Doping
[edit / edit wiki text] Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on September 15, 2012; checks require 47 edits.
The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on September 15, 2012; checks require 47 edits.
Go to: navigation, Search
This article lacks links to information sources.
The information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted.
You can edit this article by adding links to authoritative sources.
This mark was set on August 16, 2015.
Doping (English doping, from English dope — to give drugs) is used in sports not only in relation to narcotic substances, but to any substances of natural or synthetic origin that allow improving sports results as a result of their intake.
Such substances can dramatically increase the activity of the nervous and endocrine systems and muscle strength for a short time, they also include drugs that stimulate the synthesis of muscle proteins after exposure to muscle loads.
A huge number of medicines have the status of prohibited for athletes during competitions.
The modern concept in the field of anti doping in elite sports is given in the anti Doping Code of WADA (World anti doping Agency, established at the initiative of the International Olympic Committee — IOC).
Vada every year publishes the list of prohibited substances for athletes and a new version of the so called standards: international standard for laboratories and the international standard for testing and international standard for the design of therapeutic exceptions.
Today it is considered that the use of doping is a conscious intake of a substance that is excessive for a normal functioning athlete's body, or an excessive dose of medication, with the sole purpose of artificially increasing physical activity and endurance during sports competitions.
The fight against doping is also being conducted because records are given at the cost of the health and life of athletes.
In 1993, the IOC Medical Commission banned the use of the following pharmacological drugs: stimulants (so called stimulants) of different groups and classes, drugs, anabolics, painkillers, diuretics, peptide hormones and their derivatives.
Restrictions on the use of alcohol, coffee, local anesthetics and beta blockers have also been introduced.
Content
[remove]
1 The first victims of doping 2 Groups of doping drugs 2.1 Stimulants 2.2 Painkillers 2.3 Anabolic steroids 2.4 Diuretics 2.5 Peptide hormones
3 The fight against doping 3.1 In Russia
4 See also 5 Notes 6 References
The first victims of doping[edit / edit wiki text]
Initially, doping was used by horse trainers and riders in the United States.
These were stimulants introduced by Americans into the horse's body before racing by subcutaneous injection or oral administration in the form of drugs.
Information about this, as well as about the red handed detention of riders, first got into European and Russian newspapers in 1903.
In the same year, the racing societies agreed to fight and strictly pursue this ugly phenomenon, which threatens to bring incalculable troubles to the blood horse breeding.
The very first violator caught was Frank Starr.
During a running day on June 8, 1913, an elixir was found in the rider Frank Starr, which is given to the horse to excite and strengthen its course during running.
Artificially improving the horse's agility for a short time, the elixir at the same time has a harmful effect on its health.
The rider F. Starr was deprived of the right to ride forever.
At first, they did not fight against doping.
Obviously, because few people used it, and it was difficult to detect violators.
For the first time, the world learned more about doping during the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome.
Cycling races for 100 km took place in such deadly heat that many athletes fell off their bicycles.
Danes Knud Jensen and Jurgen Jorgansen lost consciousness after the fall.
Jensen is dead.
There is a well known case with the English cyclist Tom Simpson during the 54th road race of the Tour de France.
On a hot day on a steep 20 kilometer section of the track, Simpson fell off his bike twice.
After the second fall, resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful.
In both cases, the true cause of death was not reported.
Only over time it was officially announced that strong stimulants were found in the blood of the dead athletes.
Groups of doping agents[edit / edit wiki text]
Stimulating means[edit / edit wiki text]
Stimulants, or stimulants, act on the central and peripheral nervous system.
These include: amphetamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, caffeine and strychnine, phenotropil, mesocarb (sydnocarb).
Many of these compounds are part of anti cold remedies.
Therefore, before taking the most banal medicine, the athlete should check whether it does not contain prohibited ingredients.
Stimulants used even in small doses at threshold physical exertion can cause:
increased blood pressure and acceleration of cardiac activity; violation of thermoregulation and heat stroke, followed by collapse and death; the occurrence of addiction and mental disorders.
The most commonly used stimulant is caffeine.
Currently, there is no ban on it, since it is part of coffee and tea.
Stimulants are prohibited only during competitions, and their use is not considered an anti doping rule violation during out of competition testing.
Painkillers[edit / edit wiki text]
Narcotic painkillers reduce sensitivity to pain, regardless of its nature and cause.
Athletes resort to them to shorten the recovery period after bruises and injuries.
Their use is prohibited only during competitions.
Non steroidal analgesics are not included in the WADA Prohibited List.
Anabolic steroids[edit / edit wiki text]
Main article: Anabolic Steroids
One of the most popular groups of doping agents are anabolic androgenic steroids (anabolics).
These are synthetic derivatives of the natural male sex hormone testosterone.
The effect of these drugs on the body is twofold: on the one hand, they stimulate protein absorption, muscle mass building, the development of a male physique; on the other — the development of male sexual characteristics (androgenic effect, or masculinization).
Both of these effects are inseparable.
These compounds are used primarily as a long acting doping, because this is the only way to convincingly improve sports results.
The most characteristic property of anabolic steroids is their ability to enhance the synthesis of nucleic acids and protein, as well as structural elements of the body's cells and, consequently, to activate the repair processes in bone and muscle tissues.
They stimulate the absorption of amino acids in the small intestine.
They activate the production of erythropoietin (a substance that stimulates the process of hematopoiesis) and anabolic processes in the bone marrow (anti anemic effect).
They have a positive effect on nitrogen metabolism: they cause nitrogen retention in the body and reduce the excretion of urea by the kidneys; they inhibit the excretion of potassium, sulfur and phosphorus necessary for the synthesis of proteins; they increase the reabsorption of sodium and water.
Anabolics promote the fixation of calcium in the bones.
Uncontrolled use of anabolics can cause mental disorders, liver failure, the development of neoplasms in the liver and lungs, sclerosis and thrombosis, prostatic hypertrophy, violation of the functions of the genitals.
In addition, an increase in muscle mass is not accompanied by a strengthening of the ligamentous apparatus, so when using anabolics, ligament damage occurs, most often a rupture of the Achilles tendon.
Typical anabolic androgenic steroids include the following drugs: nandrolone, stanozolol, methandienone (methandrostenolone), oxandrolone, methenolone (primobolan), mesterolone (proviron), trenbolone (parabolan), oralturinabol and boldenone.
Diuretics[edit / edit wiki text]
Diuretics (diuretics) are, for example, furosemide, chlorthalidone, amiloride, acetazolamide.
In sports, they are used for three reasons.
In those types where there are weight categories, diuretics help to quickly reduce body weight.
Diuretics also help to improve the appearance in gymnastics, figure skating or body fitness.
Dehydration helps to give the muscles emphasized shapes.
And, finally, intensive urination helps to remove other doping from the body or mask their use by significantly reducing the density of urine.
Diuretics can cause serious violations of the water electrolyte balance, a drop in blood pressure, a violation of the rhythm of the heart and sudden death.
Peptide hormones[edit / edit wiki text]
Examples of peptide hormones are insulin, growth hormone and erythropoietin.
In young people, growth hormone leads to gigantism (extremely high growth in general), in adults — to acromegaly, that is, a pathological increase in some parts of the body, mainly the feet and hands.
Erythropoietin, produced by the kidneys, stimulates the production and maturation of red blood cells.
Its use is designed to obtain the effect of long term training in high altitude conditions, but it can lead to increased blood viscosity, which in turn leads to thrombosis of blood vessels and a fatal heart attack, often during sleep.
Almost all of the mentioned doping agents are used as medicines.
But in this case, they are used under the supervision of a doctor.
The patient is not subjected to physical exertion, takes protective medications and follows a special diet.
The fight against doping[edit / edit wiki text]
During national and international competitions, doping control is carried out not only for the winners, but also for the rest of the participants by lot or by the choice of a doping judge.
Doping control rooms (stations) are located in all sports arenas.
In most sports, the established use of doping entails disqualification for 2 years, and repeated for 4 years or even forever.
However, this does not stop many athletes.
Moreover, most athletes use doping outside of competitions, in training.
With such a load, this is not surprising.
Coaches treat this phenomenon very calmly, and often force their wards to use doping themselves.
It is officially stated that coaches do not encourage the use of doping, and to use or not to use is a personal choice of each athlete.
In some cases, athletes are given permission to take prohibited drugs, called a therapeutic exception.
At the same time, the athlete must confirm that taking these drugs is necessary for his health.
So, according to medical documents, many skiers and biathletes suffer from asthma.
With the permission of the IOC medical commission or their international federation, they have the right to take drugs that are included in the WADA Prohibited List.
These drugs can give an anabolic effect and have a psychotropic effect on the cerebral cortex, improving respiratory functions and increasing the amount of oxygen entering the lungs to nourish the muscles[1][2].
In Russia[edit / edit wiki text]
On November 4, 2015, the French prosecutor's Office officially charged the former president of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAF) Lamine Diack with accepting bribes in exchange for refusing sanctions against Russian athletes convicted of doping.
According to the French media, the money could have been received in 2011 from the All Russian Athletics Federation (VFLA) for concealing data on anti doping rule violations by Russian athletes[3].
On November 5, the VFL anti doping Commission disqualified five athletes convicted of doping[4]:
Yaroslav Kholopov the anabolic steroid ostarin was detected; Vlas Bredikhin was disqualified for four years for using the anabolic steroid oralturinabol, for four years.
Evgeny Nushtaev — stimulant tuaminoheptan; six months Maria Bespalova dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (based on documents received from the MALF); four years Maria Konovalova deviations in the hematological profile; two years (results from August 2009 to 2015 will be canceled)
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Heidi Krieger Lance Armstrong
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
Норвеж The Norwegian skier denies that her asthma helps her win (rus.).
NEWSru.com (February 24, 2010).
Verified on August 17, 2015.
Archived from the original source on February 27, 2010.
аст The Russian biathlon team has officially added asthmatics (Rus.).
NEWSru.com (March 5, 2011).
Verified on August 17, 2015.
Archived from the original source on June 17, 2013.
↑ "The former head of world athletics is suspected of receiving bribes from Russia" ↑ "Five Russian athletes are disqualified for doping", BBC, November 5, 2015
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
All Russian Anti Doping Rules, Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation, Order No. 638 of June 18, 2015.
International Convention against Doping in Sport Doping is a definition from the World Anti Doping Code Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 240 FZ of 27.12.2006 "On ratification of the International Convention against Doping in Sport" German athletes will be paid for doping A very frank interview with three time Olympic champion in cross country skiing and biathlon Anfisa Reztsova to the magazine " Skiing Carefully, doping!
To improve this article, is it desirable?:
Wikify the article.
<img src="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" />
Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?t itle=Doping&oldid=74639241"
Category: Doping
Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles without links to sources from August 2015 Wikipedia:Articles for wikification
Navigation
Personal Tools
You did not introduce yourself to the system Discussion Contribution Create an account Log in
Namespaces
Article Discussion
Variants
Views
Read Current version Edit Edit wiki text History
More
Search
Navigation
Title Page Heading Index A Z Selected articles Random article Current Events
Participation
Report a bug Community Portal Forum Recent edits New pages Help Donations
Tools
Links Here Related Edits Special Pages Permanent Link Page Information Wikidata element Quote Page
Print/Export
Create a book Download as PDF Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons Wikidata
In other languages
Belarusian Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) Bosanski Brezhoneg Bulgarian Català Cymraeg Čeština Dansk Deutsch English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français עברית Bahasa Indonesia Ido Italiano 日本語 Basa Jawa Kazakh 한국어 Kurdî Kyrgyzcha Lietuvių Latviešu Mongolian Norsk bokmål Nederlands Polski Piemontèis Português ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Română Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Srpski Slovenscina / srpski Svenska Tiếng Việt Türkçe Ukrainian West Vlams 中文 粵語
Edit links
Last modified on this page: 17: 04, November 20, 2015.
The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike license; in some cases, additional conditions may apply.
For more information, see Terms of use.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the non profit organization Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
Contact us
Privacy Policy Wikipedia Description Disclaimer Developers Mobile Version
