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Great Travelers of the 18th century by James Cook.
Biography, travel, discovery of Australia
James Cook.
Biography, travel, discovery of Australia
Captain James Cook is an English traveler and a famous cartographer.
He was born in 1728, in a poor family living in North Yorkshire, in the north of England.
At the age of 13, he was already working side by side with his father, a farm manager.
In 1745, he began working in a grocery store.
But soon the seller discovered that he was completely incapable of trading.
He took James to the nearest port in Whitby and introduced him to the Walker brothers, owners of several ships.
Here begins the biography of James Cook as a great navigator.
His first position was as a cabin boy on the coal miner "Freelav".
The ship sailed along the English coast, carrying coal.
The future traveler was so interested in maritime affairs that he independently took up geometry, algebra, astronomy and navigation.
His training period came to an end after three years, and he began sailing with ships in the Baltic Sea.
His abilities helped him quickly move up the career ladder.
James Cook's travels began with the fact that in 1755 the Walkers offered him to become the captain of their ship "Friendship".
But he refused, deciding to join the Royal Navy.
At that time, the British army was preparing with might and main for the Seven Years ' War, and he saw great prospects for himself in this area.
However, this meant starting the whole career anew – with a simple sailor.
Cook was appointed a sailor on the Eagle and very quickly "rose" to the assistant captain.
By 1757, he had passed the exams that allowed him to control the ship himself.
Cook's brilliant career in the Royal Navy began with the drawing of the fairway of the St. Petersburg River.
St. Lawrence in order to ensure the passage of the British through it and the capture of Quebec, which then belonged to the French.
He proved to be an excellent cartographer and navigator.
In the 1760s, he continued to engage in mapping, mapping the unknown shores of Newfoundland and the St. John's River.
Lavrentia.
His work attracted the attention of the Admiralty and the Royal Society.
In 1756, he was commissioned to go to the Pacific Ocean to observe the passage of Venus through the solar disk.
The following year, Cook left the coast of England, rounded Cape Horn and by April 1759 reached the coast of Haiti, where he was supposed to conduct observations.
Unfortunately, for technical reasons, these observations were very inaccurate.
But the navigator mapped the exact shores of New Zealand.
Then he moved on and in 1770 reached the shores of Australia.
Thus, the navigator became the first European to discover a hitherto unknown continent.
The discovery of Australia by James Cook was a breakthrough for England in the development of colonies and a worthy response to the Spaniards and Portuguese.
Having received a hole, the ship "Endeavour" made an emergency stop on the Australian mainland.
When the repair work was completed, Cook steered the ship along the Great Barrier Reef and soon discovered the strait between Australia and New Guinea.
The expedition returned to England in 1771.
Soon after his return, he was asked to go sailing again.
The fact is that the British were eager to find the Southern continent, the mythical Terra Australis (Antarctica) - despite the fact that James Cook had already discovered Australia, it was assumed that there was another continent to the south.
Cook was now in command of the Resolution.
The second expedition again made a trip around the world.
Two ships sank the lowest in the southern latitude, but did not reach Antarctica – supplies on the ship were running out, people were suffering from scurvy, and he had to turn back.
On his return to England, he convinced everyone that there was no Southern continent.
After James Cook discovered Australia in April 1770, he had another journey ahead of him, the last…
The traveler was tasked with finding the Northwest Passage, which probably crosses North America and connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
He was again entrusted with the command of the ship "Resolution", and with him went Charles Kleckr on the Discovery.
Since the British did everything possible to hide their search expeditions, this time the pretext was the return of a resident of Tahiti, captured during the second expedition, to his homeland.
During the third voyage, the great traveler became the first European to visit Hawaii.
From there, he sailed to the West Coast of North America - this journey alone by James Cook allowed him to map almost the entire coast of North America, including Alaska, which, in turn, filled in the gaps in the maps of Russian and Spanish researchers.
The Bering Strait seemed impassable to him, despite several attempts made.
This fact completely knocked him out of the rut, he developed a stomach disease and strange behavior.
For example, he forced his team to eat walrus meat, which was absolutely inedible.
He returned to Hawaii in 1779.
The return coincided with the seasonal celebrations of the islanders in honor of one of the gods - and the traveler James Cook, at the ready with his ships, was perceived as an incarnate deity.
After staying on the islands for a month, the ships went to sea again, but halfway through the Resolution, the foremast broke, and they had to return back.
The return was unexpected, as the celebrations were already over.
This led to unrest among local residents.
The theft of property from the ship began.
After the loss of an entire boat, Cook was furious.
He decided to capture the local chief and not return him until all the things were returned.
By that time, a rumor had spread among the Hawaiians that other Englishmen had already killed one of the leaders.
The conflict between the sailors and the Hawaiians, which occurred on the shore, led to an armed clash.
This is where the biography of James Cook ends - when the British began to retreat, he turned his back to the crowd, was hit on the head with a spear, fell and was beaten to death.
The Hawaiians took his body with them.
In retaliation, the British bombed and burned a Hawaiian village.
Only a few pieces of meat and the head of the great navigator were returned to them in response to the demand to hand over the captain's body.
The death of James Cook was a great loss for the expedition.
Charles Clerk made a last attempt to pass the Bering Strait, but also failed.
During the voyage back to England, he died of tuberculosis.
Cook's third circumnavigation of the world was completed by James King, bringing both ships to England in 1780.
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#5 Leshka 08.11.2016 14: 10 WOW!!!!!!Cross with
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#4 Koshechka 26.09.2016 15: 38 Excellent ☺
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#1 elena 28.09.2013 08: 24 this is a man
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