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The Arab Caliphate and its culture
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The Arab Caliphate and its culture.
Formation of the Caliphate.
In some countries of the Muslim East, the supreme ruler, in whose hands spiritual and secular power was concentrated, was the caliph.
After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632, one of his faithful companions, Abu Bakr, was elected Caliph.
During his reign (632-634), the entire population of the Arabian Peninsula adopted Islam.
The next Caliph Umar (634-644) became famous in the Islamic world for his good nature, justice and intransigence in matters of faith observance.
During his reign, the Arabs conquered Palestine, Syria, Egypt and Libya, as well as a significant part of Iran.
During the reign of the third Caliph Uthman (644-656), Iran was completely conquered.
The troops of the caliphate captured Dagestan and reached the banks of the Amu Darya.
Under him, the collection and unification of individual parts of the Koran were completed.
The last of the companions of the prophet was the fourth Caliph Ali (656-661), whose years of rule were spent in continuous wars.
At the beginning of the VIII century.
the Arabs conquered all of North Africa.
In 711, the Arabs under the leadership of Jabel at Tariq (the Strait of Gibraltar is named after him) conquered the Iberian Peninsula.
Having defeated the Visigothic kingdom, the Muslims, without meeting strong resistance, conquered almost all of Spain.
In France, the Arabs reached the city of Bordeaux, but in 732, the ruler of the Franks, Charles Martell, was defeated in the Battle of Poitiers.
In the East, the Arabs conquered Transcaucasia and Central Asia.
Under the onslaught of the conquerors, the local population adopted Islam.
The eastern campaigns of the Arabs spread to the north west of Hindustan.
The conquests of the Arabs in the VII — first half of the VIII century ended with the formation of the largest state — the Arab Caliphate, which occupied the territory from the Maghreb in the west to Mashriq in the east.
The capital of the country was the city of Damascus.
The basis of the State was the religion Islam.
This contributed to the strengthening of the Caliph's power.
Land ownership in the Caliphate.
All the lands in the conquered countries were declared the property of the state, but in fact remained in the hands of the former landowners.
After the conquest of Syria and Iran, the Arab nobility for the first time raised the issue of land redistribution before the Caliph.
However, Caliph Umar ordered to leave the lands with the previous owners: "If we divide all the conquered lands among the Muslims, what will those who come after us get?".
All the property and lands of the defeated rulers and officials and feudal lords who died in battles were transferred to the treasury of the Caliphate.
These lands occupied vast areas.
Only the lands in the south of Iraq annually brought 7 million dirhams of income to the state treasury.
The most common form of land ownership in the Caliphate was communal land ownership on state lands with the payment of taxes (kharaj or ushr) to the treasury.
Usr was also paid by the owners of private land (mulk) Part of the state lands with the condition of paying taxes were distributed in the icta — this was the name of the lands presented as a gift.
The person who received such a gift was obliged not only to pay taxes, but also to cultivate the land.
Caliph Umar said: "If the person who received the land does not cultivate it for three years, the person who worked on it will have an advantage in transferring it."
In addition to iqt, there was private and collective ownership of land in the Caliphate.
The main land tax of kharaj was one third of the crop.
Able bodied non Muslim males were also charged a special fee in the form of a half - tax jizya, a tax of 48 dirhams was levied on the rich, 24 dirhams were levied on middle — income people, 12 dirhams were levied on poor peasants and artisans.
The Caliphate continued to use the labor of slaves.
Popular uprisings against the Arabs.
In the VIII—IX centuries, several popular uprisings took place in the Caliphate.
Their cause was dissatisfaction with the rule of the Arabs and the cruelty of local feudal lords.
In 685, in the Iranian city of Kufa, Arabs and Persians took part in the uprising — the urban poor and artisans.
It lasted until 687.
In 747, an uprising led by Abu Muslim began in the Merv Valley in Central Asia.
In addition to farmers and artisans, local merchants and rich people took part in it.
As a result of this uprising, which swept all of Khorasan and Transoxiana, the rule of the Umayyad dynasty (661-750) was ended, and power in the caliphate passed into the hands of the Abbasids.
They saw Abu Muslim as a possible pretender to the throne and treacherously killed him.
In 769-783, the largest popular uprising took place in the central part of Transoxiana — Sogda under the leadership of Hashim ibn Hakim, nicknamed Mukanna ("the man in the mask").
The rebels were "dressed in white clothes," so this riot went down in history as an uprising of "people in white clothes".
They successfully repelled the attacks of the Arabs for many years.
The liberation movement of the inhabitants of Transoxiana was suppressed by the Arabs with great difficulty.
In 815, Babek led an uprising in Azerbaijan, which lasted for more than 20 years.
Historians call it the uprising of "people in red shirts".
Popular uprisings, as well as wars and power struggles led to the collapse of the caliphate.
The first emirate independent of the Caliphate was formed in 756 in Spain.
Since the X century.
it was called the Emirate of Cordoba.
B lX in.
Egypt, Iran, Transoxiana and Afghanistan have achieved independence.
The Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula remained under the rule of the Abbasids.
In 1258, the troops of Genghisid Hulaguhan conquered Baghdad, and the Arab Caliphate ceased to exist.
The culture of the Caliphate.
In the countries conquered by the warlike Arab tribes, a new civilization was born, which was called the Arab.
Islam played a big role in its origin.
The Arabs who came to the ancient cultural areas of Western Asia, at first looked like barbarians compared to the Greeks, Jews, Syrians, Persians, Sogdians.
Having absorbed the wisdom of these peoples, they created a brilliant culture.
At the beginning of the IX century, a "House of Wisdom" — "Baitulhikma"was created at the court of Caliph Mamun.
The works of ancient Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Persian and Indian scientists and philosophers were translated into Arabic here.
The development of the exact sciences mathematics, astronomy, geography was closely connected with the development of crafts and trade.
It was in the Caliphate that the globe and compass first appeared, which subsequently.
they have spread all over the world.
European medicine up to the XVII century used the knowledge and practical recommendations from the works of scientists from Central Asia, Abu Ali Ibn Sina (in Europe he was called Avicenna) and Abu Bakr ar Rosi.
Mohammal al Khorezmi from Khorezm became the founder of algebra.
Indian numerals began to be used in mathematics.
Later they spread to Europe, where they were called Arabic.
Observatories were built in Baghdad and Damascus.
Using complex calculations, scientists have determined the volume of the globe.
Arab travelers reached India and China several centuries before Europeans.
we have visited Africa and .
Eastern Europe .
Al Maksudi, Ibn Dast, Ibn Fadlan, Ibn Batuta and others left detailed maps and descriptions of these regions.
Merchants and travelers, returning from long journeys, brought home not only strange goods, but also numerous stories about exciting adventures and fairy tales heard in the countries where they visited.
They recounted them in the Caliph's palace, during aristocratic feasts, in markets and squares.
On their basis, a masterpiece of world literature was created — a collection of fairy tales called "One Thousand and One Nights".
Architecture was developed in the Caliphate more than all other types of art.
Here, magnificent palaces, mosques, madrasas and fortresses were built.
The famous Alhambra Palace in Grenada, the Cathedral Mosque in Cordoba (Spain), the Hassan Mosque in Cairo, the Umar Mosque in Jerusalem, the mausoleum of Ismail Samani.
In Bukhara, they are masterpieces of Arabic architecture.
The facades of the buildings built by the architects of the Caliphate period were laid out with colored glazed tiles, decorated with ornaments — "arabesques" repeating the outlines of Arabic writing.
The main art form in the Caliphate was calligraphy — the art of beautiful writing.
Muslims invented a variety of handwriting that was used depending on the content of the text that was being copied.
Various verses from the Koran covered the masterpieces of Muslim architecture both inside and outside the buildings.
Many peoples who inhabited the Islamic lands from Spain to Bukhara and India, who used the Arabic script, contributed to calligraphy.
Arab culture has had a great influence on the development of European culture.
European scientists have assimilated the achievements of the countries of the East in mathematics, medicine, astronomy, cartography.
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