SECRETS, RIDDLES, MIRACLES, HYPOTHESES
BEYOND REALITY - ESOTERICISM, MYSTICISM, THE HIDDEN and THE INCREDIBLE
HOW ATLANTIS PERISHED WHERE TO LOOK FOR ATLANTIS THE SEARCH FOR ATLANTIS
THE MYSTERIES OF ATLANTIS ATLANTIS IN THE NEWS MEDIA ATLANTIS IN DICTIONARIES
Atlantis The Mysteries of Atlantis
Myth or reality?
"Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas" (Plato is my friend, but the truth is more expensive) - Aristotle
The legend of Atlantis has been haunting humanity for the third millennium, more than 6 thousand volumes have been written about it.
Did this mysterious civilization exist?
If so, when and where?
How to interpret the evidence of the ancients?
Atlantis is a mystery for geologists, geophysicists, seismologists, oceanologists, as well as for historians, archaeologists, art historians and people studying ancient cultures.
There is no hope of finding golden statues of goddesses, the temple of Poseidon or anything like that in the depths of the ocean.
The processes of erosion, sedimentation and other natural processes mercilessly destroy the traces of ancient civilizations, but indirect evidence of their existence still reaches us.
Atlantis prehistory
or where do the legs grow from?
Plato (427-347 BC)
Fragment of a fresco by Raphael
"The Athenian School" Plato's Dialogues "Timaeus" and " Critias"
The dialogues "Timaeus" and "Critias" were written by Plato around 360 BC.
Plato writes that he learned this story from his great grandfather Critias, who at the age of ten heard this story from his grandfather, also Critias, who was ninety years old at that time.
He, in turn, learned about this from a great friend and relative of his father Dropid, Solon, "the first of the seven sages".
Solon himself heard this story from the Egyptian priests from the temple of the goddess Neith in Sais, who from time immemorial kept records of all events and knew about Atlantis.
Critias the younger says that he read his grandfather's notes, that he was deeply moved by this story, and therefore he remembered it firmly.
However, since he did not keep his own records, he could well have forgotten some details or figures.
If Solon recorded this story directly from the columns of an Egyptian temple, then he could well have made some mistakes without knowing the Egyptian language perfectly.
And, finally, Plato could have made some changes to the description of Atlantis and the war with it of the proto Athenians for his own purposes, for example, to promote his political views.
And, finally, it is possible that Plato compiled these dialogues from some other sources, including historical and geographical works of various authors, his own knowledge and guesses, as well as myths and fairy tales of the Greeks or other peoples.
Then the task of researchers becomes more complicated, since it is necessary to solve the question of these sources, and then about the truth of each of them.
Around 460, Herodotus wrote in one of his books about some Atlanteans living in North Africa: "There is a mountain adjacent to this salt lake, which is called Atlas.
It is narrow and rounded on all sides and is so high that its top is not visible, since it is always shrouded in fog, both in summer and in winter.
Locals say that it rests against the sky.
The locals, who are called Atlanteans, also got their name from it.
They say that they do not eat anything alive and do not see any dreams.
"The Czech scientist Zdenek Kukal believes that Plato may have borrowed the name from Herodotus.
In his other work, "Historia varia", Elian refers to the Greek philosopher Theopompus, who lived in the IV century BC.
Theopompus describes a conversation between the Phrygian king Midas and the demigod Silenus, in which Silenus tells Midas that " Europe, Asia and Africa are islands surrounded on all sides by the ocean.
Outside of this world, there is still an island with many inhabitants and cities.
They say that the ten million army of this island wanted to invade our lands by crossing the ocean.
It reached the land of the Hyperboreans, who were considered the happiest people in this part of the land.
But when the conquerors saw how the Hyperboreans lived, they considered them so unhappy that they abandoned all aggressive intentions and returned home across the ocean."
Many Atlantologists, including N. F. Zhirov, consider this an indirect confirmation of Plato's message.
But many experts in ancient literature argue that Theopomp is rather known as an author of fantastic stories, and not as a scientist.
However, it is unclear why it was necessary for Theopompus to involve the history of Plato at that time, and even more so, not to use Platonic names.
As for the idea that this plot was invented by Theopompus, and not borrowed from Plato, we note that in this case the fantasy of Theopompus and Plato worked almost equally.
In the II century AD, the writer Elian writes in his book "Historia naturalis" about how the rulers of Atlantis dressed to emphasize their descent from Poseidon.
The Neoplatonist Proclus (412-485 AD) in the comments to the Timaeus refers to some Marcellus (I century BC), who wrote that there were seven islands dedicated to Persephone in the" outer world".
Then he gives a description of them, similar to Plato's description.
Proclus also writes that around 260 BC, a certain Crantor visited Egypt, who saw columns with hieroglyphs telling about the history of Atlantis in the temple of the goddess Neith in Sais.
According to some historians, we may be talking about Krantor from Sola – a Greek philosopher of the late IV century BC, who was also a commentator on the works of Plato.
However, some Atlantologists believe that Proclus invented both Marcellus and Crantor in order to support Plato.
Diodorus Siculus is a Roman historian who lived in the I century BC.
In the III and V books from his work "Bibliotheca historica" he writes about the Amazons and their attack on the Atlanteans.
He also writes about the Atlanteans living near the Atlas Mountains in North Africa.
It is possible that he learned about this from the works of Herodotus.
He considers the inhabitants of North Africa Atlanteans and gives them "wonderful features".
He writes that they do not know human customs, do not use names, curse the rising and setting sun, do not dream at night.
It is possible that this information was also obtained from Herodotus.
And finally, the main witness, a disciple of Plato, the great philosopher Aristotle.
He stated that Plato used the description of Atlantis as a pretext for presenting his political views on the problem of the ideal state.
And he added that " the one who invented Atlantis, he sent it to the seabed."
Who could have known Plato better than his disciple?
This should have put an end to all disputes But not everything is as simple as it seems.
Supporters of the existence of Atlantis give several reasonable arguments:
1. Aristotle was much younger than Plato.
2. He belonged to a different class and had different political views.
Plato was born in Athens, Greece, and Aristotle was born in Stagira, which belonged to Macedonia.
Even when he arrived in Athens and founded the Lyceum, Aristotle did not have Athenian citizenship.
This suggests that Aristotle simply "disgraced" Plato by "putting on the toga of a worshipper of truth" (Zdenek Kukal.
The Great Mysteries of the Earth).
Aristotle justified his position as follows: "Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas "(Plato is my friend, but the truth is more expensive).
A follower of the ancient Greek philosopher Ignatius Donnelly wrote two books: "Atlantis the antediluvian world" and "Ragnarok the Age of Fire and death".
Both of these books were published in 1882-1883 and for the first time aroused serious interest in Plato's Atlantis.
Legends of the flood
They are found in almost all of humanity, with the exception of Africa, except for Egypt, Australia and the northern part of Eurasia.
In almost all these myths, the gods (God) once filled the entire earth with water (beer) (usually for sins), a fire starts (the sky falls, the earth cracks, a mountain appears, spewing flames) and all people drowned (turned into fish, turned into stones), except for one (two) people, whom the gods (God) usually warned about the flood, because they led a righteous life.
These people (or one person), usually husband and wife (or brother and sister, or Noah and family), get into a boat (a box, an ark) and swim.
Then they (not always) swim to the mountain, release the birds for exploration (this is in many cases the skillful introduction of biblical motifs by Christian missionaries into pagan myths).
Legends of aliens from the West (Old World)
They are found among some peoples of the Old World, in particular, among the Egyptians and Babylonians.
An unknown person arrives from the West, speaking an incomprehensible language.
He taught people to make tools (build cities, calendar, make wine, brew beer).
Legends of the coming from the East (New World)
They are found in some peoples of America.
They say that this people once came from the East (from the island), perhaps at that time there were some cataclysms (the gods punished humanity), but someone from humanity escaped and came to the West, where he founded this country (city, people) .
Legends about space disasters
A stone fell from the sky (the moon, the Sun, a Snake, a Dragon, something else), after which a fire started (a flood, the earth shook, something else).
Then it all ended, and the people dispersed around the world.
When encountering such a legend, Atlantologists begin to look for (and find) in it a proof of the existence of Atlantis.
For example, after learning that the "Kalevala" mentions an earthquake and high tides (usually the height of the tides in the Baltic is several centimeters) , Atlantologists concluded that a long time ago the Earth captured the Moon, which caused high tides, which people remembered.
Myths often give Atlantologists the opportunity to" prove " any, even the most insane statements, adjusting ancient myths to them.
Cultural similarities on both sides of the Atlantic
Atlantologists pay attention to the fact that in Egypt and Mexico they build pyramids, make stone sarcophagi, mummify the dead, use a similar hieroglyphic script, in Egypt and Mexico there is a separate caste of priests, a cult of the Sun, a similar time system and a fairly developed astronomy.
Some Atlantologists have decided that the Aztecs, Incas, Mayans and Egyptians were students of the Atlanteans who arrived (or sailed) to them after the disaster. (Osiris in Egypt, Quetzalcoatl in America)
The riddle of eels
Aristotle also drew attention to the fact that only female eels can be found in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.
There were many theories about the origin of eels, "fish without fathers".
Even at the end of the XIX century, it was believed that eels are born alive, and they are produced by females of one of the fish species.
Only in 1904, the Danish ichthyologist I. Schmidt solved the riddle of eels.
Eels hatch from caviar in the Sargasso Sea.
In the second year of their life, they set sail to the shores of Europe.
There, the females go upstream, spend about two years in the rivers, return to the sea and swim to the Sargasso Sea.
There is a mating period, and the females lay eggs.
This behavior of eels can easily be explained if we assume that thousands of years ago, on the site of the Sargasso Sea, there were the shores of Atlantis, where their childhood passed.
The warm current of the Gulf Stream carried them to the shores of Europe, and then the counterflow brought them back.
Atlantis: PROS and CONS
* In his work "Teachers of Teachers", the famous poet Valery Bryusov defends the idea of the complete authenticity of Plato's "Dialogues", that is, the hypothesis about Atlantis.
According to Bryusov, such a country really existed.
"If we assume," he wrote, " that the description of Plato is a fiction, we will have to recognize Plato as a superhuman genius who was able to predict the development of science for millennia ahead, to foresee that once the learned historians will discover the world of the Aegean and establish its relations with Egypt, that Columbus will discover America, and archaeologists will restore the civilization of the ancient Maya, etc.another explanation is simpler and more plausible: Plato had at his disposal materials (Egyptian) that came from ancient times."
Bryusov came to the conclusion that Plato could get most of the information contained in the Dialogues only from people who knew about the existence of Atlantis: "Plato, like all the Greeks, knew nothing about the Aegean kingdoms, which preceded the Hellenic ones on the basis of Greece."
* Mikhail GERSTEIN, Chairman of the Ufological Commission of the Russian Geographical Society: Whoever invented it, drowned it.
* A. Wegener, the author of the theory of continental drift, did not allow the seemingly unjustified disappearance of a huge piece of land in the ocean, especially since, according to his data, the continents of America, Africa and Europe are easily reconstructed into a single continent Pangaea, which split only in the early tertiary period.
• The most common opinion among historians and especially philologists is that the narrative about Atlantis is a typical philosophical myth, the examples of which are full of Plato's dialogues.
Indeed, Plato, unlike Aristotle and even more so historians, never set out to tell the reader any real facts, but only ideas illustrated by philosophical myths.
* The Soviet researcher I. Rezanov discovered certain places in the legends and myths of Ancient Greece, which are easily interpreted as a description of a grandiose volcanic catastrophe that occurred in immemorial times, - writes M. Romanenko, - all this undoubtedly makes the hypothesis of Marinatos and Galanopoulos that Plato's Atlantis is nothing but an ancient Cretan power very plausible.
According to this hypothesis, the island of Santorini was located, if not the capital, then just a large city of the Atlanteans.
Around 1400 BC, a volcano that had been dormant before exploded, the middle of the island collapsed to the bottom, a destructive tsunami swept through the sea, a layer of volcanic ash more than 10 centimeters thick fell on the island of Crete and the Cyclades, also part of the Minoan kingdom.
The ashfall completed the devastation caused by the earthquake, blast wave and tsunami.
The blooming region turned into a barren desert for decades.
* The sentence pronounced on Atlantis by Aristotle found support among Christian dogmatists due to another important circumstance.
After all, in the Middle Ages, time was counted from the beginning of the world, from the first day of its creation.
And this beginning dates back to 5508 BC.
e. It was not allowed to dispute this fact - the heretics were treated coolly.
Plato, in truth, had no chance to confirm at least the very fact of the existence of intelligent life on our planet earlier than this canonical period.
Only later did science discover indisputable evidence of a much more venerable age of the Earth and the biosphere, but the question of Atlantis definitely hung in the air.
Until the middle of the last century, no one would have dared to dream that the origins of primitive culture could be attributed to the 10th millennium BC.The human world began immediately with the Egyptian pyramids and ancient Chinese monuments.
The honor of becoming the founders of the science of prehistoric man fell to the share of French archaeologists.
One of them was Boucher de Pert, who for 17 years conducted excavations in the Somme Valley.
Already the discoveries of the last century have pushed the time of the appearance of man into the depths.for thousands of years, they made it a contemporary of mammoths and other antediluvian animals.
* O.
Mook believes that the long legged and muscular hunters depicted in the caves of Spain and Western France correspond to Atlantean hunters rather than Cro Magnons themselves.
He admits that the Cro Magnon type of man also appeared from the west, from the ocean.
The Cro Magnons and Atlanteans were very different from the ancient European Neanderthal people.
* Opponents of the Atlantic hypothesis often point out that the thickness of the Earth's crust under the ocean is less than the thickness of the continental crust, and, consequently, no Atlantis could be located in the Atlantic.
A. Galanopoulos and E. Bacon write in their book, for example: "If the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean floor was formed as a result of the sinking of a large area of land that allegedly existed between Africa and the Middle Atlantic Ridge, the thickness of the Earth's crust would be this would have to correspond to the thickness of the crust between the continents.
This thickness ranges from 19 to 44 miles...
According to Plato's description, Atlantis was famous for its high mountains surrounding a large plain.
So, if Atlantis rests on the bottom of the Atlantic, the thickness of the Earth's crust in this place should be at least 22 miles.
However, in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, the crust is barely 12 to 19 miles thick."
* Among Soviet scientists, such remarkable thinkers as N. Roerich and academician V. Obruchev were supporters of the existence of Atlantis.
The sunken earth, the ancestral home of the most ancient cultures, is mentioned in the works of N. Zhirov.
• N.F. Fat is not without reason considered that the most surprising of what we know about Atlantis and the Atlantic ocean, is the existence of a specified by Plato place (to the West of Gibraltar), a vast submarine mountain country - the Mid Atlantic ridge adjacent to the East of the Azores plateau (located under the sea level).
In 1945 Danish Frandsen indicated that the topography in the area of the Azores plateau meets the description of Atlantis by Plato.
The recent work of the Swedish scientist Malez confirmed the correspondence of Fraidsen's calculations to bathymetric maps of this area.
* An archaeologist from Switzerland, Eberhard Zangger, decided to look at the facts given by Plato, based on the latest discoveries in archaeology.
For example, an expedition of the University of Braunschweig discovered man made lakes, harbors and other hydraulic structures in the ancient countries of the East, even larger in size than those mentioned in Plato's dialogues.
For thirty centuries BC, Pharaoh Menes ordered to block the mighty Nile with a stone dam and forced the river to flow around the capital of the ancient kingdom from the south.
Even more amazing were the buildings built in Urartu - tunnels for collecting ground water, tunnels as tall as a man, stretching for many tens of kilometers.
In Egypt, Sumer, Babylon - everywhere modern archaeologists come across the remains of grandiose structures that operated long before Homer and Plato.
So why should the story of an ancient philosopher about Atlantis be attributed to a myth or utopia?
* An explanation was also found for the strange dating of the disaster that plunged the island into the waters of the sea.
Some archaeologists are convinced that either the priests or Solon were mistaken: at the heart of their delusion are incorrectly read Egyptian hieroglyphs.
In their system, the number "9000" is represented by nine lotus flowers, and the number "900" is represented by nine rope knots, very similar in appearance to the lotus, and later scribes could easily have confused the date, pushed it back thousands of years.
How did Atlantis die?
"...this happened when the Earth began to be reborn.
No one knew what might happen next.
It was raining fire, the ground was covered with ash, stones and trees were bowing to the ground.
Rocks and trees were crushed... a Great Serpent fell from the sky... and his skin and pieces of his bones fell to the ground... and the arrows hit orphans and old people, widowers and widows who were still living, although they no longer had enough strength to live.
And they found a grave for themselves on the seashore.
Then terrible waves came rushing in.
The sky, together with the Great Serpent, collapsed on the earth and flooded it...
"V book" Chilam Balam"
From Plato's dialogue Critias, where we are talking about the causes of the death of Atlantis: "And here is Zeus... having thought about the glorious race, which had fallen into such a pitiful depravity, I decided to impose punishment on him, so that he, having sobered up from his misfortune, would learn good looks.
Therefore, he called all the gods... and addressed the audience with these words...".
It is at this point that the narrative ends.
What kind of punishment did Zeus prepare for Atlantis?
* Having composed Atlantis, Plato had to destroy it simply for external plausibility (to explain the absence of traces of such a civilization in the modern era).
That is, the picture of the death of Atlantis is dictated entirely by the internal tasks of the text.
Where the myths end, the painstaking work of scientists begins.
Now more and more researchers are inclined to believe that Atlantis could have died as a result of a strong earthquake or volcanic eruption, and most likely both at the same time.
Some scientists believe that Atlantis was destroyed by giant waves tsunamis, which often occur as a result of earthquakes.
But there are also more exotic options.
Polish astronomer L. Seidler, believes that the death of the continent is associated with the fall of a comet or asteroid on our planet.
The astronomer Fr.Mook put forward a hypothesis about the fall of a huge meteorite in the area of the Florida Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean coast, which, according to his calculations, occurred on June 5, 8499 BC (according to the Gregorian calendar) and caused the disaster.
Hans Schindler Bellamy suggested that Atlantis was wiped off the face of the Earth by giant waves that arose as a result of the Moon hitting the Earth's gravitational field.
But, perhaps, the most probable from a geological point of view is the version according to which deep tectonic processes and mutual collisions of continental plates gave rise to both earthquakes and tsunamis that destroyed this civilization.
How did Atlantis die?
* Earthquake
The main concussion lasts only a few seconds, and the entire earthquake can last up to several tens of minutes.
This means that the days allotted by Plato are enough for an earthquake.
During earthquakes, cases of sharp subsidence of the earth by several meters have been recorded.
Ten meter subsidence was recorded in Japan.
In 1692, the pirate city of Port Royal in Jamaica plunged into the sea for 15 meters.
15 meters is enough for most of the flat island to disappear under water.
At the same time, it is possible that during the death of Atlantis, a much stronger earthquake occurred.
The Azores and Iceland in the Atlantic and the Aegean Sea in Greece are areas of increased seismicity.
Earthquakes with an epicenter on the seabed cause a tsunami.
* According to Plato, Atlantis disappeared into the abyss of the sea, and ships stopped sailing on this sea because of the huge amount of dirt that the disappeared island left behind.
Plato, Herodotus, and then Plutarch wrote that it is difficult to cross the Atlantic in a certain place, because it is full of liquid mud: "The ocean is viscous, like a swamp."
Such a strange fact, as already noted above, can be regarded as a consequence of a cataclysm that threw up billions of tons of volcanic rock.
But according to the historian and writer A. Gorbovsky, the oceanographic expedition of 1947-1948 confirmed the reports of ancient scientists!
The ocean floor between the Azores and the island of Trinidad was covered with almost a thirty meter layer of viscous silt.
* Author of the book " The Great Flood.
Myths and reality " A. Kondratov is sure that "the process of the birth of continents and oceans - or the transformation of the sea floor into a continent and the continent into an ocean floor is accomplished not in hours, days or years, but in many thousands and millions of years."
In the Atlantic, "there could not be sunken continents and even islands - at least in the last half a billion years."
In addition, no earthquake - even the most powerful one that is possible on Earth!
- could sink an island or a continent deeper than a few meters.
"If only Atlantis... it was a catastrophic earthquake that destroyed the discovery of culture... it would not take long, because it would be available to ordinary bathers."
• Tsunami
Tsunami literally means "long waves in the port" (Japanese).
Scientists use this term to refer to giant destructive waves.
Most often, a tsunami occurs due to an earthquake, but it can be caused by an underwater eruption of a volcano, and the collapse of the coast.
The height of a tsunami in the open ocean can be only a few meters.
At a wavelength of several tens or even hundreds of kilometers, this is not very noticeable.
The speed of the wave in the open ocean can be 1000 km / h.
A classic example of a tsunami generated by a volcanic explosion is the tsunami that occurred as a result of the eruption of the Krakatau volcano in Indonesia in 1883.
The wave height was 36-40 m.
It was registered even in Panama, 18350 km from the point of origin.
At first, the sea recedes, its level decreases.
Then a wave comes up several meters high.
After 5-10 minutes, the second wave runs up, slightly lower.
And after 10-20 minutes, the third, highest wave comes.
It can be up to several hundred meters.
Thus, a tsunami can destroy the coastal zone of the mainland or even an entire island in two hours.
Something similar happened around 1500 BC in the Mediterranean Sea, near one of the possible locations of Atlantis, the island of Crete...
* Excavations in Crete show that even four to five millennia after the supposed death of Atlantis, the inhabitants of this Mediterranean island sought to settle away from the coast.
An unknown fear drove them to the mountains.
The first centers of agriculture and culture are also located at some distance from the sea.
Modern data is unlikely to allow us to answer the question with all certainty now, what kind of catastrophe humanity experienced.
Perhaps the memory of a giant wave that washed away everything from the sea coasts, of unprecedented rains and a flood remained in myths and served as a terrible warning to people after millennia...
If this is so, it is difficult to overestimate the question of the causes and nature of the disaster.
* Asteroid collision with the earth
An asteroid or meteorite can quickly destroy any island.
The only condition is sufficient mass and speed of the asteroid.
At the beginning of the XX century, many hypotheses appeared related to x with this kind of disasters.
However, now it seems clear to scientists that such an asteroid would destroy all life on the planet.
(Which does not reduce the number of supporters of such hypotheses)
* Capture of the Moon by the Earth
In 1912, the Austrian engineer Herbiger created a theory that claimed that 11,500 years ago the Earth captured its current satellite, the Moon, as a result of which high tides occurred on the Earth, a giant wave rose that flooded Atlantis, and at the same time killed mammoths.
Many Atlantologists believe that the giant mammoth cemeteries are explained by the fact that a high wave drowned them, and, due to the rotation of the earth's axis, the mammoths were close to the new North Pole, which is why they froze for several thousand years.
However, this theory does not explain why there are no other animals lying next to the mammoths, and how the giant wave that destroyed Atlantis reached the mammoths.
* The Swedish scientist H. Alfven supported the hypothesis that our current satellite the Moon did not immediately appear in its orbit, but was once a planetoid.
There was a time when the Earth and the Moon got so close that the lunar gravity caused a monstrous rise of ocean waters, the swelling of the Earth's crust and the "tide" of red hot magma inside our planet.
Only then did the Moon move away from the Earth, but it could not continue its independent path in space.
Scientists at the University of California believe that the Moon is still one of the causes of many earthquakes.
Finally, the myths of many peoples testify in favor of the "lunar" hypothesis of the catastrophe.
The bushmen of South Africa transmit an oral story that the Moon appeared in the sky only after the flood.
The Greek epic tells about the semi legendary happy country of Arcadia in the Peloponnese; to emphasize the greatest antiquity of this country, its inhabitants were called proselenids - "dolunny"!
This myth was also confirmed by Apollonius of Rhodes, the keeper of the Library of Alexandria (III century BC).
Referring to the manuscripts that were irretrievably lost for us, Apollonius wrote that the Moon did not always shine in the earthly sky.
* Indirect support for the "lunar" hypothesis is also a number of myths that depict the period following the catastrophe as a time of darkness and terrible cold.
Among the Indians of North America, darkness and an unheard of harsh winter are necessarily associated with the wrath of the gods.
In the Finnish epic "Kalevala", the evil sorceress Louhi steals the Sun and the country of Kalev is swept by a snowstorm.
Two factors could serve as prerequisites for the appearance of such legends.
First, the gravitational "impact" on contact.the gravitational field of the Earth and the moon was supposed to cause not only earthquakes and tides, but also grandiose atmospheric shocks.
Secondly,it is possible that during such a crushing global catastrophe, the poles temporarily shifted.
• Each catastrophe leaves a trace in some area of the Earth.
Where was the center of the catastrophe on that terrible day for Atlantis and what are the reasons for its death?
The hypotheses are extremely interesting.
O. Mook believes, referring to the American anthropologist A. Kelso de Montigny, that the cause of the disaster was an asteroid.
The focus of the disaster is two depressions near Puerto Rico in the North American basin of the Atlantic Ocean.
According to Kelso de Montigny, an asteroid fell in the middle of the Antillean Arc no more than 10 thousand years ago.
Maybe fragments of one planetoid fell in this section of the Atlantic and left deep troughs of the trough?
It is possible to determine the area of the disaster by the changes that supposedly occurred in the ocean and on land.
* The catastrophe, according to M. Vissing's point of view, occurred on June 5, 8499 BC, which roughly coincides with the chronology of Plato.
