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The Ice battle and its historical significance
1010 The Neva victory secured Russia from the Swedes, but there were still German knights.
The Germans launched an offensive in the same 1240, in early autumn.
They managed to take Izborsk by storm.
The news of the capture of Izborsk and the extermination of its inhabitants reached Pskov.
Pskov residents came out to meet the enemy.
A battle took place near Izborsk, in which the hastily formed militia retreated under the onslaught of twice the enemy's forces.
There were more than 800 people killed in Pskov alone.
The Germans approached Pskov, crossed the Velikaya River, pitched tents under the very walls of the Pskov Kremlin, burned the posad and began to ravage the surrounding villages.
A week later, the knights prepared to storm the Kremlin.
But Voivode Tverdilo Ivanovich surrendered Pskov to the Germans.
Now the threat is hanging over Novgorod.
The German Crusaders said: "We will reproach (subdue) the Slovenian language (people)... to yourself"
The Novgorodians had to turn to Prince Alexander, and he returned to the city to lead the fight against the enemy.
With him came a small army, which he was able to gather in the Vladimir Suzdal land, recently ravaged by the Mongols.
Alexander's brother Andrey Yaroslavich and his squad also came to the aid of Novgorod.
In Novgorod, Alexander managed to organize an army of Novgorodians, Ladozhans, Karelians and Izhorians in a short time.
Before the start of hostilities, it was necessary to decide on the direction of the first strike.
Pskov and Koporye were in the hands of the enemy.
Alexander understood that a simultaneous performance in two directions would disperse the forces.
Therefore, having identified the Kopor direction as a priority the enemy was approaching Novgorod - the prince decided to strike the first blow at Koporye, and then liberate Pskov from the invaders.
In 1241, the army under the command of Alexander Nevsky marched, reached Koporye and captured the fortress.
The speed, impetuosity and suddenness of the blow led to a brilliant victory.
The fortress was destroyed.
Following this, the Novgorod army, together with the Vladimir Suzdal detachment that joined it under the command of Alexander's brother Andrey, defeated the German garrison and liberated Pskov.
After that, the prince did not wait for the Germans and decided to transfer military operations to the order's possessions "and go to the German land, although he will take revenge on the Christian blood."
Alexander's detachments began to ravage the lands of the Livonian Order.
One of them, under the command of the governor of Novgorod Domash Tverdislavich, came across the Germans and Estonians, was defeated and retreated.
The prince himself moved to Izborsk, but it soon became clear that the main enemy forces were heading to Lake Peipsi.
Alexander turned in the same direction in order to parry a roundabout maneuver of the knights.
Having reached Lake Peipsi, he found himself in the center of possible enemy movement routes to Novgorod.
Here the prince decided to give battle and stopped at the island of Voroniy Kamen.
Choosing this place for the deployment of squads in the order of battle and battle, Alexander Nevsky took into account the tactics of the knights, the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy and his troops.
For example, in the area of the Raven Stone, where warm springs were beating, the spring ice near the shore was thinner and could not withstand the Livonian Teutonic army chained in heavy knight's armor.
The knight's army usually led a frontal attack with an armored wedge, called " pig " in Russia.
In this formation, the bulk of the knights, the so called shock group, was in front, while the flanks were more vulnerable.
In the center of the wedge was the infantry, covered from the flanks and rear by two or three rows of knights.
Lined up in tight rows, in battle, the warriors struck with their entire iron clad mass at the center of the enemy's battle order.
The knight's cavalry, protected by heavy armor, usually dissected and overturned the enemy's battle order; the infantry completed the rout.
Using the advantages of the Russian army in the infantry and intending to cover the enemy from two sides, Alexander allocated two thirds of his forces to the flanks and put one third in the center of the battle order.
The Russian army of 15-17 thousand people was formed up for the battle in a line, having in the center the regiment "chelo" (center) - a small Vladimir militia on foot, in front of it - the light cavalry of the Vladimirites as part of the advanced regiment, archers and slingers, and on the flanks were the best squads that make up the regiments of the right and left hands, consisting of the Novgorod foot militia.
Behind the left hand regiment there was an ambush from the princely cavalry squad and the squads of the Vladimir and Novgorod boyars.
It was essentially a general reserve.
The rear of the army rested on the steep eastern shore of the lake.
The chosen position was advantageous because the Germans, advancing on open ice, were deprived of the opportunity to determine the exact location, number and composition of the Russian army.
This order of battle was called the "regimental row".
It made it possible to place infantry and cavalry in combination, to maneuver, to strike at the enemy's flanks.
At dawn on April 5 (11), 1242, the crusaders built their army in a "wedge" and, slowly moving forward on the spring, not very strong ice of the lake, fell on the advanced regiment of the Russians.
The German knights and their infantry, consisting mainly of Estonians, were met with a cloud of arrows, which forced the flanks of the "wedge" to press harder against the center.
Having exposed long spears, the Germans broke through the ranks of the forward regiment and attacked the central regiment ("yo") of the Russian battle order.
"Here the banners of the brothers penetrated the ranks of the riflemen (the advanced regiment), it was heard how swords rang, and it was seen how helmets were cut, the dead fell from both sides."
Following the advanced regiment, the German knights also tore up the ranks of the "chelo" regiment.
However, as they moved forward, they came across a steep lake shore.
This prevented the sedentary, heavily armored knights from taking advantage of the success achieved and developing a further offensive.
On the contrary, the knights ' cavalry crowded together and destroyed the battle formation, as the rear ranks of the knights pushed the front ones, who had nowhere to turn for battle.
At this time, the flanking squads of the Novgorodians clamped, like pincers, the German wedge from the flanks.
Alexander and his "ambush squad" struck from the rear.
The encirclement was completed.
Now the warriors who had special spears with hooks ("spearmen") pulled the knights off their horses, the warriors armed with zasapozhny knives disabled the horses, after which the knights became easy prey.
The ice began to crack and break under the weight of the heavily armed knights brought down in a pile.
Many of them drowned.
Only a few knights managed to break through the encirclement, and they tried to escape, but many of them died from swords or drowned.
The Novgorodians pursued the enemy, who was defeated and fled in disarray, along the ice of Lake Peipsi for seven kilometers, up to the opposite shore.
The pursuit of a defeated enemy outside the battlefield was a new phenomenon in the development of Russian military art.
The German knights on Lake Peipus suffered a complete defeat.
More than 500 knights and "countless" (several thousand) other troops were killed in battle, 50 "deliberate voivodes" (noble knights) were captured.
At that time, this figure of losses is exceptionally high.
At the end of the battle, Prince Alexander solemnly entered Pskov at the head of his victorious army.
The once proud German knights, who were going to conquer the entire Novgorod land, followed the prince's horse with their heads down.
The Pskov clergy met the winner with crosses and icons.
The townspeople greeted him joyfully and thanked him with tears for getting rid of the Germans.
What is the military political and historical significance of the Ice Battle?
First, as a result of this victory, the knight's expansion into Russia was stopped.
The northwestern border of the Novgorod land was reliably protected just at the time when the hordes of Mongols were returning from Central Europe.
Russian Russian army's victory on Lake Peipsi occupies a special place in the history of Russian military art.
It is the largest battle of the Middle Ages, a classic example of the encirclement and destruction of the main enemy forces.
The victory was ensured by the superiority in military organization and tactics: the skillful use of infantry and the choice of the battle site, the expedient construction of the battle order, the clear interaction of its individual elements during the battle, the high valor and courage of Russian soldiers, the outstanding generalship of Alexander Nevsky.
Thirdly, the Ice battle was the first example in history of the defeat of the knights by an army consisting mainly of infantry, which testified to the advanced nature of Russian military art.
Fourth, after the defeat, the order requested peace, which was concluded on the terms dictated by the Russians.
In the summer of 1242 ,the "order brothers" sent envoys to Novgorod with a bow and an offer to exchange prisoners.
The Novgorodians agreed to these conditions, and in 1243 peace was concluded with the Crusaders.
The Order's ambassadors solemnly renounced all encroachments on the Russian lands that had already been captured.
Nevsky's contemporaries highly appreciated his role in saving the Fatherland in a dashing year, he is among the greatest generals of his time.
The Orthodox Church has canonized Prince Alexander Nevsky as a saint.
According to the Federal Law " On the Days of military Glory (victory days) On March 13, 1995, April 18 is celebrated annually in the Russian Federation as the Victory Day of the Russian soldiers of Prince Alexander Nevsky over the German knights on Lake Peipsi.
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