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Shakyamuni Buddha
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Siddhartha Gautama
Buddha statue in the Sarnath Museum, IV century AD Date of birth: about 563 BC or 623 BC.
Place of birth: Lumbini, now in Nepal
Date of death: around 483 BC or 543 BC (80 years old)
Place of death: Kushinagar, now in India
Country: Kapilavastu
School/Tradition: the Founder of Buddhism
Influences: Kassapa Buddha
Influenced by: Maitreya Buddha
Shakyamuni Buddha (SKT. गौतमबुद्धः सिद्धार्थ शाक्यमुनि, vietn.
Thích ca Mâu ni; 563 BC 483 BC[1]; literally " The Awakened sage from the Sakya family[2]") - a spiritual teacher, the legendary founder of Buddhism.
Having received at birth the name Siddhattha Gotama (pali) / Siddhartha Gautama (Sanskrit) (a descendant of Gotama, successful in achieving goals), he later became known as the Buddha (literally "Awakened") and a Completely perfect Buddha (Sammāsambuddha).
He is also called: Tathagata (so come/gone), Bhagavan (Blessed), Sugata (Going for good), Gina (Winner), Lokajyeshtha (Revered by the world).
Content
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1 Gautama as a Legendary personality 2 Biography of the Buddha 2.1 Previous Lives 2.2 Conception and Birth 2.3 Early Life and Marriage 2.4 Detachment and Ascetic Lifestyle 2.5 Awakening (Enlightenment) 2.6 Formation of the Sangha 2.7 Dissemination of the Teaching 2.8 Death/Mahaparinirvana 2.9 The Life of the Buddha in the Vajrayana Tradition
3 Reliability of chronological data 4 Relatives of Siddhartha Gautama 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Literature 8 References
Gautama as a legendary personality[edit / edit wiki text]
Siddhartha Gautama is a key figure in Buddhism.
The stories about his life, his sayings, dialogues with his disciples and monastic precepts were summarized by his followers after his death and formed the basis of the Buddhist canon — "Tripitaka".
Also, the Buddha is a character of many dharmic religions, in particular Bon (late Bon) and Hinduism.
In the Middle Ages, in the late Indian Puranas (for example, in the Bhagavata Purana), he was included among the avatars of Vishnu instead of Balarama.
The birthday of Shakyamuni Buddha is a national holiday of the Republic of Kalmykia[3].
Biography of the Buddha[edit / edit wiki text]
Buddhism Culture History Philosophy People Countries Schools Concepts Texts Chronology Criticism of Buddhism Project / Portal
p·o·r
Modern science does not have enough material for a scientific reconstruction of the biography of the Buddha.
Therefore, traditionally, the life of the Buddha is given on the basis of a number of Buddhist texts ("The Life of the Buddha" by Ashvaghosha, "Lalitavistara").
However, it should be borne in mind that the first texts relating to the Buddha appeared only four hundred years after his death.
By this time, the stories about him were changed by the monks themselves, in particular, to hyperbolize the figure of the Buddha[4].
In addition, the works of the ancient Indians did not cover chronological moments, focusing more on philosophical aspects.
This is well reflected in Buddhist texts, in which the description of Shakyamuni's thoughts prevails over the description of the time when all this happened[5].
Previous lives[edit / edit wiki text]
The path of the future Buddha Shakyamuni to enlightenment began hundreds and hundreds of lifetimes before his complete exit from the"wheel of alternation of lives and deaths".
It began with a meeting of the rich and learned brahmana Sumedhi with the Buddha Deepankara.
Sumedha was struck by the serenity of the Buddha and promised himself to achieve the same state.
Therefore, he was called a "bodhisattva".
After Sumedha's death, the strength of his desire for Enlightenment caused him to be born in different bodies, both human and animal.
During these lifetimes, the bodhisattva perfected wisdom and mercy and was born among the gods for the penultimate time, where he could choose a favorable place for his last birth on earth.
And he chose the family of the venerable Shakya king so that people would have more confidence in his future sermons[6].
Conception and birth[edit / edit wiki text]
The exact birthplace of Gautam Buddha in Lumbini
According to the traditional biography[7], the father of the future Buddha was Raja Shuddhodana, the head of the Shakya tribe of a small principality with the capital Kapilavatthu (Kapilavastu).
Gautama is his gotra, an analogue of the modern surname.
Although the Buddhist tradition calls him "raja", but, judging by a number of different sources, the rule in the country of the Shakyas was built according to the republican type.
Therefore, most likely, he was a member of the ruling assembly of kshatriyas (sabha), consisting of representatives of the military aristocracy[8].
Siddhartha's mother, Queen Maha Maya, the wife of Shuddhodana, was a princess from the kolya kingdom.
On the night of Siddhartha's conception, the queen dreamed that a white elephant with six white tusks entered her [9].
According to a long tradition of shakyas, Mahamaya went to her parents ' house for childbirth.
However, she gave birth on the road, in the Lumbini grove[10] (20 km from the border of modern Nepal and India, 160 km from the capital of Nepal, Kathmandu), under the Ashoka tree[11].
Andrew Skilton noted that "The Buddha denied that he was just a man or a god"[12] In Lumbini itself was the house of the king, in modern sources called the "palace".
Siddhartha Gautama's birthday, the May full moon, is widely celebrated in Buddhist countries (Vesak), and representatives of the SAARC (Association for Regional Cooperation of South Asia) and Japan have recently built their temples in Lumbini.
There is a museum at the birthplace, and excavations of the foundation and fragments of the walls are available for viewing.
Queen Maha Maya miraculously gave birth to Prince Siddhartha.
A Sanskrit manuscript.
Nalanda, Bihar, India.
The period of Palov
Most sources[who?
they claim that Mahamaya died a few days after giving birth[source not specified 263 days].
Invited to bless the baby, the hermit seer Asita, who lived in a mountain monastery, found 32 signs of a great man on his body.
On their basis, he declared that the baby would become either a great king (chakravartin) or a great saint (Buddha)[13].
Shuddhodana performed the naming ceremony for the child on the fifth day of his birth, naming him Siddhartha, which means "one who has achieved his goal".
Eight learned brahmins were invited to predict the future of the child.
They also confirmed Siddhartha's dual future[13].
Early life and marriage[edit / edit wiki text]
Siddhartha was raised by his mother's younger sister, Maha Pajapati.
Wanting Siddhartha to become a great king, his father did everything possible to protect his son from religious teachings or knowledge about human suffering.
Three palaces were specially built for the boy[14].
In his development, he was ahead of all his peers in science and sports, but showed a tendency to think.
As soon as his son turned 16, his father arranged a wedding with Princess Yashodhara, a cousin who also turned 16.
A few years later, she gave birth to his son Rahula.
Siddhartha spent 29 years of his life as the Prince of Kapilavastu.
Although the father gave his son everything that only he could need in life, Siddhartha felt that material goods were not the ultimate goal of life[14].
One day, when the prince was 29 years old, he, accompanied by the charioteer Channa, got out of the palace.
There he saw "four sights" that changed his entire subsequent life: an old beggar, a sick man, a decomposing corpse and a hermit.
Gautama then realized the harsh reality of life — that illness, suffering, aging and death are inevitable and neither wealth nor nobility can protect against them, and that the path of self — knowledge is the only way to comprehend the causes of suffering.
This prompted Gautama, at the age of 29, to leave his home, family and property and go in search of a way to get rid of suffering.
Detachment and ascetic lifestyle[edit / edit wiki text]
Siddhartha left his palace accompanied by his servant Channa.
The legend says that "the sound of his horse's hooves was muffled by the gods"[15] so that his departure would remain a secret.
After leaving the city, the prince changed into simple clothes, changing clothes with the first beggar he met, and dismissed the servant.
This event is called the "Great Departure".
Siddhartha began his ascetic life in Rajagrihu, where he begged on the street.
After King Bimbisara found out about his journey, he offered Siddhartha the throne.
Siddhartha refused the offer, but promised to visit the kingdom of Magadha immediately after he achieved enlightenment.
Siddhartha left Rajagaha and began to learn yoga meditation from two hermit brahmins.
After he had mastered the teachings of Alara (Arada) Kalama, Kalama himself asked Siddhartha to join him, but Siddhartha left him after a while.
Then Siddhartha became a disciple of Udaka Ramaputa (Udraki Ramaputra), but after reaching the highest level of meditative concentration, he also left the teacher[16].
Then Siddhartha went to southeast India.
There he, along with five companions under the leadership of Kaundinya (Kondanna), tried to achieve enlightenment through severe asceticism and mortification of the flesh.
After 6 years, on the verge of death, he discovered that severe ascetic methods do not lead to greater understanding, but simply cloud the mind and exhaust the body.
After that, Siddhartha began to reconsider his path.
He remembered a moment from his childhood when, during the festival of the beginning of plowing, he experienced a trance immersion.
This threw him into a state of concentration that seemed to him blissful and refreshing, a state of dhyana.
Awakening (enlightenment)[edit / edit wiki text]
A meditating Buddha surrounded by the demons of Mara.
A Sanskrit manuscript.
Nalanda, Bihar, India.
The period of Palov.
His four companions, believing that Gautama had given up further search, left him.
So he wandered on alone, until he reached a grove near Gaia.
Here he accepted some milk and rice from a village woman named Sujatu, who mistook him for a tree spirit, such was his haggard appearance.
After that, Siddhartha sat down under a ficus tree, which is now called the Bodhi tree, and swore that he would not get up until he found the Truth.
Not wanting to let Siddhartha out of his power, the demon Mara tried to break his concentration, but Gautama remained unshaken — and Mara retreated.
After 49 days of meditation on the full moon of the month of vaishakha [17], on the same night when he was born, at the age of 35, Gautama achieved Awakening and a complete understanding of the nature and cause of human suffering ignorance as well as the steps that are necessary to eliminate this cause.
This knowledge was later called the "Four Noble Truths", and the state of the Highest Awakening, which is available to any being, is called nibbana (pali) or nirvana (Sanskrit).
After that, Gautama was called the Buddha or "The Awakened One".
The Buddha was still in a state of samadhi for several days, deciding whether to teach the Dharma to other people.
He was not sure that people filled with greed, hatred and deception would be able to see the true Dharma, the ideas of which were very deep, subtle and difficult to understand.
However, Brahma Sahampati stood up for people and asked the Buddha to bring the Dharma to the world, as "there will always be those who will understand the Dharma."
In the end, with his great compassion for all beings on earth, the Buddha agreed to become a teacher.
Formation of the Sangha[edit / edit wiki text]
The first disciples of the Buddha were two merchants whom he met — Tapussa and Bhallika.
The Buddha gave them a pair of hair from his head, which, according to legend, are kept in the Shwedagon pagoda.
After that, the Buddha went to Varanasi, intending to tell his former teachers, Kalama and Ramaputta, what he had achieved.
But the gods told him that they were already dead.
Then the Buddha went to the Deer Grove (Sarnath), where he preached his first sermon "The first turn of the wheel of Dharma" to his former comrades in asceticism.
In this sermon, the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path were described.
Thus, the Buddha activated the Wheel of Dharma.
His first listeners became the first members of the Buddhist sangha, which completed the formation of the Three Jewels (Buddha, Dharma and Sangha).
All five soon became arhats.
Later, Yasa joined the sangha with his 54 companions and three Kassapa brothers with their disciples (1000 people), who then carried the Dharma to people.
Spreading the Teaching[edit / edit wiki text]
For the remaining 45 years of his life, the Buddha traveled through the Ganges River Valley in central India in the company of his disciples, teaching his Teachings to a wide variety of people, regardless of their religious and philosophical views and caste — from warriors to cleaners, murderers (Angulimala[18]) and cannibals (Alavaka).
At the same time, he performed many supernatural acts.
The Sangha, led by the Buddha, traveled annually for eight months.
During the other four months of the rainy season, it was quite difficult to walk, so the monks spent them in some monastery, park or forest.
People from nearby villages themselves came to them to listen to instructions.
King Bimbisara, who became a supporter of Buddhism after meeting the Buddha, gave the sangha a monastery near his capital Rajagriha.
And a rich merchant Anathapindada gave a grove near the city of Shravasti.
The first Vassana was held in Varanasi when the Sangha was first formed.
After that, they went to Rajagaha (Rajagriha), the capital of Magadha, in order to pay a visit to King Bimbisara, whom the Buddha promised to visit after his Enlightenment.
It was during this visit that Sariputta (Shariputra) and Mahamoggallana (Mahamaudgalyayana) were initiated — they were to become two of the most important disciples of the Buddha.
The Buddha spent the next three vassans at the Veluvana Monastery in the Bamboo Grove, in Rajagaha, the capital of Magadha.
This monastery was maintained at the expense of Bimbisara, although it was quite remote from the city center.
After learning about Enlightenment, Shuddhodana sent a royal delegation to the Buddha to return to Kapilavasta.
In total, nine delegations were sent to the Buddha, but all the delegates joined the Sangha and became arhats.
The tenth delegation, led by Kaludayi (Kalodayin), a childhood friend, was accepted by the Buddha, and he agreed to go to Kapilavasta.
Since it was still early for vassana, the Buddha set out on a two month journey to Kapilavasta on foot, preaching the Dharma on his way.
In the fifth vassana, the Buddha lived in Mahavana near Vesali (Vaishali).
After learning about the impending death of his father, the Buddha went to Shuddhodana and preached the Dharma to him.
Shuddhodana became an arhat right before his death.
After his father's death, his foster mother Maha Pajapati asked for permission to join the Sangha, but the Buddha refused and decided to return to Rajagaha.
Maha Pajapati did not accept the refusal and led a group of noble women of the Shakya and Kolya families, who followed the Sangha.
As a result, the Buddha accepted them into the Sangha on the grounds that their ability to enlightenment was on a par with men, but gave them additional rules of Vinaya to observe.
The Buddha has also been the target of assassination attempts by opposition religious groups, including repeated assassination attempts.
Death/Mahaparinirvana[edit / edit wiki text]
The Buddha's entry into Parinirvana.
A Sanskrit manuscript.
Nalanda, Bihar, India.
The period of Palov.
According to the Pali Mahaparinibbana sutta, at the age of 80, the Buddha announced that he would soon reach Parinirvana, or the final stage of immortality, by freeing his earthly body.
After that, the Buddha ate the last meal that he received from the blacksmith Kunda[19].
The exact composition of the Buddha's last meal is unknown; the Theravada tradition suggests that it was pork, while the Mahayana tradition says that it was truffles or some other mushrooms.
The Mahayana Vimalakirti Sutra states that the Buddha did not get sick and did not grow old, he deliberately took this form in order to show those who were born in samsara the pain that offensive words cause, thereby encouraging their desire for Nirvana.
According to one legend, before his death, the Buddha asked the disciples to find out if they still had any doubts or questions.
Then he entered the Parinirvana; his last words were :" All composite things are short lived.
Strive for your own liberation with special zeal."
Gautama Buddha was cremated in accordance with the rite for the Universal Ruler (chakravartina).
His remains (relics) were divided into eight parts and lie at the base of specially erected stupas.
Some of the monuments are believed to have survived to our time.
For example, Dalada Maligawa in Sri Lanka is the place where the Buddha's tooth is kept.
The Buddha also instructed his disciples not to follow the leader, but to follow the teaching, the Dharma.
However, in the First Buddhist Council, Mahakashyapa was proclaimed the head of the Sangha along with the two main disciples of the Buddha — Mahamoggallana and Sariputta, who died shortly before the Buddha.
The Life of the Buddha in the Vajrayana tradition[edit / edit wiki text]
Petroglyph depicting Shakyamuni Buddha together with his name mantra (Sera Monastery, Tibet)
The style of this article is not encyclopedic or violates the norms of the Russian language.
The article should be corrected according to the stylistic rules of Wikipedia.
The Blue Chronicle says that during the appearance of the Buddha Kashyapa on earth, the future Shakyamuni Bodhisattva "Blessed" decided to realize himself.
He became a brahmacharin and was reborn in Devaloka Tushita.
The Blessed One waited for a while and said: "I will enter the womb of Mahamaya in the land of Jambudvipa and attain Nirvana.
Those of you who want to achieve Nirvana must be reborn in that country" The gods begged him to stay and said that there was no need to be reborn in that country, since there were many heretics there.
But the Blessed One entered the womb of Mahamaya on the 15th day of the month of uttra phalguni (February March).
He was born in the Lumbini grove at the rising of the star Tishya.
It happened in the year of the Tiger Tree (1027 BC).
He became a Buddha on the full moon of the vaishakha month of the year of the Pig Fire (994 BC).
Then there was a lunar eclipse — Rahula swallowed the moon.
After 7 weeks, Brahma asked the Buddha to start preaching.
The sermon reached the hermits: Kaundinya, Ashvajit, Vashpa, Mahanaman, Bhadrika.
They have achieved arhatship.
In "Samskrita samskrita vinishchaya nama" it is said:
"Our Teacher Shakyamuni lived for 80 years.
he spent 29 years in his palace.
For six years he worked as an ascetic.
Having achieved Enlightenment, he spent the first summer at the turning point of the Wheel of Law (Dharmachakravartan).
He spent the second summer in Veluvan.
The fourth is also in Veluvan.
The fifth is in Vaishali.
The sixth is in Gol (that is, in Golangulaparivartan) in Zhugma Gyurve, near Rajagriha.
The seventh is in the Abode of the 33 gods, on a platform made of Armonig stone.
I spent the eighth summer in Shishumaragiri.
The ninth is in Kaushambi.
The tenth is in a place called Kapijit (Teutul) in the Parileyakavana forest.
The eleventh is in Rajagriha (Gyalpa kab).
The twelfth is in the village of Verandzha.
The thirteenth is in Chaityagiri (Choten ri).
The fourteenth is in the temple of Raja Jetavana.
The fifteenth is at Nyag rodharam in Kapilavastu.
The sixteenth is in Atavaka.
The seventeenth is in Rajagriha.
The eighteenth — in the cave of Jvalini (near the Traffic police).
The nineteenth is in Jwalini (Barve pug).
The twentieth is in Rajagriha.
Four summer stays were in aram Mrigamatri to the east of Shravasti.
Then the twenty first summer stay — in Shravasti.
The Buddha went to nirvana in the Shala grove, in Kushinagar, in the land of Malla."
Reliability of chronological data[edit / edit wiki text]
Early Western science accepted the biography of the Buddha presented in the Buddhist scriptures as a real story, but at present "scientists are reluctant to give unconfirmed information about historical facts related to the life of the Buddha and his Teachings"[20].
The key reference point for dating the life of the Buddha is the beginning of the reign of the Buddhist emperor Ashoka.
Based on the edicts of Ashoka and the dates of the reign of the Hellenistic kings to whom he sent ambassadors, scholars date the beginning of Ashoka's reign to 268 BC .
Pali sources say that the Buddha died 218 years before this event.
Since all sources agree that Gautama was eighty years old when he died (for example, Dīgha Nikāya 2.100), we get the following dates: 566-486 BC .
This is the so called "long chronology".
An alternative "short chronology" is based on the Sanskrit sources of North Indian Buddhism preserved in East Asia.
According to this version of the Buddha died 100 years before the inauguration of Ashoka, which gives the following dates: 448-368 BC In some East Asian traditions, the date of death of the Buddha called or 949 878 BC, and in Tibet — 881 BC In the past, common among Western scholars date was 486 or 483 BCE, but it is now believed that the reasons for this too shaky[21].
Radiocarbon analysis shows that some of the settlements that the Buddha visited according to the Pali Canon were not inhabited until 500 BC (±100 years), which makes us doubt such an early date as 486 BC.
Relatives of Siddhartha Gautama[edit / edit wiki text]
See also: Shakya
Siddhartha's father was Suddhodana (Sanskrit; Pali — Suddhodana).
According to Mahavast[22], he had three brothers: Dhautodana (Sanskrit; pali Dhotodana), Shuklodana and Amritodana (Sanskrit; pali — Amitodana), and a sister Amritika (Sanskrit; pali — Amita).
The Theravada tradition speaks of four brothers named Dhotodana, Amitodana, Sakkodana and Suklodana, and adds in addition to Amita another sister named Pamita[23].
The mother of the future Buddha was [Maha-]Maya[24].
In the Mahavastu[25], the names of her sisters are called — Maha Prajapati, Mahamaya, Atimaya, Anantamaya, Chulia and Kolisova.
Siddhartha's own mother died seven days after his birth and her sister Maha Prajapati (Sanskrit; pali — Maha Pajapati), who was also married to Shuddhodana, took care of the child.
The Buddha had no siblings, but he had a half brother [Sundara -] Nanda, the son of Maha Prajapati and Shuddhodana.
The Theravada tradition says that the Buddha also had a half sister, Sundara Nanda[26].
The brother and sister later entered the Sangha and achieved arhatship.
The following cousins of the Buddha are known: Ananda, who in the Theravada tradition was considered the son of Amitodan, and in the Mahavastu is called the son of Shuklodan and Mriga; Devadatta, the son of his maternal uncle Suppabuddha and his paternal aunt Amita.
The identity of Gautama's wife remains unclear.
In the Theravada tradition, Rahula's mother (see below) is called Bhaddakachcha, but the Mahavamsa[27] and the commentaries on the Anguttara Nikaya call her Bhaddakachchana and see her as the cousin of the Buddha and the sister of Devadatta.
Mahavastu (Mahāvastu 2.69), however, calls the Buddha's wife Yasodhara and implies that she was not Devadatta's sister, since Devadatta had wooed her.
Buddhavamsa [28] also uses this name, but in the Pali version — Yasodhara.
The same name is most often found in North Indian Sanskrit texts (also in their Chinese and Tibetan translations).
Lalitavistara says that the wife of the Buddha was Gopa, the mother of Dandapani's maternal uncle.
Some texts[what?
It is stated that Gautama had three wives: Yasodhara, Gopika and Mrigaya.
Siddhartha had an only son, Rahula, who, having grown up, joined the Sangha.
Over time, he achieved arhatship.
See also[edit / edit wiki text]
Buddha Category:The Buddhas of Amrapali (film, 1966)
Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
↑ Show compactly
↑ The dates of his life cannot be accurately determined, and various historians date his life differently: 624-544 BC; 623-543 BC; 563-486 BC; 571-491 BC; 453-373 BC; 448-368 BC .
See also a special section in this article ↑ It should not be confused with the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism.
Закон The Law of the Republic of Kalmykia of October 16, 2006 N 298 III Z "On amendments to the Law of the Republic of Kalmykia "On non working holidays and Memorable Days in the Republic of Kalmykia" " Mich Michael Carrithers, The Buddha, 1983, pages 13, 14.
Found in Founders of Faith, Oxford University Press, 1986.
↑ Carrithers, page 15.
Robert C. Lester (per. Koval A. N.) Buddhism / / Religious traditions of the world vol. 2 Moscow: KRON PRESS, 1996 p. 308—309 — ISBN 5-232-00313-5;
Buddhavamsa.
Arm Armstrong, Karen (2000), "Buddha", (UK) Orion, ISBN 978-0-7538-1340-9 ↑ Ermakova T. V., Ostrovskaya E. P. Classical Buddhism St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Oriental Studies, 1999 — ISBN 5-85803-132-3.
↑ Sacred texts.com ↑ Buddhanet.net ↑ Sarca indica Ashoka Tree Ashoka (eng.).
Retrieved 6 November 2010.
Archived from the original source on February 17, 2011.
↑ the Buddha himself denied that he was either a man or a god (Skilton, Andrew (2004), A Concise History of Buddhism 2004, p. 64-65.
↑ Go to: 1 2 Narada.
A Manual of Buddhism.
— Buddha Educational Foundation, 1992.
— P. 9—12.
— ISBN 967-9920-58-5.
↑ Go to page: 1 2 Narada (1992), p14 ↑ Narada (1992), pp15-16 ↑ Narada (1992), pp19-20 ↑ in some traditions it is believed that this happened in the fifth lunar month, in others, in the twelfth ↑ Angulimala of Sutta // the Pali Canon (MN 86).
^ The Maha parinibbana Sutta (DN 16), verse 56 ↑ Lopez.
Buddhism in Practice.
— Princeton University Press, 1995.
— P. 16. ↑ and "As is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re examination of early Buddhist historical material, ..., necessitates a redating of the Buddha's death to between 411 and 400 BCE."
Paul Dundas, The Jains, 2nd edition, (Routledge, 2001), p. 24 ^ the Mahāvastu 1,355 ↑ Suttanipāta comment 1,357, Mahāvaṃsa II.18-22 ↑ Dīgha Nikāya 2.52 ↑ Mahāvastu 1.355-7 ^ the Therīgāthā comments 83 and Aṅguttara Nikāya commentary 1.363 ↑ Mahāvaṃsa II.21-4 ↑ Buddhavaṃsa
Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
Androsov V. P. Shakyamuni Buddha and Indian Buddhism.
- Moscow: East lit., 2001.
Arya Shura.
Garland of Jatak, or Legends about the exploits of a Bodhisattva / translated from the Sanskrit by A. P. Barannikov and O. F. Volkova.
- Moscow: East lit., 2000.
Bulich S. K. Shakyamuni // Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 vols.
(82 volumes and 4 supplements).
- St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
The Life of the Buddha / Ashvaghosha.
Dramas / Kalidasa; per .
K. Balmont; introduction, intro.
article, essays, scientific ed. by G. Bongard Levin.
- Moscow: Art. lit., 1990 — - 573 p.
The Life of the Buddha / comp.
S. A. Komissarov.
- Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1994.
Karyagin K. M. Sakia Muni (Buddha).
His life and fi losofskaya activity.
Biographical sketch.
- St. Petersburg, 1897.
Lysenko V. G. Buddha as a person or a person in Buddhism / / God man society in traditional cultures of the East.
- Moscow: Nauka, 1993.
- pp.
121-133.
Oldenburg S. F., Vladimirtsov B. Ya., Shcherbatskoy F. I., Rosenberg O. O ..
The Life of the Buddha, the Indian Teacher of Life.
Five lectures on Buddhism.
- Samara: Agni, 1998.
Buddha Sidhartha / / Religion: Encyclopedia / comp.
and general ed .
A. A. Gritsanov, G. V. Sinilo.
- Mn.: Book House, 2007.
Links[edit / edit wiki text]
Portal "Buddhism" Buddha Gautama in Wikicitatnik?
Gautama Buddha on Wikimedia Commons?
Alexander Berzin.
The Life of Shakyamuni Buddha The life of Siddhartha Gautama (Shakyamuni Buddha) (unavailable link from 14-05-2013 (951 days) - history) (based on the materials of Dr. George Boeree, University of Shippensburg) The life of the Buddha, according to the Pali Canon (eng.)
Thematic sites
Notable Names Database
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Categories: Alphabetical personalities Born in Lumbini Deceased in Kushinagar Philosophers alphabetically Teachers of Buddhism Buddha Shakyamuni Personalities:Buddhism Personalities:Ancient India Deified people
Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with manual date verification in the Wikipedia card:Articles that require specification Wikipedia:No sources since April 2015 Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days Wikipedia:Stylistically incorrect articles Articles with links to Wikicitatnik Wikipedia:Articles with non working links since May 2013
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