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Jane Austen
Jane Austen
(1775—1817)
Aldous Huxley
Joseph Conrad
Thomas Stearns Eliot
John
Fowles
William Golding
William Somerset Maugham
George Orwell
Iris Murdoch
Anthony Burgess
Archibald Joseph Cronin
John Tolkien
Jerome David Salinger
An English writer who was the first to give the novel a modern character by introducing everyday life into it.
Although Austen was widely read during her lifetime, she published her novels anonymously.
Austin has never been married.
Her most famous books are Pride and Prejudice (1813) and Emma (1816).
Virginia Woolf called Austin " the most remarkable creative person among women”"
"Everyone knows that a young man who has the means should look for a wife.
No matter how little the intentions and views of such a person are known after he has settled in a new place, this truth so firmly seizes the minds of families living nearby that they immediately begin to look at him as the legitimate prey of one or another neighbor's daughter."
("Pride and Prejudice”, 1813, Translated from English by I. Marshak)
Jane Austen (the transcription “Austen” is also used) was born in the town of Steventon, Hampshire, where her father, the Reverend George Austin, was a parish priest She was the second daughter and the seventh child in a family of eight.
The Austins have not lost any of their children.
Cassandra Leigh, Jane's mother, breastfed the babies for several months, and then sent them to a wet nurse in a nearby village to be under her care for a year or more.
Jane spent the first 25 years of her life in Hampshire.
When her father unexpectedly retired, the family sold everything, including Jane's piano, and moved to Bath.
Jane, at the age of 25, and her older twenty eight year old sister, who were considered spinsters by the views of that time, followed their parents.
Cut off from her friends and rural roots in Steventon, Austen gave up her literary studies for a decade.
Jane Austen was mostly educated at home, and only occasionally at school, but she received a broader education than many women of her time.
As a child, she began writing for seminal entertainment Her parents were avid readers; Austen's favorite poet was Cowper.
The earliest of her known works date back to about 1787.
She was very shy about her occupation and wrote on small pieces of paper, which she threw under the table if someone entered the room.
In her letters, she examines the daily life of family and friends frankly and in detail: "James was dancing with Alethea and last night he was chopping up a turkey with great tenacity.
You didnot say anything about silk stockings; therefore it's because Charles didnot buy them, I hope, since I'm not able to pay for them; all the money went to buy white stockings and pink silk."
(from a letter from Austen to her sister Cassandra, 1796)
George Austin supported his daughter's passion and bought paper and a desk for her, and tried to help her find a publisher.
After his death in 1805, she lived with her sister and hypochondriac mother in Southampton.
In July 1809, they moved to a large cottage in the village of Choten.
It was a place where Austen felt at home.
She was never married, she never had her own room, but her social life was active, and she had fans and romantic dreams.
With Tom Lefroy, whom she met several times in 1796, she discussed “Tom Jones " Fielding*.
They had a similar sense of irony, and this undoubtedly attracted Austin.
James Edward Austen Lee, her nephew, wanted to create a different kind of legend around her and claimed that “the events of her life were especially boring: there were few changes and no big shocks that ever disturbed the calm course of her life.
… There was nothing eccentric or prim about her; there was no firmness of character; there were no special features…
Austin's sister Cassandra also never married.
One of the brothers became a priest, two served in the navy, one was mentally retarded.
He was taken care of by a local family.
Jane Austen's desk.
Drawing from the website sexualfables.com
Jane Austen was intimately acquainted with the middle class landowners whom she portrayed in her novels.
In Choten, she began writing her main works, among them "Sense and Sensibility", the story of the impoverished Dashwood sisters, Marianne and Eleanor, who are trying to find suitable husbands to strengthen their social position.
The novel was written in 1797, when Austen was twenty years old, and in the draft version was called “Eleanor and Marianne”.
According to some sources, an earlier version of the work was written in the form of a novel in letters, and read aloud to the family as early as 1795.
Austin's heroines are determined to marry reasonably and thoroughly, successfully, but the romantically minded Maryann in "Reason and Feelings" is a heroine who feels everything very deeply, and she falls madly in love with a frivolous seducer.
I canot be happy with a person whose tastes donot coincide with mine in everything.
He should share all my feelings; the same books, the same music should captivate us both. .
Sensible Eleanor falls in love with a gentleman already engaged.
"I often had to catch myself making such mistakes," says Eleanor, " when I completely misinterpreted a particular trait of character: I imagined that people were much more cheerful or serious, original or stupid than they actually turned out to be, and I canot even explain why or how such a delusion arose.
Sometimes you rely on what they say about themselves, much more often on what other people say about them, and you donot give yourself time to think and judge for yourself.”
Marianne likes to read and express her feelings, Eleanor prefers drawing and needlework, without expressing her desires.
Their father, Henry Dashwood, has a son from his first marriage.
After his death, John inherits the Norland estate in Sussex, where his sisters live.
John's wife, the greedy and selfish Fanny, insists that they move to Norland.
An impoverished widow and her daughters move to Barton's cottage in Devonshire.
There, Marianne is surrounded by the attention of the cunning heartthrob Willoughby, who is already in love with another woman.
Eleanor becomes interested in the smug and ignorant Edward Ferrars.
Colonel Brandon, an elderly gentleman who does not attract Marianne.
She is finally rejected by Willoughby.
Marianne Dashwood was destined for an unusual fate at birth.
She had to learn the falsity of her own judgments and resist, of her own free will, her most beloved principles .
A drawing from the book " Portrait gallery of outstanding men and women of Europe and America.
With biographies (1872)” from the website archive.org
In all of Austen's novels, her heroines eventually get married.
"Pride and Prejudice" describes the clash between Elizabeth Bennet, the independent and intelligent daughter of a provincial nobleman, and Fitzwilliam Darcy, a rich aristocratic landowner, blinded by his own arrogance and desires.
Their relationship begins with dislike, but Darcy is interested in her intelligence, character and “the beautiful expression of her dark eyes”.
She rejects his first marriage proposal, but eventually the barriers are thrown away, and Elizabeth and Darcy are happily reunited.
Austen completed an early version of this story in 1797 under the title "First Impressions".
The book was published in three printed editions during Austin's lifetime.
In 1998, a sequel to the novel appeared, entitled "Desire and Duties", written by Teddy F.Bader et al.
It develops the ideas that Jay Austin told her family about.
"Emma” was written in a joking tone.
Austen began the novel in January 1814 and completed it in March of the following year.
The book was published in three volumes.
It describes the story of Emma Woodhouse, who finds her happiness in marriage.
Emma is a wealthy, sweet, self satisfied young girl.
She is left alone with her father, who suffers from hypochondria.
Her governess, Miss Taylor, is marrying a neighbor, Mr. Weston.
Emma has a lot of time, and she spends it choosing suitable partners for her friends and neighbors, not paying attention to her own feelings.
She takes under her protection Harriet Smith, an illegitimate girl without a position in society, and tries to arrange a marriage between Harriet and Mr. Elton, a young priest who has taken a fancy to Emma.
Emma has feelings for Mr. Weston's son When Harriet becomes interested in George Knightley, a neighboring landowner who was her friend, Emma begins to understand her own misconceptions.
He was her spiritual mentor and secretly loved her.
Emma finally finds her happiness in marriage with him.
Harriet, who is left to decide everything herself, marries Robert Martin, a young farmer.
Jane Austen shows the provincial life of the middle class with humor and understanding.
She describes small landowners, rural priests and their families, in which the social status of a woman is mainly determined by marriage.
Most of all, those small nuances were important to her, as Emma says, “on which the daily happiness of personal life depends.”
Despite the fact that Austen was limited to family issues and missed the historical events of the Napoleonic Wars, her sharp mind and accurate manner of narration caused readers an enduring delight.
Of her six great novels, four were published anonymously during her lifetime.
Austin had difficulties with the publisher, who wanted to make changes to the love scenes in "Pride and Prejudice".
In 1811, she wrote to Thomas Egerton: "You say that the book is indecent.
You say that I am immodest.
But, sir, when describing love, modesty is the completeness of the truth; decency is frankness, and therefore I must also be frank with you and ask you to remove my name from the title page in all subsequent publications.”
She died on July 18, 1817 in Winchester, at the age of 41, and the novel “Sanditon " remained unfinished.
Until March 18, when she stopped working due to poor health, Austin was able to write 12 chapters.
The cause of her death is unknown.
It was announced that Austin was a victim of Addison's disease*.
According to Claire Tomalin, she may have died of lymphoma.
Catherine White in the British Medical Journal of Humanitarian Medicine suggested that Austin died of tuberculosis, which she contracted from cows.
Jane Austen is buried in Winchester Cathedral, near the middle of the north nave. ”
It is important for me to know that she rests in a building that she admired so much, " Cassandra Austin later wrote.
Cassandra destroyed many of her sister's letters; 160 letters have been preserved, but none written before her twentieth birthday.
After the death of Jane Austen, her brother Henry made her authorship public.
"Emma" received a favorable review from Walter Scott, who wrote in his diary on March 14, 1826: "[Miss Austin] has the most remarkable talent for describing hobbies, feelings and characteristics of everyday life that I have ever met."
Charlotte Bronte and E. B. Browning found her limited, and Elizabeth Hardwick * wrote: "I do not think that her excellent mind will bring her happiness.”
Austin's popularity increased after the publication of "Memoirs" by J. E. Austin Lee in 1870.
Her unfinished novel Sanditon was published in 1925.
* Addison's disease, bronze disease — chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.
Film adaptations
Jane Austen's House is a house museum in Choten, Hampshire, where Jane Austen lived
Advertising of the film version of the novel "Pride and Prejudice", 2005.
Starring: Keira Knightley, Donald Sutherland, Matthew McFadyen, etc.
Film adaptations of the novel “Mind and Feelings " with Kate Winslet and Hugh Grant.
Film adaptations
Like
Austin's works in the library lib.ru
Jane Austen WebRing A selection of sites about Jane Austen.
jane austen.it A website dedicated to Austin.
Biography, quotes, filmography
Jane Austen, Her Homes & Her Freiends by Constance Hill.
First Published 1901.
janitesonthejames.blogspot.com A blog with various materials about the life and work of Jane Austen,
Photos, film adaptations of works, fashion and attributes of the era
Biographical materials, photos of the Austin family home and Winchester Cathedral
The Selected Works:
LADY SUSAN, 1793-94
SENSE AND SENSIBILITY, 1811
MANSFIELD PARK, 1814
EMMA, 1815
NORTHANGER ABBEY, 1817
LETTERS, 1925
SANDITON (unfinished), 1925
JANE AUSTEN'S LETTERS TO HER SISTER CASSANDRA AND OTHERS, 1964 (ed. by R.W. Chapman, 2nd ed.)
Download Austin's works in English
Translated from English by Polina Klimyuk.
The authors of the original text are Petri Liukkonen (author) & Ari Pesonen
The site was created in the uCoz system
