be present at the opening of the B sample.
If prohibited substances are also found in the B sample, the athlete is subject to appropriate sanctions.
If no prohibited drug is found in sample B, then the conclusion on the analysis of the bioprobe A is recognized as unreliable and sanctions are not applied to the athlete.
The refusal of an athlete to undergo doping control or an attempt to falsify his result is considered as a recognition by him of the fact of doping with all the consequences that follow from this.
Falsification of the results of doping control consists in various kinds of manipulations aimed at distorting its results.
Athletes can resort to attempts of falsification when they are obviously confident in the positive result of the analysis of biological samples for doping.
At the same time, there may be attempts to substitute urine (catheterization and introduction of foreign urine, obviously free from prohibited drugs, or fluid imitating urine into the bladder; the use of microcontainers; intentional contamination of urine with aromatic compounds that make it difficult to identify doping).
Prohibited manipulations also include special surgical operations (for example, sewing placental tissue under the skin).
The physico chemical methods of analysis of biological urine samples used to determine doping (chromatographic, mass spectrometric, radioimmune, enzyme immunoassay, etc.) are very sensitive and include computer identification of doping drugs and their derivatives.
They allow you to determine with high accuracy all the drugs used by the athlete, including those used during the last weeks and even months.
In addition, methods have been developed that determine the so called "blood doping", i.e. transfusion of the athlete's own or someone else's blood before the start.
If earlier only highly qualified athletes passed doping control and only during responsible international and domestic competitions, now such control is carried out not only during the competition period, but also during training sessions, and all persons involved in sports, regardless of their sports affiliation, are subject to doping testing.
Sanctions against athletes convicted of doping Detection of doping threatens an athlete with severe punishments, up to complete excommunication from sports.
At the first detection of prohibited drugs (with the exception of sympathomimetic drugs, such as ephedrine and its derivatives), he is disqualified for 2 years, if repeated for life.
In the case of taking sympathomimetics for the first time disqualification for 6 months, for the second for 2 years, for the third – for life.
At the same time, the coach and the doctor who watched the athlete are also punished.
The use of any drugs officially classified as narcotic drugs as doping entails appropriate administrative and criminal penalties.
Currently, proposals have been made to the legislative bodies of the country to introduce criminal penalties for taking anabolic steroids without medical indications, or inducing them to take them.
Related topics: "the List of prohibited substances and methods" "Legal issues of doping in elite sport," Reference material for drugs: allowed and prohibited tools...
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